ill.34 Erechtheion, from west, showing olive tree of Athena replanted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in 1952. © Robert A. McCabe, 1954–1955.
ill.35 Aperture in ceiling of north porch, Erechtheion. J. B. Connelly.
ill.36 Kephisos River, west pediment, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.37 Kephisos River, west pediment, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.38 Kekrops and Pandrosos, west pediment, Parthenon. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.39 Pierre Jouguet. La Revue du Caire 13, no. 130 (1950).
ill.40 Life, November 15, 1963, 65. Professor André Bataille and Mlle Nicole Parichon with Erechtheus fragments. Copyright 1963. Time Inc. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved. Photo: © Pierre Bouat/Ass. Pierre & Alexandra Boulat.
ill.41 The Erechtheus papyrus. Pap. Sorbonne 2328a.
ill.42 The Erechtheus papyrus. Pap. Sorbonne 2328b–d.
ill.43 Birth of Erichthonios, kylix by Kodros Painter. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen F2537. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Art Resource, New York.
ill.44 Aglauros and King Erechtheus, kylix by Kodros Painter. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen F2537. bpk, Berlin/ Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Art Resource, New York.
ill.45 West portico of Parthenon, William J. Stillman, 1882. Special Collections, Schaffer Library, Union College.
ill.46 Parthenon’s sculptural program: pediments, metopes, and frieze. After L. Schneider and C. Höcker, Die Akropolis von Athen: Eine Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte (2001), fig. 150.
ill.47 Cyriacos of Ancona, drawing of Parthenon’s west façade. Staatliche Museen (MS Ham. 254, Blatt 85r.) bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Art Resource, New York.
ill.48 Parthenon frieze, sequence and direction of procession. Angela Schuster after Robert M. Cook, 1973.
ill.49 North frieze, Parthenon. Nointel Artist and S. Mavrommatis. After C. Hadziaslani and S. Mavrommatis, Promenades at the Parthenon (2000), 140–41.
ill.50 Erechtheus and family prepare for sacrifice, flanked by gods, east frieze, slab 5, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.51 Erechtheus, Praxithea, and daughters preparing for sacrifice, east frieze, slab 5, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.52 Royal family of Elis preparing for chariot race. Archaeological Museum, Olympia, Greece. Marie Mauzy/Art Resource, New York.
ill.53 Honorary relief, Athena with Victory crowning her priestess. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen SK 881. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Art Resource, New York.
ill.54 Funerary relief of priest named Simos. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 772 (photographer: Kostas Konstantopoulos). © Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/ Archaeological Receipts Fund.
ill.55 Erechtheus and daughter displaying funerary dress, east frieze, slab 5, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.56 Women exercising in palaistra. Bari, Museo Civico 4979. Provincia di Bari, Servizio Beni, Attivita Culturali, Biblioteca Orchestra, Sporte Turismo.
ill.57 Polyxena sacrificed by Neoptolemos at tomb of Achilles, Tyrrhenian amphora by Timiades Painter. London, British Museum 1897.0727.2. © The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, New York.
ill.58 Serving boy bringing clean clothes to Kastor and Polydeukes, amphora by Exekias. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, Vatican Museums 344, Vatican State. Scala/Art Resource, New York.
ill.59 Women perfuming fabric on swinging stool, oinochoe by Meidias Painter. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 75.2.11. Image copyright © Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: /Art Resource, New York.
ill.60 Bridal kosmos with dress and jewelry displayed before bride, pyxis by Painter of the Louvre Centauromachy. Paris, Musée du Louvre CA 587. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
ill.61 Andromeda dressed for sacrifice to sea dragon, pelike. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 63.2663. © 2014, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
ill.62 King Kepheus oversees sacrifice of Andromeda, pelike. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 63.2663. © 2014, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
ill.63 Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis, east frieze, slab 6, Parthenon. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.64 Erechtheus and daughter, Athena and Hephaistos, east frieze, slab 6, Parthenon. After J. Stuart and N. Revett, The Antiquities of Athens (1787), vol. 2, plate 24.
