Epidemic
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30.“A Dastardly Outrage,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 20, 1903.
31.Schurman comments on the New York Tribune in a letter to Andrew D. White of March 9, 1903. ADW.
32.“Schurman’s Statement: Reports Unfair, He Says,” New York Tribune, February 21, 1903; “A Better Outlook at Cornell,” New York Tribune, February 21, 1903.
33.“Pure Water at Cornell,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 21, 1903.
34.Coville, “Report on Cornell Infirmary,” May 6, 1903.
35.“Dr. Coville Leaves the University Because of Management of the Infirmary—Another Student Dead,” New York Times, March 20, 1903.
36.“Cornell Alumni Meet in Buffalo,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 23, 1903. Courtney said that when the student stringer had been “lying at death’s door,” clearly before the typhoid epidemic, he was taken to the student infirmary and nursed back to health by the university. This points to Lynn George Wright, who dropped out of Cornell for the 1899–1900 academic year.
37.Folkerts and Teeter, Voices of a Nation, 278; Henry R. Ickelheimer to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 25, 1903, CUTP.
38.Jacob Gould Schurman to Henry R. Ickelheimer, February 23, 1903, JGS.
39.Ickelheimer letter to Schurman of February 25, 1903.
40.“Typhoid at Ithaca,” New York Times, February 26, 1903; Schurman to Ickelheimer, February 28, 1903, JGS.
41.“J. C. Bayles Dies from Pneumonia,” New York Times, May 9, 1913; “Obituary: James C. Bayles,” The Iron Age, May 15, 1913, Vol. 91, 1213; Ickelheimer to Schurman, March 5, 1903, Typhoid Papers, Cornell University Library.
42.Telegram, Adolph S. Ochs to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 4, 1903, CUTP.
Chapter 12: Going Home
1.“Cornell’s Refugees: They Can Stay at Columbia as University Guests, Dr. Butler Says,” New York Sun, March 6, 1903; “Epidemic Spreads: Three Deaths and Eight New Cases in Ithaca Yesterday—Patients Sent Out of Town,” Rochester Herald, February 17, 1903; Columbia University in the City of New York, Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer to the Trustees, with Accompanying Documents, for the Year Ending June 30, 1903 (New York: Printed for the University, 1903).
2.Two Letters, Jarvis A. Wood to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 16, 1903, CUTP; “Student Wood Dies at Camden,” Ithaca Daily Journal, April 8, 1903.
3.“Five Cornell Men Ill with Fever at Auburn,” Ithaca Daily News, February 23, 1903; Fred A. Sieder to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 1, 1903, CUTP; “Graduate Student Dies: Paul A. Wanke Succumbs to Typhoid at His Home in Auburn,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903; “Paul Wandke Funeral Notice,” Auburn Bulletin, February 28, 1903. Cornell University spelled the name as Wanke, but his parents spelled it “Wandke.” They were German immigrants, and their son appears to have Americanized the family name.
4.“Agricultural Student Dies,” New York Times, February 22, 1903; “Death of Young Man: Charles S. Langworthy Succumbs to Typhoid Fever, Contracted at Ithaca,” Alfred Sun, Alfred, N.Y., February 25, 1903; Alfred Historical Society and Baker’s Bridge Association. “Langworthy, William Henry, of East Valley.” History of Alfred, New York (Curtis Media Corp., 1990), 220.
5.“Healer Fails to Heal the Fever: Father of Cornell Student Refuses to Call a Physician,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903; untitled and undated article about Flavia Thrall published in the Windsor Journal, Windsor, Connecticut, and found in the files of the Windsor Historical Society; “World Famous Healer, Mrs. Thrall, Is Dead: Windsor Woman Consulted by People from Many Lands,” Hartford Courant, January 24, 1910; “Overcome by Sad News,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 27, 1903.
6.Samuel D. Halliday to Andrew D. White, March 2, 1903, ADW; “Students Leaving: Exodus from Town on Account of Epidemic Continues—Said That 1,000 Have Gone Home,” Ithaca Daily News, February 17, 1903.
7.A good example of student sentiment on the danger of missing classes is found in a letter to the editor of the Cornell Daily Sun published on February 11, 1903. It is signed simply “1903.”
8.“Cornell to Probe Causes of Fever,” Ithaca Daily News, February 11, 1903.
9.“Terse Tales,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 26, 1903; “Milestones in AT&T History,” http://www.corp.att.com/history/milestones, accessed June 30, 2010.
