D’Alembert, Jean Le Rond (1717–1783). French philosopher, writer, and mathematician, co-editor of the Encyclopédie: 649, 2414, 3894, 3899, 3949, 3955, 3989, 3993, 4299, 4303, 4305, 4306, 4307
Damascius (fifth or sixth century CE). Greek Neoplatonist philosopher: 4218, 4219, 4220, 4221, 4222, 4223, 4463
Damocles (the sword of): 1965
Dance: 130, 4114, 4318, 4339–40
Dane, the (Sveno). A character in Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata: 3148–49
Danger: 9–10, 68–69, 175, 1653–54, 3029–31, 3526–40, 4494
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321). Florentine poet: 731, 2392, 2396, 2688, 2693, 2896, 3289–91, 4255–56, 4368, 4372; ART: 3–4, 9–10, 14, 21, 392–93, 2573–74, 3479–80, 3507–508, 3552, 3719, 4322, 4426; imagination: 725–27, 2132–33, 2536, 3155–56, 3477–79; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: originality, innovation, and redundancy: 50, 59–60, 762, 1028, 1077, 1483–84, 1608–1609, 1892, 2041–43, 2126–27, 2791, 3719, 4415; role in the evolution of Italian language and literature: 245, 321, 700–701, 706, 1366–67, 1384–86, 1659, 1688–89, 2016, 2309, 2370–71, 2517, 2580, 2698–99, 3338–40, 3413–16, 3561–62, 3884, 3900, 4214, 4328, 4349–50, 4382–88; specific usages, words, and phrases: 502, 1104, 1115, 1230, 3687, 4167, 4170, 4302; use of dialects: 3010–14, 3964–66, 3983; use of Latinisms: 1324; use of Provençalisms: 2505–506; AND OTHER POETS: 21, 27, 57, 152–53, 231, 1314, 1483–84, 2042–43, 2523, 3719, 3477–79, 3479–80, 4255–56; RECEPTION AND FAME: 3, 2536, 3729–30, 4388, 4413; THOUGHT, PHILOSOPHY, AND THEOLOGY: 231, 1227–29, 1317, 1402–403, 1525–26, 1994–95, 2536, 3507–508, 3552; WORKS: Convito: 1525; De vulgari eloquentia: 1525; Divina Commedia: 502, 1228, 1525, 2460, 2896, 3290–91, 3413, 3507–508, 3552, 3595, 4170, 4365–66, 4378, 4388, 4417
Daring: see Boldness (literary and linguistic)
Darius I (ruled 521–486 BCE). King of the Persians defeated by the Greeks at Marathon: 3105
Darius III Codoman (c. 380–330 BCE). King of the Persians, overthrown by Alexander the Great: 62, 4156
Daru, Pierre (1767–1829). French politician, author of Histoire de la République de Venise: 4304
Dati, Carlo Roberto (1619–1676). Florentine scientist and man of letters: 2, 3390, 4236–37
Davanzati, Bernardo (1529–1606). Florentine economist and writer, member of the Accademia della Crusca and champion of Florentine Italian: 321, 1077, 1424, 1428, 3073, 3728, 4117
David (tenth or eleventh century BCE). King of Israel: 17, 23, 3425, 4416
Dawes, Richard (1708–1766). English scholar: 4336
Deafness: 1569, 2151, 2268, 2429–32, 3824
Death, mortality: 479–80, 644–46, 3432–33, 3491–94, 4277–79, 4391, 4524, 4525; ANCIENTS: 79, 116, 625–29, 1330–32, 2943–44, 3029, 3029–31, 3099, 4309, 4410; DESIRE, JOY, CONSOLATION: 302, 313, 2672, 2673, 2675, 2796, 3491–94; FEAR AND HATRED OF: 102, 137–39, 3029–31, 3813–15, 4242–43; FUNERAL RITUALS: 2102–103, 3430–32; NATURE AND RELIGION: 723, 814–18, 1530–31, 2220–21; NATURE OF: 281–83, 290–93, 660, 2182–84, 2566–67