ill.65 Assembly of gods, east frieze, Siphnian Treasury, Delphi. Alison Frantz, American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
ill.66 East frieze, slabs 1–9, Parthenon. Nointel Artist and S. Mavrommatis. After C. Hadziaslani and S. Mavrommatis, Promenades at the Parthenon (2000), 138.
ill.67 Group of men, east frieze, slab 4, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.68 Group of maidens, east frieze, slab 8, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.69 Youths leading cattle to sacrifice, north frieze, slab 2, Parthenon. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.70 Youths leading ewes to sacrifice, north frieze, slab 4, Parthenon. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.71 North frieze, Parthenon, reconstruction drawing by George Marshall Peters.
ill.72 Tray bearer carrying honeycombs, plaster cast of north frieze, slab 5, fig. 15, Skulpturhalle, Basel Antikensmuseum, original in Vatican Museum. J. B. Connelly.
ill.73 Tray bearer and men carrying water jars, north frieze, slab 6, Parthenon. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.74 Elders, with one crowning himself, north frieze, slab 10, Parthenon. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.75 South frieze, Parthenon. Nointel Artist and S. Mavrommatis. After C. Hadziaslani and S. Mavrommatis, Promenades at the Parthenon (2000), 142–43.
ill.76 Charioteer and armed rider, south frieze, slab 31, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.77 Victory monument from apobates race, found near the City Eleusinion. Athens, Agora Excavations S399. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations.
ill.78 Horse rider, north frieze, slab 41, fig. 114, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.79 Horse riders and preparation for procession, west frieze, Parthenon. Socratis Mavrommatis. After C. Hadziaslani and S. Mavrommatis, Promenades at the Parthenon (2000), 139.
ill.80 Poseidon and Eumolpos ride into battle, Lucanian pelike. Policoro, Museo della Civiltà 35304. DAI Rome (68.1525).
ill.81 Athena and daughter of Erechtheus ride into battle, Lucanian pelike. Policoro Museo della Civiltà 35304. DAI Rome (68.1526).
ill.82 Nude male, horse rider, adolescent, and boy, north frieze, slab 47, Parthenon. London, British Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.83 Eugene Andrews taking squeeze of inscription on Parthenon’s east architrave, 1895. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University.
ill.84 Map of Greece. Matt Kania.
ill.85 Statue of Nike, Paionios, sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia. Alison Frantz, American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
ill.86 Athena Nike temple and bastion, from northwest. Alison Frantz, American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
ill.87 Seated Athena from Nike parapet. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Nikos Danilidis.
ill.88 Bronze Athena with other dedications on the Acropolis, reconstruction drawing by G. P. Stevens, 1936. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations.
ill.89 Plan of classical Acropolis. Angela Schuster after John Travlos (1984).
ill.90 Western room of Parthenon with proto-Corinthian columns, reconstruct
ion drawing by P. Pedersen, The Parthenon and the Origin of the Corinthian Capital (1989), 30.
ill.91 Shrine of Neoptolemos and Akanthos Column, sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi. Angela Schuster after M. Maass, Das antike Delphi (1993).
ill.92 Daughters of Erechtheus as dancing Hyakinthides/Hyades, Akanthos Column, Delphi Museum. Constantinos Iliopoulos.
ill.93 Isadora Duncan in peristyle of Parthenon. Gelatin silver print. Edward Steichen, 1920. Courtesy of the Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University. Copy photo: R. J. Phil.
ill.94 Athena brandishing spear and shield, accompanied by her owl, krater of Panathenaic shape by the Princeton Painter. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 1989.281.89. Image copyright © Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, New York.
ill.95 Panathenaic prize amphora of Burgon type, showing Athena, with siren on neck. London, British Museum B 130. The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, New York.