10.“Dixon Public Library: Library History,” http://www.dixonpubliclibrary.org/history.html, accessed July 2, 2010; “The Ronald Reagan Trail: Dixon Public Library,” http://www.ronaldreagantrail.net, accessed July 2, 2010; Orris B. Dodge to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 18, 1903, CUTP.
11.G. B. Rose to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 24, 1903, CUTP; “Rose Law Firm: Our History,” http://www.roselawfirm.com/about/history_01.asp, accessed July 2, 2010; “George B. Rose Dies Today,” Hope Star, Hope, Ark., July 20, 1942.
12.Hattie E. Cochrane to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 12, 1903, CUTP. Telegram, Schurman to Cochrane, March 14, 1903, CUTP.
13.George G. Cotton to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 11, 1903, CUTP; Andrew W. Newberry to Andrew D. White, February 22, 1903, ADW. Newberry mentions the Slaterville water used at Psi Upsilon to his grandfather in the letter.
14.Mary D. Huestis to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 22, 1903, CUTP; Charles S. Francis to Schurman, March 2, 1903, CUTP; letter with attached statements, Margaret Harvey, warden of Sage College, to Schurman, March 3, 1903, CUTP.
15.Margaret Harvey to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 3, 1903, CUTP.
16.Isabel Dolbier Emerson Scrapbook, Collection #37/5/2161, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
17.Delta Gamma, Chi Chapter, The Anchora (Baltimore: Psi Chapter, Women’s College of Baltimore, editors, 1902–03), 138–39; Clarence Brett Piper, “Alpha Psi—Cornell University” (published by the Alpha Psi Fraternity, Vol. 20), 220.
18.“Cornell Loses,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903; “Cornell Hurt by the Fever,” New York Evening World, February 18, 1903; “Student Victims of Typhoid Now Number 16,” New York Sun, March 1, 1903; Hugh Jennings, “Baseball,” The 1904 Cornellian, The Yearbook of Cornell University, Being the Complete Record of the Collegiate Year 1902–1903 (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1903), 366; “Ten Cornell Students Dead: Many Hasten to Leave Ithaca and Classes Are Depleted,” Baltimore Morning Sun, February 22, 1903.
19.Jordan, A Textbook of General Bacteriology, 277.
20.Duane L. Atkyns to Jacob Gould Schurman, May 4, 1903, CUTP; Rev. Alan G. Wilson to Jacob Gould Schurman, June 4, 1903, CUTP.
21.Alice P. Nourse to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 28, 1903, CUTP.
22.O. M. Searles, secretary of the Downers Grove Board of Education, to Jacob Gould Schurman, CUTP; Alice Tisdale Hobart, Gusty’s Child (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1959), 41–42; Jerry N. Hess, oral history interview with Dr. Edwin G. Nourse, March 7, 1972 (Independence, Mo.: Harry S. Truman Library), http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist /nourseeg.htm, accessed July 3, 2010; “Biographical Note,” Guide to the Alice Tisdale Hobart Papers, 1916–1967, University of Oregon Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv89611, accessed July 3, 2010.
23.“Son Better; Father Dead,” Ithaca Daily News, April 29, 1903; “Alfred Eugene Mudge,” New York Times, April 29, 1903; “A. E. Mudge Dead; Lawyer 40 Years,” New York Times, August 24, 1945.
24.Jacob Gould Schurman to Stewart L. Woodford, March 6, 1903, JGS.
25.Rev. William L. O’Hara to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 21, 1903, CUTP.
Chapter 13: The Man Who Saved Ithaca
1.“‘Typhoid Mary’ Has Reappeared: Human Culture Tube, Herself Immune, Spreads the Disease Wherever She Goes,” New York Times, April 4, 1915; George A. Soper, “Typhoid Mary,” The Military Surgeon, Vol. XLV, July 1919, No. 1, p. 14.
2.“As to Sanitation: Observations of Dr.
George A. Soper of Matters Pertaining to Health in Texas,” Galveston Daily News, Galveston, Texas, May 9, 1901.
3.“The City Is to Be Cleaned,” Galveston Daily News, October 3, 1900; “As to Sanitation,” Ibid.
4.“Dr. G. A. Soper Dies; Fought Epidemics,” New York Times, June 18, 1948.
5.Frederick C. Curtis, M.D., “Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the New York State Department of Health, 1903.
