Zibaldone

by Leopardi, Giacomo

  Cain: 191, 1164–65

  Calabria: 4434

  Calamity, disaster (see also Misfortune): AESTHETIC EFFECT: 2759; NATURAL OR PUBLIC CALAMITY: 175, 585–86, 909–10, 1096–97, 3162, 3529–30, 3789–91

  Calatinus, Aulus Atilius (d. by 216 BCE). Roman general and politician: 4455

  Calculation: see Reflection

  Calderón de la Barca, Pedro (1600–1681). Spanish playwright of the Golden Age: 2845

  Caledonians: see Nations, peoples

  California, Californians: see Nations, peoples

  Caligula (Gaius Caesar Germanicus) (12–41 CE). Roman emperor from 37 CE: 81, 2245, 2365

  Callicles. Interlocutor and adversary of Socrates in the Gorgias: 2672

  Callimachus (c. 310/305–c. 240 BCE). Greek poet and scholar of the Hellenistic age: 37, 1159, 2590, 3044, 4370, 4464

  Callisthenes the Sybarite (born c. 370 BCE). Greek historian and philosopher: 4225

  Callistratus of Samos (second century BCE). Alexandrine grammarian responsible for the ordering of the twenty-four letters of the Greek alphabet: 4392–4393

  Calmet, Antoine Augustin (1672–1757). French Benedictine, author of a Commentaire de la Bible and of a Dictionnaire historique: 1290

  Calogerà, Angelo (1699–1768). From Padua, editor of the Raccolta d’opuscoli scientifici e filologici (1728–1760), the first tome of which contained Vico’s autobiography: 981

  Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Lucius (d. after 33 BCE). Roman politician, Julius Caesar’s father-in-law, consul in 58 BCE: 480

  Calpurnius Siculus, Titus (active c. 50 or 60 CE). The otherwise unknown Latin author of seven pastoral poems, with four others attributed to him but in fact by Nemesianus: 1016

  Calvinism: 1061, 1062, 3888

  Calypso. A nymph (in the Odyssey): 4396

  Calzabigi (Calsabigi), Ranieri de’ (1714–1795). Italian writer and librettist from Livorno: 41

  Cambrai, League of. League formed in 1508 by the Emperor Maximilian, the king of France Louis XII, the king of Aragon Ferdinand II, and Pope Julius II against Venice: 4044, 4073

  Camenae. Italic goddesses perhaps originally associated with water, and identified with the Greek Muses: 4451

  Camera obscura: 963, 1607

  Camerarius: see Kammermeister, Joachim

  Camillus, Marcus Furius (c. 446–365 BCE). Roman statesman and general: 569

  Camoens, Luis Vaz de (c. 1524–1580). Portuguese poet, author of the epic poem The Lusiads: 1672, 3104, 3126, 3146, 3769, 4475, 4476

  Camper, Petrus (1722–1787). Dutch physician, anatomist, and physiologist: 8

  Canaan. A character in the Bible cursed by Noah, but also a name for the promised land: 881, 935

  Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) (1697–1768). Venetian painter, draughtsman, and engraver: 190

  Cancellieri, Francesco. Italian scholar based in Rome (1751–1826), author of the first book in which Leopardi was cited, in 1815: 1177, 3203

  Cannibalism: 3365–66, 3795–801

  Canova, Antonio (1757–1822). Italian neoclassical sculptor based mainly in Rome: 207, 2861, 3427

  Canter, Willem (1542–1575). Dutch philologist: 4210–11, 4480

  Capei, Pietro (1796–1868). Tuscan man of letters, contributor to Antologia: 4368–69

  Capital cities: 1027, 2407–408, 2484–85; LANGUAGE: 2057–65, 2120–24, 2126–27

  Capito Lycius (sixth century CE). Author of a lost Greek translation of Eutropius: 988

