The Parthenon Enigma

by Joan Breton Connelly

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  Index

  Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.

  abaton, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  Abraham

  Academy (Akademos), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

  aqueduct to, 1.1, 3.1

  groves of, 1.1, 1.2

  road to, 1.1

  Acheloös River, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4

  Shrine of (with Pan and the Nymphs) at Athens, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5

  Achilles, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

  acoustics, sound, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

  acronychal rising

  Acropolis, Athens, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, prl.5, prl.6, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2, epi.1

  Amazon siege of

  in Archaic period, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4–1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  Athena’s olive tree on, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2

  caves on slopes of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 3.1, 7.1

  chapels and churches on slopes of

  in classical period, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  cult practice on, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

  as easily defensible, 1.1, 6.1

  eastern face of

  employment provided in rebuilding of

  expansion of the sacred space of

  geology of

  in the Geometric period, 2.1, 2.2

  in the Hellenistic period, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  Kimon’s rebuilding of south wall of

  Lykourgos’s enhancement of

  marble quarried for, 3.1, 3.2, epi.1

  in Mycenaean Bronze Age, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, nts.1

  Mycenaean palace built on, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2

  natural environment and microenvironments of, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5

  in Neolithic period, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, epi.1, nts.1

  north slope of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, nts.1

  Northwest Spring (Klepsydra) on, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1

  Ogygian deluge and

  oikemata on

  Ottoman buildings on

  Peisistratos’s seizure of

  Periklean rebuilding of, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1

  Peripatos walkway around, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5

  Persian siege and destruction of, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1

  as place of memory, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, epi.1

  plans of, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1

  Prehistoric, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, epi.1; see als
o Acropolis: in Neolithic period

  restoration of, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 2.1, 8.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, epi.4, epi.5, epi.6

  sculptural decoration on, 2.1, 2.2

  seizure of, as symbol

  setting of

  in Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3

  south slope of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, epi.1, nts.1

  as treasury for Delian League

  fortification walls of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  wells on slopes of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5

  west slope of, 2.1, 3.1

  acropolis citadels

  Acropolis Museum, 3.1, 8.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, epi.4, epi.5

  Acropolis Restoration Program

  Acropolis Restoration Service, prl.1, prl.2, 8.1, epi.1, epi.2

  Actium

  adoption

  Aegean Sea

  Aelian, 1.1, 5.1

  Aelius Aristides, 5.1, 5.2

  Aellopos

  Aeneas

  Aeschylus, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1

  Agamemnon, 4.1, 5.1

  Persians

  Suppliants

  Africanus, Sextus Julius

  agalma, agalmata (pleasing gifts, votive offerings), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1, nts.1

  Agamemnon, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2

  ageneioi

  Agia Photini, chapel on Ilissos

  Aglauros (I), (Agraulos), daughter of Aktaios and wife of Kekrops

  Aglauros (II), daughter of Kekrops, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

  sanctuary of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1

  agon(es) (contests), 2.1, 7.1, 7.2

  see also specific games and competitions

  Agora, Athens, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  laying out of

  plane trees in, 1.1, 3.1

  relandscaping of

  Theseion (Hephaisteion) in, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, nts.1

  Agrai, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Agrippa, Marcus, 8.1, 8.2

  aidos

  Aigaleos, 1.1, 1.2

  Aigeus, 4.1

  Aigialeia

  Aitna, Mount

  Aitolia

  Akademos, see Academy

  Akamantis

  Akamas

  akanthos, 1.1, 6.1

  as akroteria, 3.1, 6.1

  and death, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  and origins of Corinthian order

  on proto-Corinthian column capitals of westernmost room of Parthenon, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Akanthos Column, Delphi, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Akarnania, 1.1, 1.2

  akroterion(ia), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  Aktaios

  Alaric

  Aleis

  Aleos

  Alexander the Great, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1

  and Parthenon shields, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1

  Alkestis

  Alkman, First Partheneion

  Alkmeonidai (family/clan at Athens), 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  Allen, Danielle, 4.1, 5.1

  Why Plato Wrote

  Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, 8.1, epi.1

  Pheidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to His Friends

  Alpheios River, 3.1, 6.1

  Altar of Athena, Acropolis, 2.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

  Altar of the Twelve Gods

  altars, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, epi.1

  see also Pergamon Altar

  Amazons, Amazonomachy, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  on Parthenon west metopes, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