6.“Daniel Lewis, M.D., Ph.D.,” The Alfred University, Vol. IV, No. 4, May 1892 (Alfred Centre, N.Y.: The Trustees of Alfred University), Alfred University Archives, Herrick Memorial Library; “The State Board of Health: Dr. Daniel Lewis of New York Was Re-elected President,” New York Times, May 12, 1899; “State Health Commissioner: Dr. Daniel Lewis of the Former State Board of Health Appointed,” New York Times, March 1, 1901.
7.Samuel Hopkins Adams, “Typhoid: An Unnecessary Evil,” McClure’s Magazine, June 1905, 145–56; “Infirmary Visited: Dr. Lewis Satisfied—Condition of Fever Patients,” Cornell Daily Sun, February 27, 1903.
8.Adams, op cit.
9.“Health Board States Wherein Danger Lies,” Ithaca Daily News, February 27, 1903.
10.“To Make Up Lost Time,” New York Tribune, February 26, 1903.
11.“Attitude Changed on Return of Men: President Schurman Won’t Say It Is Safe for Students Here,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903.
12.“Some Students Are Returning,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 3, 1903.
13.“Dr. Lewis, State Expert, Does Some More Talking: Says Our Health Board Has Been a Little Slow,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903.
14.Dr. Daniel Lewis to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 3, 1903, CUTP.
15.Jacob Gould Schurman to Dr. Daniel Lewis, March 5, 1903, JGS; “Ithaca’s Typhoid Epidemic,” New York Sun, February 27, 1903; “Lessons of the Ithaca Epidemic,” Medical Record: A Weekly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 64, 1903, 639–40.
16.“Fever Worse in Ithaca: Seven New Cases and Another Death Alarm Authorities,” Passaic Daily News, Passaic, N.J., February 27, 1903; “Dr. George H. Soper Here to Investigate Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, March 4, 1903.
17.Chart, “Disinfectants Prepared by the Board of Health,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903.
18.“Will Spend Money to Stop Epidemic: Common Council Takes Warning and Acts Promptly,” Ithaca Daily News, March 5, 1903; “Money to Fight Fever Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 5, 1903; “Health Officers Working for City,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 7, 1903; “Disinfectants Prepared by the Board of Health,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903; Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 442.
19.“Health Officers,” Ibid. “Two More Deaths at Ithaca,” New York Times, March 8, 1903; “Getting Control of Typhoid,” New York Tribune, March 8, 1903.
20.“To Disinfect the City Water Mains,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903. Water case transcript, Oct. 19, 1905, Vol. 4, p. 51.
21.Shirley Clarke Hulse, “Reminiscences of a Field Engineer,” Civil Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 5, May 1944.
22.Cornell University Board of Trustees minutes, March 19 and April 19, 1903, Division of Manuscripts and Archives, Cornell University Library.
23.“To Disinfect the City Water Mains,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903.
24.“Large Meeting of Physicians,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903.
25.“Ithaca’s Typhoid Fever Epidemic,” New York Times, March 11, 1903.
26.Ibid.
27.“Citizens Protest against Article: Physicians Point to Errors in Statement of Mr. Bayles,” Ithaca Daily News, March 12, 1903.
28.“Great Injustice Done to the City,” Ithaca Daily News, March 10, 1903.
29.Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 44530.
30.Urotropin entry, Online Encyclopedia, http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/TUM_VAN/UROTROPIN_hexamethylenetetramin.html, accessed July 14, 2010. The Online Encyclopedia incorporates articles from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
31.The letters to Walter Stevenson Finlay Jr. are contained in his scrapbook, Collection 37/5/1888, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. One of Finlay’s relatives, George D. Finlay Sr., was a director of the P. Lorillard Tobacco Company. Another relative, Winifred Finlay Fosdick, George’s daughter, shot her children and herself to death in 1932. She was said to suffer from progressive paranoia. Her brother-in-law was Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, longtime pastor of Riverside Church in New York City.
32.Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 445.
33.“Typhoid Situation: Dr. Soper Says Ithaca Will Be Safe in Summer—Epidemic Declining,” Cornell Daily Sun, March 30, 1903; Office of the President to Unnamed Cornell University Student, March 27, 1903, Typhoid Papers, Collection #35/4/42, Division of Manuscript and Archives, Cornell University Library.
34.“Cremate Garbage to Destroy Germs,” Ithaca Daily News, March 11, 1903; “Comments by Shirley Clarke Hulse,” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1905, Vol. 54, 327.