Decius. The name of an illustrious Roman family: 3642, 4371
Deer: see Animals
Defects, failings (see also Perfection/Imperfection): 354–55, 655–57, 1540, 2441–42, 3058–60, 3178–79, 4493; ART AND LITERATURE: 4–5, 6, 9–10, 25, 288–89; GRACE: 199–201, 1326–27, 1327–28, 1774, 2454
De festis Graecorum and Romanorum: 1445
Definition: FACULTY OR MENTAL PROCESS: 246, 640, 1225, 2492
Defoe, Daniel: see Robinson Crusoe
Deformity: 6–7, 8, 354, 1308–10, 1326–28, 1404–405, 3652–53, 4258
Degeneration: see Corruption
Deification: 204–205, 3879, 4076–78
Deism: see Religion
Delaplace (i.e., La Place, François de) (1757–1823). See Leçons françaises de Littérature et de Morale
Delicacy: 3248–50, 3296–97, 3494, 3922–23, 3926; BEAUTY, GRACE: 7, 1603–605, 1698–99, 1921, 1990–91, 3084–90, 3177–79, 3427–28; NATURE/CIVILIZATION: 1601–602, 2567–68, 2902–903, 3179–80, 3248–50, 3807
Delight: see Pleasure
Delille, Jacques (1738–1813). French poet: 15, 94, 320, 962, 966
Della Casa, Giovanni (1504–1556). Italian writer born in Florence, author of a famous treatise on manners titled Galateo: 61, 321, 686, 2268, 2496, 2536, 3415–16; WORKS: Galateo: 230, 2414, 2517, 4122, 4127, 4135, 4481; Letters and orations: 2264, 2461, 2639, 4139, 4357
Demetrius of Phalerum (c. 350–c. 283 BCE). Athenian statesman, philosopher, and orator; the treatise De elocutione (“On Elocution”) attributed to him is by a later author: 324, 4441; DE ELOCUTIONE: 4160, 4161, 4162, 4182, 4216–17, 4222–23, 4224
Demigods: see Gods
Democracy: see Government, Governance
Democritus (c. 460–c. 357 BCE). Greek philosopher, with Leucippus founder of atomic theory: 38, 961, 2478, 3964, 4436, 4437, 4466
Demodocus. A character in Homer’s Odyssey, poet at the court of king Alcinous: 130, 4318, 4328
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE). Athenian orator: 44, 61, 225, 845, 847, 981, 1037, 1068, 2589–2590, 2626, 2671, 3176, 3440, 4369; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 849, 1024, 1058, 2114, 2128, 2240, 2452, 2779, 4124, 4327
Demus of Chios. Statesman cited by Plutarch: 2679
Denmark, the Danes: see Nations, peoples
Depping, Georg Bernhard (1784–1853). German scholar: 4312, 4321, 4331–33, 4337, 4339, 4373
De Progenie Augusti (misattributed to Messalla Corvinus): 1145
Dercyllis. Female Greek traveler, whose wanderings feature in a romance by Antonius Diogenes excerpted by Photius: 4206
De re architectonica (anon.): 2933
De Rogati, Francesco Saverio (1745–1827). Italian writer, translator of the odes of Anacreon and Sappho: 3982, 3988
Desbillons, François-Joseph (1711–1789). French scholar: 1029, 1153, 3056, 3060, 3062, 3072, 3628–3629
Descartes, René (1596–1650). French philosopher: 207, 946, 1091, 1468, 1655, 1720, 1857, 2708–709, 3245, 3978, 4108–109
Description: 100, 164, 224, 514, 2041–43, 2599–2600, 3479–80, 3482, 3548–50, 4382
Design: 164, 534, 1089; OF THE ILIAD: 3166–67, 3613, 4322; OF NATURE: 372, 835, 873