ill.96 Pankration competition, Panathenaic prize amphora by the Kleophrades Painter. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1916 (16.71). Image copyright © Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, New York.
ill.97 Plan of Erechtheion with foundations of Old Athena Temple. After H. Berve and G. Gruben, Griechische Tempel und Heiligtümer (1961), 182, fig. 69.
ill.98 Erechtheion, karyatid porch, from southeast. © Robert A. McCabe, 1954–1955.
ill.99 Reconstruction drawing of base of Athena Parthenos statue by George Marshall Peters after Neida Leipen, Athena Parthenos, 1971, plate 6.
ill.100 Athena crowning daughter of Erechtheus, in the company of gods, calyx krater by the Niobid Painter. London, British Museum GR 1856,1213.1. © The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, New York.
ill.101 Anesidora crowned by Athena and Hephaistos, Tarquinia Painter, London, British Museum D 4. © The Trustees of the British Museum.
ill.102 “Queen of the Night,” terra-cotta relief, Old Babylonian period. London, British Museum GR 2003,0718.10. © The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, New York.
ill.103 Death of Prokris, column krater by Hephaistos Painter. London, British Museum GR 1772,0320.36. © The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, New York.
ill.104 Athena seated in her sanctuary with three owls, white-ground lekythos by Athena Painter. Kansas City, Mo., Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (34.289). © Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.
ill.105 Warrior owl, with spear, shield, and crested helmet, ca. 475–450 B.C. Paris, Musée du Louvre CA 2192. © RMN–Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York.
ill.106 Anthropomorphized owl shown spinning, terra-cotta loom weight. Bryn Mawr, Pa., Bryn Mawr College, T-182. © Bryn Mawr College Special Collections.
ill.107 Athenian silver tetradrachm, ca. 454–449 B.C. American Numismatic Society, 1935.117.226.rev.
ill.108 Reconstruction model of fortified acropolis at Pergamon, view from west. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlug, Staatliche Museen, Berlin Germany/Art Resource, New York.
ill.109 South slope of Athenian Acropolis, hypothetical 3-D visualization. D. Tsalkanis, www.ancientathens3d.com.
ill.110 Reconstruction drawing of victory monument of Attalos II, set at northeast corner of the Parthenon, by Manolis Korres.
ill.111 Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Art Resource, New York.
ill.112 Plan of Pergamon Altar showing disposition of Gigantomachy and Telephos friezes, A. Schuster after V. Kastner (1988).
ill.113 Athena (crowned by Nike) fights winged giant; Ge emerges from below, east frieze, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
ill.114 Zeus battles Giants, east frieze, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/ Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
ill.115 “Nyx” hurls orb encircled by serpent, north frieze, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/ Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
ill.116 Serpent attacking eagle, monstrous fish (inset), Gigantomachy frieze, Pergamon Altar, Pergamon. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. J. B. Connelly.
ill.117 Athena akroteria, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen/Art Resource, New York.
ill.118 Poseidon akroteria, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen/Art Resource, New York.
ill.119 Triton akroteria, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen/Art Resource, New York.
ill.120 Herakles and the infant Telephos, Telephos frieze, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen/Art Resource, New York.
ill.121 Telephos welcomed in Mysia, receiving arms from Auge, Telephos frieze, Pergamon Altar. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen. bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen/Art Resource, New York.
ill.122 Parthenon during reconstruction work, from east, 1987. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.123 Manolis Korres atop northeast cornice of Parthenon, 1986. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.124 Reconstruction drawing of east end of twelfth-century Parthenon as church with apse, by Manolis Korres.
ill.125 Daguerreotype, P. G. G. Joly de Lotbinière, 1839, Excursions daguerriennes (1842). © Rheinisches Bildarchiv Köln.
ill.126 Frédéric Boissonnas photographing Parthenon, 1907. © Hellenic Culture Organisation S.A./Depository: Museum of Photography Thessaloniki.
ill.127 Socratis Mavrommatis photographing Parthenon, 1988, by Tina Skar.
ill.128 U.S. Custom House, New York, 1833–1842. Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, architects. © Lawrence A. Martin/Artifice Images.
ill.129 Parthenon frieze and plaster casts of frieze. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum.
ill.130 Parthenon frieze in Duveen Gallery. London, British Museum. Public domain, Wikimedia Commons.
ill.131 Acropolis, view from Monastiraki Square. © Robert A. McCabe, 1954–1955.