  Cappadocia. Region of Asia Minor, now part of Turkey: 992

  Capponi, Gino (1792–1876). Florentine statesman and historian: 1700, 4323, 4380

  Capuchins. Order of friars: 45

  Care (excessive): 461–62, 1260–62, 1554, 1572, 1776–77, 2274–75, 2296–97, 2478, 3187–89, 4033, 4512

  Carefreeness: see Ease

  Caro, Annibale (1507–1566). Italian poet originally from the Marche region, translator of Aristotle and of Virgil: 3066–67, 3390; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 1115, 1162, 1808, 2016, 2390, 2503, 2515–18, 2525–26, 2533–40, 2771, 3063, 3414–16, 4098, 4101, 4145, 4200–201, 4229, 4248; Virgil’s Aeneid: 4, 784, 1249, 1526, 2840, 3414–16, 4188

  Caronni, Felice (1747–1815). Italian priest from Lombardy, traveler: 980

  Carthage, Carthaginians: see Nations, peoples

  Carthusians: 1588–89, 3466–68

  Casa: see Della Casa

  Casaubon, Florence Estienne Méric (1599–1671). English scholar, son of Isaac: 324

  Casaubon, Isaac (1559–1614). French scholar, naturalized in England, edited numerous Greek texts, in particular Athenaeus’ Deipnosophistai: 43, 206, 334, 3491, 4158,4173–74, 4179–80, 4182–83, 4188, 4201, 4227, 4232, 4238, 4245–46, 4248, 4250, 4255, 4259, 4261, 4265, 4268, 4273, 4280, 4346, 4395, 4435, 4440, 4441

  Cassini, Jean Dominique (1625–1712). French astronomer of Italian origin: 4216

  Cassiodorus (c. 490–583 CE). Roman writer, statesman, and monk: 2654, 2757, 4522

  Cassius Dio, Cocceianus: see Dio Cassius Cocceianus

  Castelvetro, Ludovico (1505–1571). Italian humanist born in Modena: 1049, 2540

  Castiglione, Baldassarre (1478–1529). Italian writer based in Mantua, author of Il cortegiano: 2682–83, 2796, 3132, 4231–32

  Castiglioni, Carlo Ottavio (1784–1849). Italian philologist born in Milan: 4523

  Castile: see Nations, peoples

  Castracani, Castruccio (1280–1328). Italian condottiero, duke of Lucca, subject of a biography by Machiavelli: 4368

  Catalani, Angelica (1780–1849). Italian soprano born in the Marche region: 3423

  Catalonia, the Catalans: see Nations, peoples

  Catania: see Cities

  Catenae patrum: 37

  Caterpillars: see Animals

  Catholicism: see Christianity

  Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina) (c. 108–c. 62 BCE). A Roman patrician, the adversary of Cicero: 606, 1482–83

  Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder or the Censor) (234–149 BCE). Roman statesman, famed for his moral austerity: 274, 331, 568, 595, 599, 601, 605, 756, 757, 826, 1108, 2245, 2325, 2821–22, 2841, 3465, 4167, 4451

  Cato of Utica (Cato the Younger) (95–46 BCE). Roman statesman, follower of Stoicism, known for his personal integrity: 522, 2245

  Cats: see Animals

  Catullus, Gaius Valerius (c. 84–c. 54 BCE). Roman poet: 1038, 1151–52, 2651, 3170, 3544, 3845, 4028, 4190, 4387

  Cause(s) and effect(s): IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER: 130, 181, 231, 585, 841, 1512, 2124, 2855, 2912, 3200, 3639, 3966, 3977–78, 4159, 4216, 4413, 4461–62, 4467–69, 4489

  Cavalca, Domenico (c. 1270–1342). Pisan preacher, translator of the Vitae Patrum: 2452, 2580, 2645, 2676, 2699, 4158

  Cebes. Pythagorean philosopher from Thebes, to whom an allegorical composition on the life of man was wrongly ascribed: 4477

  Celibacy: 1687

  Cellarius: see Keller, Christoph

  Cellini, Benvenuto (1500–1571). Florentine sculptor, goldsmith and writer: 2592, 3094