35.Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 444; Cornell Board of Trustees minutes, April 19, 1903, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; “Extension of Sewer Systems: An Improvement to Stop Drainage into Six Mile Creek,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 16, 1903.
36.“Nearly Thousand Had the Typhoid: Dr. Soper Compiles Figures in Regard to Recent Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, May 7, 1903; “Was Truly a Great Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, May 8, 1903.
37.“Musical Comedy Star of The Billionaire Infected While Playing in Ithaca,” New York Evening World, April 30, 1903.
38.“Epidemic Scare Is Fast Abating: More Than Half of Absentee Students Have Returned,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 25, 1903.
39.Cornell Infirmary patient roster for April 1, 1903, CUTP; Cornell Board of Trustees Executive Committee records, April 2, 1903, Collection #2/5/5, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; Earl Blough leave request, April 15, 1903, EC.
40.Walter S. Lenk to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 25, 1903, Cornell University Board of Trustees, EC.
41.John C. Gifford, On Preserving Tropical Florida, Compiled and with a Biographical Sketch by Elizabeth O. Rothra (Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1972) 3, 23–24.
42.Cornell University Board of Trustees minutes, April 19, 1903, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; mortality rates from typhoid in the 1902–1903 time frame in large American cities come from charts in “The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States,” by David Cutler and Grant Miller, http://www.economics.harvard.edu /faculty/cutler/files/cutler_miller_cities.pdf, accessed July 15, 2010.
43.“Dr. Alice Potter a Victim of Fever,” Ithaca Daily News, May 2, 1903; Deborah Bruch Bucki writes about Dr. Matthew D. Mann’s controversial treatment of President McKinley in her article, “A History of the Century House: 100 Lincoln Parkway in Buffalo, New York,” http://www.buffaloah.com/a/linc/100/hist/index.html, accessed July 15, 2010; Dr. Alice Potter’s will is on file in Tompkins County Surrogate Court, Ithaca, N.Y.; “Pass Resolutions,” Ithaca Daily News, May 6, 1903.
44.“Infirmary Reports During Fever Epidemic,” CUTP.
45.The 1904 Cornellian, The Year Book of Cornell University, Being the Complete Record of the Collegiate Year 1902–1903 (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1903), 162.
Chapter 14: The Man Who Saved Cornell University
1.Warren S. Barlow medical claim, CUTP; Howard C. Smith to Edith M. Fox, regional historian, Cornell University Library, March 19, 1952, Howard C. Smith Reminiscence, Collection #42/2/m.317, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
.
2.In 1903 it was still possible to teach with only a high school education, so Odell’s course of being a high school teacher for ten years and then going off to college was not as odd as it may seem in the twenty-first century. Mrs. D. D. Hammond to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 26 and March 4, 1903, CUTP; James P. Howe, University of Chicago Law School, to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 22, 1903, CUTP217217.
3.Editorial, Cornell Daily Sun, March 27, 1903; “Large Subscription,” Cornell Daily Sun, March 28, 1903.
4.Dean Thomas F. Crane to President Schurman, March 18, 1903, CUTP.
5.“Will Build Palace of Peace: Carnegie Negotiating for an Estate at The Hague,” New York Sun, February 21, 1903; “Carnegie Aids an Old Friend,” New York Sun, February 16, 1903.
6.George G. Cotton to Andrew Carnegie, with handwritten Carnegie note to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 23, 1903, JGS; “History of the Solvay Public Library,” http://www.solvaylibrary.org/Solvay%20Process/splhistory.htm, accessed July 22, 2010.
7.Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 419.
8.Jacob Gould Schurman to Andrew Carnegie, April 1, 1903, JGS; minutes of the Executive Committee of the Cornell University Board of Trustees, April 6, 1903, EC; Caroline G. A. Slater to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 7, 1903, CUTP; form letter about Carnegie offer from Jacob Gould Schurman, April 7, 1903, CUTP; “Opens His Wallet: Carnegie Asks That Money be Returned to Other Donors,” Times-Democrat, Lima, Ohio, April 15, 1903; R. A. Franks, president, Home Trust Company, Hoboken, N.J., to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 25, 1903, EC.
9.Jacob Gould Schurman, Eleventh Annual Report of President Schurman, 1902–1903 (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1903), 5.
10.Homer S. Sackett to Jacob Gould Schurman, May 1, 1903, Typhoid Papers, Cornell University Library.
11.Hannah Spencer to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 22, 1903, CUTP.
12.Jarvis A. Wood to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 16, 1903, CUTP.