Desire: HAPPINESS, PLEASURE, HOPE, SELF-LOVE: 165–71, 180, 379–90, 1548, 2496, 2737, 2754, 2883–84, 3027–28, 3497–3509, 3842–43, 4074–75, 4087, 4145–46, 4228, 4301, 4517; the pain of desire: 3444–46, 3876–78; specific targets of desire: 40, 53, 64, 122, 127, 130–31, 138, 140, 179, 215, 376, 506, 651–52, 814–15, 1017–18, 1537, 1545–46, 1573–75, 2403, 3304–308, 3440–41, 3601, 4038–39, 4249–50, 4257, 4266–67, 4284, 4420, 4449; UNLIMITED, UNFULFILLED: 75, 88, 90–91, 142, 180, 183, 210, 304, 472–73, 533, 647–48, 1382, 2861, 3550–51, 3846–48, 4106; boredom, distraction, relief: 172–73, 175, 1581, 1584, 1585, 3601, 3622, 3713–15, 3835, 3879–80; 3905–906
Despair (see also Hope): ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 76–77, 88, 484–85; ART AND LITERATURE: 64, 259–61; DANGER, FEAR: 1477, 3537–38; DISILLUSION: 140, 213–17; HOPE AND PLEASURE: 88, 137–40, 1545–48, 1628, 2315–16, 4145–46; LAUGHTER: 87, 188, 107; NATURE AND EFFECTS: 65, 72, 245, 461–62, 614–18, 618–20, 654, 1362, 1653–54, 1792, 2107–10, 2159–62, 2217–19, 2219–20, 2316, 2555, 4080–81, 4090, 4106; 4272; YOUTH: 278–80, 4180, 4422–23
Despotism: see Government, governance
Destiny, fate: 90–92, 503–507, 815, 2219, 3250, 3467, 3788–89, 3989, 4070–72, 4230, 4311, 4498
Destruction: 59, 60, 251–52, 518–19, 4192–93; THE NATURAL SYSTEM: 365–66, 1530–31, 3783–84, 3791–94, 4130, 4231–32, 4421, 4461–62, 4485–86
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude (1754–1836). French philosopher, leader of the idéologue school and author of the Eléments d’idéologie: 946, 1235
Deterioration: see Corruption
Dialects: 43, 935–36, 1020–22, 1268, 1299, 1325, 1345–46, 1346, 1459, 1476, 1629, 1962–64, 1965, 2080–81, 2121–22, 2649–52, 3011–14, 3372�
��74, 3637–38, 3932, 4329, 4516; GREEK (see also Greek Language: DIALECTS): 2061–62, 3284, 3964–66, 3982–84, 3991–92, 3997, 4327, 4359, 4404–405; Aeolic: 935, 2196, 2773, 2777, 2779, 3045; Attic (see also Atticism): 43, 642, 741, 785–86, 793, 961, 1135, 1251, 2061, 2062, 2104, 2126, 2811, 2231, 3001, 3042–43, 3045, 3965–66, 3982–83, 3984, 4042, 4463; Doric: 935, 961, 2773, 2779, 2800, 3982, 3992, 3997, 4470, 4479–80, 4480; Ionic: 935, 961–62, 2231, 3045–46, 3931, 3964–66, 3982, 3983–84, 3991–92, 3992, 3997, 4009, 4020, 4030, 4055, 4319, 4395–96, 4404–405, 4480; LATIN AND ITALIAN: 2120–22, 2649–52, 3372–74; of Cordoba: 3372–74; Gaul: 1042–43, 2649–52; Lombard: 3762–63; of Mantua: 2652; Oscian: 979; of Padua: 1021, 2652, 3372–74; Roman: 1020–21, 1042–43, 2120–22, 2650–52, 2687, 3762–63, 4001–4002; Tuscan: 43, 786, 961, 979, 1021, 1022, 1076, 1245–52, 1325–26, 1345, 1436, 2062–63, 2126, 2542–44, 2592, 2721, 2926, 3066, 3070, 3965–66, 3983, 3990, 3995, 4365, 4046, 4237, 4264, 4336, 4429, 4443, 4495; Venetian: 2934; of the Veneto: 2649–52, 3762–63; of Verona: 2652; Volscian: 979
Diana (goddess): 2323, 2675
Diaskeuasts: see Greek literature: DIASKEUASTS
Dicaearchus of Messina (third to second century BCE). Greek scientist, pupil of Aristotle, but whose works are lost: 4147, 4294, 4524