  Celsus, Aulus (or Aurelius) Cornelius (c. 25 BCE–c. 50 CE). Roman encyclopedist, author of De medicina: 32–36, 48, 131, 861–62, 949, 1010, 1313, 1597, 1601, 1938, 1980, 2729, 3062, 3627–28

  Celts: see Nations, peoples

  Censorinus (third century CE). Latin grammarian, author of De die natali: 2877

  Centuries: see Age(s): MAN

  Cerberus. Mythical three-headed hound guarding the entrance to the underworld: 3878

  Certainty/Uncertainty (see also Indecision, indecisiveness): 369–70, 382–83, 387, 448, 712–13, 817–18, 933, 1392, 1465, 1613, 1655, 1720

  Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616). Spanish writer, author of Don Quixote: 1084, 4067, 4069; WORKS: Don Quixote: 3960, 3970–71, 3980, 3992, 3996, 3999, 4005, 4009, 4010, 4012, 4015, 4016, 4020–22, 4024–25, 4036, 4040–41, 4046, 4049, 4053–56, 4061, 4076, 4078, 4082, 4086–88; Novelas exemplares: 3066, 4088, 4093, 4101–104, 4112–14

  Cesari, Antonio (1760–1828). Veronese priest an
d man of letters, advocate of purism: 957, 1085, 4249

  Cesarotti, Melchiorre (1730–1808). Paduan essayist and author of an influential translation of Ossian: 205–206, 1077, 1400, 2169, 2518, 2642, 3113–14, 3144

  Chaldees, Chaldeans: see Nations, peoples

  Chamaeleon (c. 350–c. 275 BCE). Philosopher who wrote, among other things, on Stesichorus: 4435

  Champollion, Jean-Jacques (1778–1867). French archaeologist, brother of the Egyptologist Jean-François: 4374, 4378

  Chance (see also Circumstances, effects of): 91, 557–59, 1883–85, 2151–52, 2528–29; EVOLUTION OF HUMANITY, CIVILIZATION: 1570–72, 1611–12, 1828–30; discoveries, inventions: 830–38, 1086, 1264–65, 1737–40, 2602–606, 2619–22, 3643–44

  Character: 224–25, 1798, 2405–408, 3891–93; INDIVIDUALS: 152–53, 194–95, 668, 1623–24, 3314–17, 3446–47; nature and circumstances: 470–71, 4064–65, 4194–96, 4491; physiognomy: 1828–30, 1904–907; society: 1682–83, 2862–64; strength of character: 90–92, 3271–83, 3446–47, 3846, 3942–44; NATIONS: 474–76, 2927–28, 4031–33

  Chariclea. The protagonist of the Aethiopica of Heliodorus: 2386

  Charisius, Flavius Sosipater (fourth century CE). Latin grammarian, who wrote Institutiones Grammaticae: 3722

  Chariton of Aphrodisias. Greek author of a story set c. 400 BCE, but written probably in first or second century CE: 4155

  Charity: see Generosity and Pity

  Charlemagne (742–814). King of the Franks and Emperor of the West: 4353

  Charles V (1500–1558). Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire: 1728, 3177, 4137, 4160, 4261

  Charles VIII (1470–1498). King of France, responsible for initiating the Italian wars: 4017

  Charles XII (1682–1718). King of Sweden: 4494

  Charon. Mythical boatman on the river Styx, responsible for ferrying the souls of the dead to Hell: 68, 2653, 2792

  Charron, Pierre (1541–1603). French moralist: 1051

  Chartreux: see Carthusians

  Chateaubriand, François-René de (1768–1848). French author, statesman, and diplomat: 15, 53, 156, 158, 987, 1692, 2830, 2980; WORKS: Le Génie du cristianisme: 2646, 2978, 4479; Les Martyres: 2765; René: 2738–39

  Châtelet, Gabrielle-Emilie (1706–1749). French scholar, friend and adviser to Voltaire: 3884