COLOR INSERT
ill.132 (top) Orthophotomosaic of Acropolis, 2009. Acropolis Restoration Service, Hellenic Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports.
ill.133 (bottom) Acropolis, east and south slopes, east cave. Kevin T. Glowacki, 2005.
ill.134 (top) Limestone snake from Bluebeard Temple pediment (Hekatompedon?). Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.135 (bottom) Hypothetical visualization of Archaic Acropolis with Hekatompedon and Old Athena Temple. D. Tsalkanis, www.ancientathens3d.com.
ill.136 (top) Bluebeard monster, Bluebeard Temple pediment (Hekatompedon?). Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.137 (bottom) Zeus battling Typhon, Chalkidean hydria, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlung 596. Bibi Saint-Pol, 2007-02-09.
ill.138 (top) Herakles wrestling Triton, Bluebeard pediment (Hekatompedon?). Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Socratis Mavrommatis.
ill.139 (bottom) Raking cornice with lotus flowers, Bluebeard Temple pediment (Hekatompedon?). Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. S. Mavrommatis.
ill.140 (left) Birth of Athena, east pediment, Parthenon. Nointel Artist and S. Mavrommatis. After C. Hadziaslani and S. Mavrommatis, Promenades at the Parthenon (2000), 132–33.
ill.141 (right) Contest of Athena and Poseidon, west pediment, Parthenon. Nointel Artist and S. Mavrommatis. After C. Hadziaslani and S. Mavrommatis, Promenades at the Parthenon (2000), 134–35.
ill.142 (top) Sacrificial procession to altar of Athena, Attic kylix, private collection, London. Widmer 837.
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br /> ill.143 (bottom) Akanthos akroterion, Parthenon. Athens, Acropolis Museum. © Acropolis Museum. Nikos Danilidis.
ill.144 (top) Processional route along the Panathenaic Way. akg-images/ P. Connolly.
ill.145 (bottom) Replica of Athena Parthenos Statue by A. LeQuire, 1982–2002. Nashville, Tennessee, Parthenon. Metropolitan Government of Nashville/Gary Layda.
ill.146 (top) Man approaching altar on which owl is perched, sheep and bull await sacrifice, hydria. Uppsala, Uppsala University (352). © Uppsala University.
ill.147 (bottom) Pheidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to His Friends, Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1868. Birmingham, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. © Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.
A Note About the Author
Joan Breton Connelly is a classical archaeologist and the author of two previous books, Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece and Votive Sculpture of Hellenistic Cyprus. In 1996, Professor Connelly was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. She has held visiting fellowships at All Souls College, Magdalen College, New College, and Corpus Christi College at Oxford University, and at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, and has been a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Professor Connelly has excavated throughout Greece, Kuwait, and Cyprus, where she has directed the Yeronisos Island Excavations since 1990. She is currently a professor of classics and art history at New York University.
For more information, please visit www.aaknopf.com
PARTHENON FRIEZE East and North
East Frieze (approximately 21.24 meters = 69.68 feet)
North Frieze (approximately 58.70 meters = 192.50 feet)
PARTHENON FRIEZE West and South
West Frieze (approximately 21.24 meters = 69.68 feet)
South Frieze (approximately 58.70 meters = 192.50 feet)
Orthophotomosaic of the Acropolis, 2009. © Acropolis Restoration Service (illustration credit ill.132)
The Parthenon Enigma Page 65