Dictionaries: 12, 50, 2335–36, 2386–87, 2397–2400
Diderot, Denis (1713–1784). French Enlightenment philosopher, materialist, who coedited the Encyclopédie with D’Alembert: 4299
Dido. Legendary queen of Carthage: 2217, 2221, 2360, 2764, 3144, 3608–10
Didot, Firmin (1764–1836). Pioneering French printer and publisher: 985
Didymus Alexandrinus (d. 396 CE). Christian theologian: 981
Difficulty: 203–204, 2358–59, 2682, 3673–75
Digamma: see Aeolic digamma
Digestion: 4183–84
Dignity: see Honor
Diligence/Negligence: 52, 837, 1482–83, 3628; DILIGENCE VS. NEGLIGENCE: 21,1075–76, 3048–51; IN ART AND LITERATURE: 10, 21, 50, 61, 100, 190, 1074; IN BEHAVIOR: 238, 2876, 3268; NEGLECT/CARELESSNESS IN SCHOLARSHIP AND WRITING: 1486, 1505, 2729–32, 2744, 3693, 4270–71; PLEASURE: 1581
Diminutives: 250–51, 2281–83, 2286–87, 2304, 2358, 2864, 3040, 3054–55, 3618, 3636, 3687, 3825, 3875, 3897–98, 3907–908, 3955–56, 3963, 3967, 3997, 3998, 4046–47, 4051, 4072–73, 4144, 4308, 4443–44, 4444, 4473, 4496–97, 4516
Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) (245/247–313 CE). Roman emperor from 284 to 305 CE: 1992
Diodorus Siculus (first century BCE). Sicilian Greek historian, author of a world history centered on Rome: 1016, 4431
Diogenes Laertius (prob. fl. first half third century CE). Greek author of the Lives of the Philosophers: 43, 162, 197, 206–209, 223, 231, 249, 265, 284–85, 303, 306, 316, 324, 334, 339, 402, 427, 466, 468, 490–91, 501, 527–28, 642, 660, 661, 1316, 1717, 3014, 3470, 3491, 3745, 4035, 4124, 4248, 4299, 4345, 4368, 4438, 4464–65, 4469–70, 4481
Diogenes of Sinope (c. 400–325 BCE). Cynic philosopher: 12, 38, 306, 402, 491, 642, 660–61, 3470, 4078, 3496, 4469–70
Diomedes. A hero in Greek mythology, and leader in the Trojan war: 3111, 3276, 4166
Diomedes (fourth or fifth century CE). Latin grammarian: 2932, 2992, 4459
Dio Cassius Cocceianus (c. 150/155 or 163/164–after 229 CE). Historian of Rome writing in Greek, from Bithynia: 4, 477, 992, 2114, 2402, 2732, 4011, 4133, 4281, 4282, 4440
Dio Chrysostom (c. 40–after 111 CE). Greek rhetor and popular philosopher: 992, 4156, 4190, 4369, 4469
Dionigi Candidi, Marianna (1756–1826). Italian artist, author of Precetti elementari sulla pittura de’ Paesi: 190
Dionysius Cato (third or fourth century CE). Purported author of the Disticha de moribus: 4442
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 60–after 7 BCE). Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, author of the Roman Antiquities: 4, 454, 469, 845, 962, 992, 1024, 1495, 1633, 2590, 2624, 2879–80, 3982, 4200, 4309, 4370, 4432, 4440, 4441, 4451, 4460; GIORDANI’S ESSAY AND TRANSLATION: 1046, 2881
Dionysius the Thracian (Dionysios Thrax) (c. 170–c. 90 BCE). Author of a standard Greek grammar: 1029
Dionysius II (c. 397–343 BCE). Tyrant of Syracuse: 4225
Dioscurides, Pedanius (first century CE). Greek physician who served with the Roman army: 4440