  Chatterton, Thomas (1752–1770). English poet: 1177

  Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1343–1400). English poet: 4322

  Cheerfulness (also gaiety, gladness, joy; see also Contentment and Happiness): 30–31, 69–70, 97–99, 136, 255, 267–68, 313, 460–61, 716–17, 1291–92, 1328, 1690–91, 1779, 2435, 2905, 3206, 3310, 3943, 3976, 4024–25; JOY OF DESPAIR, PAIN, DANGER: 87, 1651–52, 2161–62, 3526–31

  Chemistry: 737–38, 808, 1219, 1275, 2605–606

  Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope (Earl of) (1694–1773). English parliamentarian and diplomat, author of Letters to His Son: 4229, 4249, 4254–55, 4263–64, 4281–82

  Chiabrera, Gabriello (1552–1638). Italian poet from Savona, known as the “Italian Pindar”: 24–28, 4300–301, 4479

  Childbirth: see Birth

  Childhood, child(ren): 486–87, 1725, 1904–907, 3265–69, 3482, 4038; ADULTS: 1449, 2037, 3554–55, 3765–66, 4231–32, 4272, 4499, 4504; ART AND POETRY: 1799, 1987–88, 4427, 4513, 4515; ATTENTION, ATTENTIVENESS, MEMORY: 1103–104, 1255, 1370–71, 1524, 1631, 1718, 1735, 1765–66, 1951–52, 2390, 3345, 3950–51, 4026; THE BEAUTIFUL: 1183–1201, 1256, 1312, 1379–81, 1510, 1718, 1750–52, 1794–95, 1914, 1930–31, 2965–66; CONDITIONING THE REST OF LIFE: 514–16, 667–68, 1705–706, 1750–52, 1914, 2645–48, 3771, 4483; DISPOSITIONS, FACULTIES, HABITUATION: 1255, 1183–1201, 1370, 1396–97, 1432–33, 1455–56, 1542, 1628, 1653, 1718, 1750–52, 1765–66, 1925, 1930–31, 1951–52, 2046–47, 2187, 2596–97, 4253–54, 4429–30; HAPPINESS: 56, 168, 668–69, 1464–65, 3078–79; IMAGINATION: 57, 152–53, 168, 175–76, 180, 211–12, 212, 381–82, 393, 481–84, 499–500, 527, 536, 624–25, 668–69, 1771, 2019–20, 3344, 3822; NATURE/EDUCATION: 173, 486–87, 643, 644, 1063–65, 1536, 1542, 1595, 2044, 2080, 2471, 3078–79, 3265–66, 3908, 4136; PASSIONS AND FEELINGS: 514–16, 528–29, 529–32, 1262, 2435–36, 2607, 3346–47, 3444–46; PERCEPTION OF REALITY: 2430, 2710–11, 2712, 4429–30; REMINISCENCE OF CHILDHOOD: 514–16, 667–68, 1987–88, 2645–48, 3771, 4427, 4513, 4515; WEAKNESS: 108, 3554–55, 3765–66, 4504

  Chilon of Sparta (sixth century BCE). Spartan magistrate (ephor) and one of the Seven Sages of Greece: 162, 197, 207

  China, the Chinese: see Nations, peoples

  Chios, island in the Aegean: 2679, 4445

  Chivalry: 1084, 2620, 2674–75, 4144

  Choki Oser (Chos kyi ’Od-zer). Author and translator under the kingdom of Khaisan-Kulug Khan: 4341

  Choricius of Gaza (fl. late fifth and early sixth century CE). Greek rhetorician and sophist: 2792, 2796, 2829

