Zibaldone

by Leopardi, Giacomo

  Italian literature: 312, 795–800, 1093–94, 1098–99, 1225–29, 1243–52, 1313–15, 1360–61, 1411–18, 1499, 1679–80, 1754–55, 2012–14, 2172–73, 2503–507, 2648, 2836–41, 3396–410, 3461–66, 3471, 3560, 3728–31, 3738–41, 3749–51, 3855–63, 4240, 4328, 4349–50, 4372, 4413, 4477; LITERARY HISTORY: 1–2, 3–4, 143–47, 392–93, 690–702, 841–44, 1066–67, 1366–67, 1402–403, 1581–83, 1994–98, 2016, 2124–26, 2177, 2178, 2396, 2515–18, 2529–44, 2579–80, 2700–701, 2715, 3066–70, 3338–40, 3413–19, 3561–64, 3816, 3979, 4249, 4263–64; the thirteenth century (Duecento): 1099, 3393, 3566, 3728, 3751, 4372; the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth centuries (Trecento, Quattrocento, Cinquecento): 1–2, 3–4, 23–25, 28, 29, 59–60, 60–61, 70, 94, 136, 245, 263, 340, 392–93, 484, 509, 526, 686, 690–702, 705–708, 724, 761–62, 764, 784, 803–804, 842–43, 846, 957, 998, 1021, 1023, 1028, 1038, 1047–48, 1049, 1051, 1056–59, 1069–70, 1093, 1095, 1099, 1158–59, 1179, 1209, 1228, 1312–13, 1314, 1321, 1324, 1325, 1366–67, 1384–86, 1402–403, 1417, 1420, 1435, 1450, 1471–72, 1484, 1525–27, 1659, 1680, 1689, 1809, 1812, 1892, 1916–17, 1919, 1973–74, 1993–98, 2016, 2092–93, 2100–101, 2113, 2123, 2127, 2201–204, 2241, 2268, 2301, 2303–305, 2335, 2460–61, 2503–507, 2515–19, 2525–26, 2529–44, 2574, 2579–80, 2662–63, 2676, 2693, 2698–2700, 2715, 2718–21, 2723–24, 2783, 2791, 2865, 2884–85, 3009–14, 3045–46, 3127–32, 3173–77, 3338–40, 3390–91, 3393, 3397, 3398–99, 3413–16, 3561–64, 3630, 3683, 3728–31, 3741, 3855–58, 3884, 3964–65, 3979, 3983, 4018, 4027–29, 4034–35, 4052, 4081, 4066, 4140, 4214, 4236–37, 4240, 4243, 4246, 4249, 4255, 4255–56, 4261, 4262, 4264, 4349, 4350, 4357, 4385, 4387, 4388, 4413, 4417, 4491; the seventeenth century (Seicento): 1–2, 3–4, 23–25, 26–29, 340, 774, 842–43, 866, 1093, 1312–13, 1313–15, 1402, 1407–408, 2056, 2092–93, 2783, 3390, 3393, 3419, 3562–63, 3630, 3729, 3730, 3828, 3829, 3855–63, 4027–28, 4066, 4237; seventeenth-century style: 4, 23–24, 25, 27, 146, 2999; the eighteenth century (Settecento): 1–2, 3–4, 36–37, 146, 245, 393, 691,701, 702, 774, 803–804, 1022, 1028, 1058, 1084, 2169, 3014, 3319–22, 3417–19, 3563, 3816, 3828, 3949, 4190, 4234, 4264, 4487–88, 4504; MODERN ITALIAN LITERATURE: 4, 724–35, 799–800, 841–44, 865–66, 987, 1024–25, 1056–59, 1078, 1239, 1321, 1997–98, 2123–26, 2363–64, 2395–96, 2453, 2517–21, 2611–13, 3192–96, 3318–38, 3471, 3817, 3326–29, 3332–3335, 3393, 3829–30, 3855–63, 4249, 4301, 4504; POETRY, POETS: 3–5, 54, 57, 129–30, 688, 700–702, 725–35, 987, 2363–64, 2791, 3011, 3388–89, 3404, 3405, 3413–19, 3463–65, 3561–68, 3829–30, 3855, 3858–59, 4034–35, 4249, 4255–56, 4269, 4504, 4506; SPREAD AND FAME: 242, 990, 1411–18, 1581–83, 3066–70, 3741, 3884–85, 4234, 4237, 4243, 4263–64; WRITING IN LATIN: 1023, 1066–67, 3463, 3464, 4240