Diphthongs: 54, 1124, 1151–53, 1158–60, 1678–70, 1968–69, 1993, 2266–68, 3705, 3969, 3984, 4285, 4354, 4467, 4469, 4485
Dirt, filth: 6, 1368–69, 1568, 3760, 4298
Disadvantages: see Advantages
Disaster: see Calamity
Discernment: 1553
Discouragement, disenchantment (see also Disillusion): 84, 136, 102, 259–61, 484–85, 614–18, 2233–36, 4109
Discoveries, inventions: 4255; DISPOSITIONS AND HABITUATION: 1421, 1697–98, GUNPOWDER: 262, 659, 978, 2674–75, 3893; LANGUAGE: 1086, 1237–38, 4500; alphabet: 939–40, 1267–69, 1270–71, 2619–22, 2748, 2948–60, 3668–71, 3957–60, 4336; PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN MIND: 491–94, 1347–55, 1650–51, 1654, 1729–32, 1766–67, 1767–68, 1848–60, 1975–78, 2616–18, 2705–15, 2938–39, 3237–45, 3962–63, 4192–93, 4198–99; chance and human perfectibility: 830–38, 939–40, 1086, 1170–74, 1182, 1737–40, 2602–607, 3643–72, 4121; RELIGION: 335–36, 415–16
Disease: see Illness
Disgust: AESTHETIC: 1308, 1786, 2519; MORAL: 38, 59, 89, 221, 719, 1558–59, 1624, 3840, 4481; PHYSICAL: 12, 230, 1568, 1940–42, 4481; relativity of: 1913–14, 3760–61
Disillusion (see also Discouragement; Nothingness; and Vanity): 140–41, 151–52, 213–17, 259–61, 270–71, 277–80, 351, 463–65, 512–14, 1548–51, 1556–57, 1648–50, 2032–33, 2233–36, 2709–11, 3437–38, 3491–92, 3840–41
Disorder: see Order
Displeasure: see Sorrow
Dispositions, faculties (see also Habit): 1911, 1925, 3301–12, 3374–82, 4166, 4450; EXERCISE: 1633–34; FORTUNE: 2800–803; HABITUATION, CONFORMABILITY: 1455–56, 1680–82, 1802–803, 2047–49, 2162–64, 3824–25; faculty of habituation: 1370–72, 1682–83, 1828, 2028; other species: 1455–56, 1568–69, 1761–63, 1923–25, 3374–82; talent: 1661–63, 1741–44, 1819–22, 2028, 2039–41, 2151–52, 2230–31, 3944–45; variability: 1432–33, 1568–69, 1802–803, 3198–99; IMITATION: 1697–98; INNATE/ACQUIRED: 2046–47, 2152, 2164–65, 2268–71, 2391, 2585–87, 3301–302, 4108; THE MATERIAL: 1025–26; NATURE/CIVILIZATION: 76, 868–69, 1597–602, 1923–25, 3973–75; PHYSIOGNOMY: 1828–30
Disproportion: see Proportion
Dissertation on the age of Homer, his writings and his genius (in Bulletin universel): 4316
Dissimulation, concealment, dissembling: CHARACTER (WEAKNESS/STRENGTH): 2259–63, 3279–82, 3282–83, 4194–96, 4396; DANGER, FEAR, ILL: 43–44, 1400–401, 2419–20, 3526–31, 4229–31; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: 2401–402, 2415, 2485–86, 3522–23, 4329
Distance/Closeness: 682–83; GODS AND HUMAN BEINGS: 3544–455, 4076–78; ILLS: 137–38, 294–96; IMAGINATION, ILLUSIONS: 124, 1165, 2936, 3678–80, 1567–68, 1860–62, 4485; love: 4293; PLEASURE: 169–70, 271, 1044, 1430–31, 1464–65, 1927–30, 2053–54, 4293, 4427, 4495; THE POETIC: 1789, 3144, 3975, 4426, 4427, 4475–76, 4485, 4495; SELF-LOVE: 149–50
Distraction (see also Occupation): 194, 1714–15, 3510, 4259–60, 4438; CHILDREN: 152, 211–12, 500–501, 2390, 3950–51, 4026; DANGER, FEAR, PAIN: 1677–78, 3526–40; FORGETFULNESS: 104, 118–19; THEORY OF PLEASURE, HAPPINESS: 165–77, 248, 646–50, 2736–38, 3622, 3846–48, 3876–78, 3921–22, 4043, 4075–76, 4185–88