  Chorus: see Theater

  Chos rje Pandita: see Sakya Pandita

  Christianity: 80–81, 105, 337–38, 393–420, 423–33, 710–11, 1011, 1447–48, 1625–27, 1637–45, 1830–31, 1849–50, 2252, 2456–58, 2463–64, 2738–39, 3127–29, 3131–32, 3147, 3173–77, 3497–3509, 4077, 4110, 4290, 4471–72; AFTERLIFE: 339, 405–406, 410–11, 428, 814–18, 826–29, 2574–76, 3148–49, 3497–3509; CATHOLICISM: 359, 362–63, 1061–62, 1242, 1592; FATHERS OF THE CHURCH (GREEK AND LATIN): 2179–80, 2263–64; ILLUSIONS, MARTYRDOM, HEROISM: 44–45, 330, 334–37; JESUS CHRIST: 112, 150, 191, 611, 1639–41, 1710–11; LUTHERANISM AND CALVINISM: 1061–62, 3888; MONKS, NUNS: 2381–84; MORALS: 1638–39, 1710–11, 2482, 2492–93, 3135; NATURE/REASON: 403–11, 432–33, 1065, 1460–61, 1627, 1642–45, 2114–17; NATURE (STATE OF), BARBARISM, CIVILIZATION, AND SOCIETY: 132, 194, 253–55, 353–56, 394–403, 408–409, 422–23, 431–33, 611–12, 680, 1004, 1426–27, 1605–606, 1685–88, 1709, 2232, 2456–58; POPES, THE PAPACY: 114, 1460–61, 2457, 3177, 3887–89, 4081, 4157; POPULAR FEASTS: 1438–48, 1605–606; REDEMPTION: 1004; REVELATION: 405–406, 414, 425–26, 1637, 2179–80; SELF-LOVE, EGOISM: 885, 1685–88, 1824–25, 1882; SYSTEM (LEOPARDI’S): 393–420, 1004, 1642–45

  Chryses. A priest of Apollo at Chryse: 4164

  Chrysippus (c. 280–207 BCE). Greek Stoic philosopher: 4220, 4479, 4480

  Chrysostom, St. John (340s–407 CE). Doctor of the Church, author of philological treatises: 736, 983, 2866, 3057, 4369

  Ciampi, Sebastiano (1769–1847). Italian philosopher, archaeologist, and Hellenist from Tuscany: 979–80, 1180, 3058, 4152, 4173

  Cicadas: see Animals

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 BCE). Latin philosopher and politician: 44, 206, 242–43, 252, 641, 847, 981, 996, 1023, 1085, 1098, 1111, 1119–20, 1492, 1829, 2014, 2066, 2181, 2278, 3056, 3940, 4094, 4422, 4451–55, 4458–59; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 20, 48, 60, 592–93, 741–60, 789, 803, 812, 850–51, 988–89, 991, 1012–13, 1031, 1037–38, 1056–57, 1098, 1119–20, 1130, 1137–38, 1150, 1151, 1153, 1159–60, 1253, 1277–78, 1483–84, 1573–75, 1679, 1741, 1808, 2014–16, 2096, 2150, 2168, 2239–41, 2345, 2410, 2452, 2470–71, 2475–78, 2513–15, 2593, 2622–24, 2643–44, 2650–51, 2654–59, 2663–64, 2721, 2723–25, 2727–28, 2735–36, 2740, 2777, 2819, 2878, 2916, 2923, 2925, 2991, 3060, 3071, 3073, 3170, 3192, 3334, 3359–60, 3372–74, 3421, 3465, 3472, 3475–76, 3516, 3584, 3716, 4016, 4028, 4029, 4067, 4088, 4093, 4102, 4115, 4285, 4331, 4422, 4436–38; LIFE, PERSONALITY, AND PHYSICAL TRAITS: 208, 1933, 3440, 4281, 4486; PHILOSOPHY: 22, 161, 520–22, 532, 536, 536–38, 540–42, 552–53, 591–92, 593, 593–95, 599, 601, 605, 635, 676, 826, 1708, 1725, 1829, 1933, 2433, 2671, 2672, 2675, 2686, 2727–28, 3027, 3201, 4094, 4113, 4308, 4486; POLITICS: 161, 161–62, 520–22, 552–53, 2660–61, 3359–60, 3469; WORKS: Agraria: 1150, 2345; Brutus: 2819, 4451; Cato Maior, seu de senectute: 593–95, 599, 601, 605, 826, 1052, 1111, 2340, 2925, 3027, 3584, 4455; Contra L. Pisonem: 481; De divinatione: 4088, 4093, 4094, 4167, 4437, 4459; De fato: 1829; De finibus bonorum et malorum: 317, 676, 2655, 2721; De legibus: 1130, 3469, 4453; De natura deorum: 1151, 4094, 4113, 411
5; De officiis: 318, 2686, 4486, 4524; De oratore: 469; De republica: 1808, 2654–59, 2740, 2878, 2991, 3071, 3073, 3359–60, 3469, 3762, 3763, 3895, 4102, 4438; Epistulae: 120, 468, 988–89, 1085, 2650–51, 2923, 3060, 3170, 3469, 4285, 4308; Laelius, sive de amicitia: 532, 536, 536–38, 540–42, 552, 591–92, 593, 635–36, 1111, 1725, 2433; Orator: 748, 1153, 1277, 2663–64, 3421, 3716, 4016, 4028, 4436; Paradoxa: 593, 595; Philippicae: 22, 161, 374, 424, 459; Pro Archia: 215, 239–40, 992, 2623, 2643, 2735, 3372–73; Pro Milone: 30, 44; Pro rege deiotaro: 162; Rhetorica ad Herennium: 4016, 4145; Somnium Scipionis: 593, 643, 1708, 1741; Tusculanae disputationes: 317, 1829, 2671, 2672, 2675, 3201, 4451