  Italianisms: 242, 1917, 2783, 3069, 3560–61, 3730–31, 3956, 4053, 4115, 4156, 4459, 4463, 4524–25

  Italy, the Italians (see also Italian dialects; Italian language; Italian literature): 1360–61, 1402–403, 2879–80, 2881; CLIMATE: 176, 350, 351, 728, 932–33, 1026–27, 1207–1211, 1409, 1849, 3248, 3251–53, 3394–95, 3401, 3576, 3577, 3891, 4031–33, 4241–42, 4256, 4423; CUSTOMS, CHARACTER, AND VALUES: 8, 176, 349–51, 623, 724–35, 865–66, 869, 931–32, 972–73, 1026–27, 1043, 1092–93, 1207–1212, 1245, 1320, 1441–44, 1513–18, 1590, 1592, 1604–605, 1605–606, 1688–89, 1848–49, 1932–34, 1950–51, 2063–65, 2120–24, 2407, 2453–54, 2486–87, 2608–609, 2609–10, 2615–16, 2618, 2694, 2848, 2923, 3059, 3147, 3193, 3343, 3394–95, 3546–47, 3582, 3584, 3749, 3861–63, 3891, 4031, 4032, 4044–45, 4053, 4187, 4206, 4224, 4227, 4245, 4249, 4256, 4261–63, 4265, 4289–90, 4491, 4502, 4512, 4517–18, 4525; FINE ARTS: 116, 143, 176, 177, 350–51, 795–97, 932, 1361, 1849, 2065, 2694–95, 2698, 2861, 3068, 3129, 3174, 3192, 3196, 3318, 3325, 3438–39, 3466, 3749, 3888–89, 4021–22, 4245, 4269, 4301, 4388, 4504; music: 3209–14, 3219–20, 3364–65, 3423–24; HISTORY: 933, 2332, 3127–32, 3147, 3173–77, 3579–84, 3830, 3855–63, 3887–89, 4017, 4081, 4157, 4256; PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCES: 30, 116, 312, 729, 779, 1025, 1057, 1213–29, 1248, 1252, 1316–17, 1360–61, 1402–403, 1422–23, 1491, 1843–46, 1849, 1973, 1995, 2089, 2453–54, 2616, 3057, 3193–96, 3237, 3318–38, 3338–40, 3741, 3830, 3858–59, 4471, 4504; POLITICS: 58, 392, 457, 841–42, 865–66, 972–73, 1026–27, 1092–93, 1242, 1245, 1514–15, 2064, 2065, 2120–24, 2177, 2232, 2407, 2453, 2694, 2697–98, 3129, 3137, 3367–70, 3390, 3855–63, 3887–89, 4017, 4157, 4247; war: 623, 1043, 1329, 3855–63, 3887–89, 4371–72; RELATIONS WITH OTHER PEOPLES: 865–66, 1213–29, 1329, 1427–29, 4157, 4265, 4267; language and literature: 50, 242, 685–86, 799–800, 865–66, 972–73, 979, 990, 1950–51, 2572–73, 2609, 3066–70, 3192–96, 3318–38, 3338–40, 3389–3410, 3582, 3584, 3728–31, 3738–41, 3855–56, 3884–85, 3949, 4471–72, 4425, 4431–34; RELIGION AND THEOLOGY: 983, 999, 1209, 1242, 1441–44, 1525, 1605–606, 1995, 2303, 3465, 3466, 3887–89, 4157, 4247, 4432, 4471–72

  Itonus: see Cities

  Ittig, Thomas (also known as Ittigius) (1643–1710). Lutheran pastor from Leipzig: 1000, 1001

  J

  Jacobs, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm (1764–1847). German philologist: 4155