Divinity, divinities: see Gods
Doctors: see Medicine
Dodwell, Henry (1641–1711). Irish theologian and scholar: 4401
Dogs: see Animals
Dolce, Ludovico (1508–1568). Prolific Venetian writer, editor, and translator: 2810
Dolphins: see Animals
Domitian, Titus Flavius (51–96 CE). Roman emperor from 81 CE, known for his persecution of the Christians: 2245, 4179
Dona
tus, Aelius (fourth century CE). Latin teacher of rhetoric and grammar, author of a commentary on Virgil: 2243, 3169–70, 3189–90, 4101, 4483
Donkeys: see Animals
Dorians: see Nations, peoples
D’Orléans, Pierre-Joseph (1641–98). French Jesuit historian, author of the Histoire des révolutions d’Espagne: 1084
D’Orville, Jacques-Philippe (also known as Dorvillius) (1696–1751). French philologist and classical scholar of Huguenot descent: 4155
Doubt: see Certainty/Uncertainty
Dow, Alexander (1735/1736–1779). English scholar, army officer attached to the East India Company and author of History of Hindostan: 3017–18
Draco (seventh century BCE). Athenian legislator who gave the city its first laws: 4393
Dracontius, Blossius Aemilius (fifth century CE). Carthaginian poet: 991
Drama, Dramatic: see Theater
Drawing: 514, 4085
Dream: 57, 516, 531, 2861
Drowsiness: see Torpor
Drugs, drunkenness (see also Torpor): DRUNKENNESS, INEBRIATION: 96–97, 109, 130, 152, 324, 1779, 1856, 1975, 3835–36, 3842, 3846–48, 3905–906, 3924–25, 3931, 4079–81, 4524; OPIUM:172, 173, 649–50, 1988–90, 3846–48; TOBACCO: 3552–53, 4188; WINE: 324, 496–97, 1652, 3269, 3552–53, 3881–82, 4286
Druids: 131–32
Drusius (Johannes van der Driesche) (1550–1616). Dutch Protestant divine, Orientalist, Christian Hebraist and exegete: 4482
Drusus, Marcus Livius. Tribune of the people at Rome in 122 BCE at the same time as Caius Gracchus: 457
Du Cange (Charles du Fresne) (1610–1688). French Byzantinist and lexicographer: 42, 1182, 1231, 1278, 2077, 2883. WORKS: Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis: 43, 736, 1066, 2301, 2466, 2842, 3057, 3072, 4133. Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis: 42,107, 512, 928, 1066, 1072, 1108, 1109, 1142–44, 1154, 1181, 1182, 1230, 1231, 1282, 1504, 1527, 1534, 1562–63, 1780, 1779, 1780, 1993, 2071, 2072, 2077, 2079, 2137, 2149, 2194, 2197, 2226–27, 2244, 2247, 2259, 2265, 2277, 2279, 2280, 2281, 2282, 2283, 2284, 2298, 2305, 2312, 2323, 2324, 2325, 2339, 2341, 2345, 2348,, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2362, 2367, 2368, 2372, 2376, 2386, 2475, 2497, 2587, 2588, 2757, 2819, 2842–45, 2864, 2865, 2883, 2894, 2930, 2933, 2934, 2935, 2947, 2973, 2984, 3001, 3005, 3006, 3019, 3023, 3032, 3052–54, 3057, 3065, 3071, 3072, 3074, 3183, 3246, 3284, 3288, 3289, 3298, 3312, 3350, 3361, 3488, 3515, 3543, 3559, 3569, 3588, 3589, 3590, 3617, 3618, 3624, 3626, 3684, 3695, 3709, 3710, 3752, 3761, 3816, 3844, 3901, 4004, 4123,4133, 4246–47, 4463
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