  Cid (The). Spanish hero: 4321, 4475

  Cieça (or Cieza) de León, Pedro (c. 1520–1554). Spanish writer, author of the Discovery and Conquest of Peru: 3430, 3640, 3791, 3795–96, 3893, 3920, 3962

  Cimon (510–449 BCE). Athenian statesman, soldier, and strategist: 4403

  Cimosco. A character in Ariosto’s Orlando furioso: 3893

  Cincius, Lucius. Contemporary of Cicero cited by Festus: 2841

  Cineas (third century BCE). Greek orator, the ambassador of Pyrrhus: 2245

  Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (d. 84 BCE). Roman politician, four times consul between 87 and 84 BCE: 81

  Cioni, Gaetano (1760–1851). Pisan doctor and man of letters who introduced Leopardi to the university milieu in Pisa: 1700

  Circe. A goddess and sorceress in Homer’s Odyssey (bk. 10): 1378, 4282, 4396

  Circumlocution: 638–41, 2721

  Circumscription: 1543–45, 4450, 4484

  Circumstances (effects of): 178–79, 2263–64, 3990, 4194–96; BEAUTY (ITS RELATIVITY): 1804–5, 1883–85; HUMAN SPIRIT AND CHARACTER: 2205–206, 2862–64, 3197–3206, 3301–12, 3466–68, 4064–65, 4166; human faculties and talents: 78–79, 208–209, 1352–55, 1360–61, 1370, 1569, 1646–47, 1661–63, 1741–44, 1819–22, 1828–30, 2017, 2039–41, 2151–52, 2162–64, 2184–86, 2259–63, 2268–71, 2484–85, 3197–3206, 3301–12, 3824–25, 4166

  Cirillo, Domenico (1739–1799). Neapolitan botanist and physician, executed in the aftermath of the Parthenopean Republic: 290–91