  Amiens, cathedral at

  Amphiaraos

  Amphissa

  Amphitrite, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1

  amphora(e), 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

  Amyklai, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

  Amyklas

  Anaxagoras, 3.1, 3.2

  Anchesmos Hill

  Anchises

  ancient Near East

  Anderson, Maxwell

  Andrews, Eugene Plumb, 6.1, 6.2, epi.1

  Androkleia

  Andromeda, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Anesidora, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  aniconic image, 2.1, 6.1

  anthippasia, 7.1, 7.2

  Antilochos

  Antiochos, Seleucid king

  Antiope

  Antiphon

  Antipoinos, 4.1, 6.1

  Antisthenes

  Anunnaki

  aphlasta

  Aphrodite, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1

  Acropolis shrine of

  Aphrodite in the Gardens

  apobatai, 5.1, 5.2

  apobates race, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  Apollo, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1

  Delphi, temple of, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  Apollodoros, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2

  Apollo-Hyakinthos, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  Apollo Hypo Makrais, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Acropolis cave of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4

  Apollo Lykaios

  Apollo Nomios

  Apollo Patroos

  apse, added to Parthenon in Christian times, prl.1, 3.1, epi.1, epi.2

  Apulia

  aqueducts, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1

  archaeoastronomy, 2.1, 7.1

  Archaic Acropolis, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1

  Archaios Neos, see Old Athena Temple

  Archemoros, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  architectural orders

  Corinthian, 1.1, 6.1

  Doric, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 7.1

  Ionic, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, epi.1

  architectural sculpture, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2

  functions of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, epi.1

  genealogical function of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1

  archon basileus (king magistrate), 1.1, 5.1

  archons, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 5.1

  Ardettos Hill, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4

  Areopagus (Areios Pagos), prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1

  Areopagus Council, 3.1, 6.1

  Ares, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2

  arete

  Arginusae, Battle of

  Argos, 1.1, 7.1

  Ariarathes

  aristocracy (-ies), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  of Athens, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Aristogeiton

  Aristophanes

  Birds, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2

  Frogs

  Knights

  Lysistrata

  Wasps

  Aristotle, prl.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1

  philosophical school of

  Arkadia(n), 1.1, 8.1

  Arkesilaos

  Armenia

  Arrephoria, 1.1, 5.1

  arrephoroi, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2

  Arsames

  Artemis, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1

  Ephesos temple of

  Kerkyra (Corfu) temple of, 2.1, 2.2

  Artemis Agrotera, 1.1, 1.2

  temple of, 1.1

  Artemis Eukleia

  Artemis-Iphigeneia

  Ascanius

  Asia Minor, 2.1, 3.1

  Asklepieion, at Pergamon

  Asklepieion (Sanctuary of Asklepios and Hygiea), 1.1, 1.2

  Asklepios, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1

  Aspasia, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1

  aster, 2.1, 2.2

  Astyanax

  Athamas

  Athanasios, Saint, Chapel of

  Athena, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,
2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 7.1

  birthday of, 7.1, 7.2

  birth of, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  contest of Poseidon and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  and Erechtheus, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  in Gigantomachy, 2.1, 3.1

  as goddess of wisdom, 1.1, 3.1

  and Hephaistos, 1.1, 4.1

  and Herakles

  olive tree planted by, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  peplos presented to, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1

  and Praxithea, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2

  on prize amphorae, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  as warrior goddess, 1.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2

  Athena, statues of, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Bronze Athena, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2

  gold and ivory image at Pellene

  olive wood, on Acropolis, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  see also Athena Parthenos

  Athenaeus

  Athena Nike, Athens, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

  temple of, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1

  Athena Parthenos, statue by Pheidias, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  Athena Polias, at Athens, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6

  priestess of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  7th-century and geometric predecessors

  temples of, see Erechtheion; Old Athena Temple

  Athena Polias Nikephoros, Pergamon temple of, prl.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5

  Athena Promachos, see Bronze Athena

  Athena Pronaia, at Delphi

  Athenian Empire, 3.1, 3.2

  Athenian League

  Athens, Athenians, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, prl.5, prl.6, prl.7, prl.8, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, epi.1, epi.2

  agriculture in

  aristocracy of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  aural landscape of

  birth myths of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1

  burials in, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  centrality of war to

  chauvinism in, 1.1, 7.1

  citizenship in, prl.1, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1, 8.2

  code of conduct in

  coinage of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  consciousness of

  Dark Ages of

  democratic revolution in, 1.1, 2.1

  Dorian invasion of

  earliest imitators of, prl.1, 8.1

  ecology and topography of, 1.1, 1.2; see also landscape, natural environment