  Jahrbücher der Literatur: See Literary Yearbooks

  James, St. Evangelist: 999

  Jansson, Jan Junior (also known as Janssonius) (1588–1664). Dutch engraver, cartographer, and publisher: 4081, 4116

  Janua, Johannes de (Giovanni Francesco Balbi) (d. c. 1298). Genoese author of the Catholicon, a dictionary: 2842

  Japan: 4341

  Japheth: 1139

  Jebb, Samuel (?1694–1772). English philologist, editor of Aristeides (1722): 4159

  Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung. Published in Jena from 1785 to 1841: 4315

  Jerome, St. (c. 347–420). Christian scholar and translator of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate): 597, 1783, 2654, 2655, 2660, 2698, 2825, 2885, 3684, 4124, 4264, 4401

  Jerusalem: see Cities, towns

  Jesus Christ: see Christianity

  Jesus, son of Sirah. Hebrew writer, author of Ecclesiastes: 1849

  Jews: see Nations, peoples

  Joannes Laurentius Lydus: see John Lydus

  Job. Biblical character: 507, 3342–43

  John of Damascus, St. (c. 676–c. 750). Greek Church Father: 4463

  John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitallers of St.): 3176–77

  John Lydus (sixth century CE). A Byzantine writer born in Philadelphia (Lydia): 4208

  Johnson, Samuel (1709–1784). English writer and compiler of the Dictionary of the English Language (1755): 1225

  Jones, Sir William (1746–1794). Anglo-Welsh Orientalist and jurist: 929, 984, 1271

  Jornandes (sixth century CE). Latin historian: 4431

  Joseph II (1741–1790). Holy Roman Emperor (from 1764) and ruler of the Habsburg Lands (from 1780): 1535

  Josephus, Flavius (37–c. 101 CE). Jewish historian, author of the Jewish War and Jewish Antiquities: 1000–1001, 2623, 4029, 4139, 4394, 4431

  Journal des savans. Literary journal of venerable descent, consulted by Leopardi in 1828: 4364, 4399, 4411–12

  Journal des voyages. Published between 1821 and 1829: 4189

  Journal général de la littérature étrangère. Published in Paris between 1801 and 1830: 4340

  Jove: see Jupiter

  Joy: see Cheerfulness

  Juba, King (c. 52–23 BCE). King of Mauritania and author of a history of Roman theater: 4204

  Judas Thaddeus, St: 999

  Judaeans: see Jews

  Judgment: 381–82, 4131–34; ITS RELATIVITY: 1186–98, 1308–11, 1326, 1660–61, 1667, 1903–904, 1919, 2233–36, 3952–53; depends on authority, circumstances, fame: 227–28, 1883–85; of posterity: 121, 228, 646

  Jugglers: 3825

  Jugurtha (c. 160–104 BCE). King of Numidia: 4190

  Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus, known as the Apostate) (331/332–363 CE). Emperor of Rome from 355 CE: 58, 312–13, 504, 2293, 2697, 4431

  Julius Marathus. Freedma
n and confidant of Augustus, author of a Life of the emperor: 4193

  Juno. Wife of Jupiter: 2349, 2546–47, 2675, 4044, 4409

  Jupiter: 1, 6, 7, 13, 307, 342, 651, 1027, 2051, 2052, 2246, 2626, 2768, 2968, 3276, 3640–41, 4044, 4078, 4112, 4409, 4426, 4448

  Jupiter (planet): 2603

  Justice: 125, 249–50, 1596, 3316–17, 3349–50, 3420

  Justinian (482/483–565 CE). Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 CE: 303, 983

  Jovencus, Caius Vettius (or Vectius) Aquilinus (fourth century CE). Christian poet: 991

  K

  Kalidasa (fourth to fifth century CE). Indian poet and dramatist: 956

  Kalmuks: see Nations, peoples

  Kammermeister, Joachim (also known as Camerarius) (1500–1574). German humanist: 4163, 4165

  Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804). German philosopher: 946, 1857, 2618, 4304

  Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović (1787–1864). Serbian writer and linguistic reformer: 4337–38, 4361, 4372, 4399