  Cities, towns (see also Capital cities): GENERAL FEATURES: 251–52, 1399–400, 2484–85, 2653–54; homeland: 895–96, 1092–93, 1361–62, 2677–79, 4179; human behavior, customs, language: 935–36, 1831–32, 2057–65, 2405–408, 3546–47, 4368–69, 4491, 4493, 4520, 4523; origins: 191, 3432, 4158–60, 4333–34; ALBA (sometimes ALBA LONGA) (very ancient Latin city, supposedly founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, a dynasty from which Romulus and Remus were also believed to have descended): 511, 4455; ARGOS (Greek city on the Peloponnese): 2675, 2879, 2881; ATHENS, ATHENIANS: see Athens, Athenians; BABYLON: 1027 (see also Nations, peoples); BENEVENTUM (BENEVENTO) (town in the southwest of Italy): 4433; BUENOS AIRES: 4265; BYZANTIUM, CONSTANTINOPLE: 983, 996, 998, 2695, 2732, 2797–2798, 3174, 4236, 4384, 4506; CATANIA: 4209–10; CORDOBA: 3372–74; HERACLEA PONTICA (ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor, now Karadeniz Ereğli, in Turkey): 4217; FAENZA: 4030; FLORENCE, THE FLORENTINES: 26, 678, 683, 936, 1025, 1230, 1250, 1252, 1325, 1591, 2063–64, 2122–26, 2181, 2461, 2525, 2526, 2599, 2699, 2926, 3067, 3018, 3177, 4125, 4237, 4309, 4310, 4368, 4385, 4477; GENEVA: 4234; GENOA: 1435, 4182; ITONUS (a city also known as Sitonus): 4154; HERCULANEUM (ancient Roman town at the foot of Vesuvius, discovered and excavated in the eighteenth century): 4437; JERUSALEM: 150, 3128–29, 3141, 3176, 4073; LACEDAEMON, LACEDAEMONIANS: see SPARTA, THE SPARTANS; LIVORNO: 4334; LOCRI: 4434; LONDON: 1027, 2107, 2122; LUCCA: 4236; MACERATA: 1346; MADRID: 2122; MALEVENTUM (former name of Benevento, once the town of Samnium, in Italy): 4433; MANTINEA (ancient Greek town, in Arcadia, renowned for its democratic constitution): 4159; MANTUA: 4182; MARSEILLES: 1014, 1015, 2624, 2655, 4002; MILETUS (ancient town in Asia Minor, Ionia): 3105, 4459; MYCENAE (ancient Greek town, on the Peloponnese): 2675; NAPLES: 251, 623, 702–703, 3131, 4031, 4289, 4290, 4302, 4317, 4368–69, 4388–89, 4468, 4506; NEW YORK: 4045; NUMANTIA (city in ancient Spain that resisted the Romans): 1004–1005; OSTIA: 4466; PADUA: 3373, 3998, 4246; PARGA (town in northwest Greece whose sale by Britain to the Ottomans in 1819 was deeply resented by liberal patriots): 1593; PARIS: 251, 724, 936, 1027, 1518, 2058–60, 2107, 2120–22, 2408, 4079, 4416; PISA: 4305, 4334, 4422; PISTOIA: 1230, 2317; POMPEII: 4364; RECANATI (town in the Marche and the birthplace of Leopardi): 29, 242, 273, 2405, 4102, 4120; ROME: see Rome, Romans, Latins; ROSSANO (town in Calabria): 4434; SAGUNTUM (SAGUNTO) (a town in Spain captured by Hannibal in 219 BCE): 621; ST. PETERSBURG: 1027, 1425; SAVONA: 4132; SONNINO (a town between Rome and Naples): 251–52; SPARTA, THE SPARTANS: 44, 68, 210, 915, 917, 935, 1170, 2425, 2628–29, 2674–75, 2681, 3893, 4183, 4206, 4217, 4409; STOCKHOLM: 1425; SYRACUSE: 509, 3287, 4225; THEBES: 2806; TROY, THE TROJANS: 95–96, 511, 869, 884, 1106, 1140, 1394, 2243–44, 3111–12, 3120, 3121, 3126, 3136, 3143–45, 3158, 3591, 3770–72, 4049, 4270, 4282, 4312–16, 4330, 4447–49; VEII (town in Etruria): 489–90, 4444–45; VENICE, THE VENETIANS: 162, 190, 1139, 1245, 1983, 2124, 2336, 2934, 3177, 3368, 3618, 3763, 3887, 4037, 4044, 4506; VIENNA: 24, 3067; VITERBO: 3177, 4473