  Karageorge, Petrovitch (Czerny, Georg) (1768–1817). Serbian national hero: 4388

  Kärcher, Ernst Friedrich (1789–1855). German educator and philologist: 4373–74

  Keller, Christoph (also known as Cellarius) (1638–1707). German philosopher and philologist: 109, 915, 1015, 1127, 1169, 1276, 1277, 1278, 2153, 2248, 2376, 3745, 4433

  Khaisan-Kulug Khan (1281–1311). Mongol king and emperor of the Yuan dynasty from 1308 to 1311: 4341, 4342

  Khirghis, the: see Nations, peoples

  Khubilai Sechen Khan (Kublai Khan) (1215–1294). Mongol king and the founder of the Yuan dynasty: 4341

  Kiessling, Theophilus. Nineteenth-century German philologist, editor of Iamblichus: 4431

  Kings: 1911–13, 3359–60

  Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724–1803). German poet and dramatist: 18, 2982, 4098

  Knight, Richard Payne (1751–1824). English man of letters and scholar, who edited the Homeric poems: 4316, 4334, 4335, 4379–80, 4382

  Knowledge, knowing (see also Wisdom): 159–60, 388–90, 651–53, 1089–91, 1091, 1675–76, 1697–98, 1866–71, 1922–23, 2073–74, 2616–18, 2705–15, 3237–45, 3466–68, 3993, 4056–57, 4166, 4177–78, 4189–90, 4206–208, 4253–54, 4295–97, 4305, 4482, 4507–508, 4525; ARTS AND POETRY: 100, 231, 725–35, 1827–28; KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN CONDITION, TRUTH, UNIVERSAL EXISTENCE: 270–71, 318, 678–83, 2032–33, 2936–38, 3171–72, 4135–36, 4510; ancients/moderns, nature/reason: 76–79, 114–15, 207–208, 274–76, 316–18, 420–23, 439–51, 637–38, 657–58, 2492–93, 3932, 4477–78; arts and poetry: 259–61; happiness/unhappiness: 66, 102–104, 326–27, 327–28, 364–66, 385–88, 633–36, 637–38, 2939–41, 3078–79, 3932, 4127–29; pleasure: 167–70, 246–47, 319; LANGUAGE: 641–43, 1053–54, 1234–36; RELIGION: 378–88, 393–420, 420–51, 2492–93

  Koraes, Adamantios (1748–1833). Greek physician and scholar: 4147, 4149, 4346, 4469

  Koran, The: 3173, 4353

  Kos. A Greek island: 3491

  Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761–1819). German dramatist: 105

  Kühn, Joachim (also known as Kuhnius) (1647–1697). German philologist: 4470

  L

  Labor, toil: 1476, 2400, 3112, 4162; THE BIBLE: 401–403; GRACE: 2682; HUMAN NATURE: 15, 376–78, 889–90, 2876, 3347–49, 4259–60; INTELLECTUAL: 9–10, 21, 795–96, 826, 1597–98, 2725–27, 2796–99, 2977–78, 3329, 3776, 4302–304, 4356; MANUAL: 29, 298, 342; the working classes: 1646–47, 1677–78, 1776; NATURE, CIVILIZATION, SOCIETY: 76, 298, 663–66, 833–34, 1172–73, 1182, 1183, 2736, 3078–79, 3084–85, 3179–82, 4259–60; PLEASURE: 173, 1507, 2157–59, 2702–703, 4431

  Labor, childbirth: see Birth

  La Bruyère, Jean de (1645–1696). French writer and moralist, author of a version of the Characters of Theophrastus: 4147, 4153–54, 4472, 4508

  Lacedaemon, Lacedaemonians: see Cities and Nations, peoples: SPARTA, SPARTANS

  Lactantius, Lucius Caecilius (or perhaps Caelius) Firmianus (c.240/245–320/325 CE). Christian apologist from North Africa, a pupil of Arnobius: 991, 1131, 1849, 4248

  Lady, a. Featuring in anecdotes: 1, 58, 231–32, 4231

  Laevius (?c. 80 BCE). Latin poet: 1112 (note 1)

  La Fontaine, Jean de (1621–1695). French poet and writer of fables: 9, 93. 237, 1416, 2498

  La Harpe, Jean-François de (1739–1803). French poet, dramatist, and critic: 237, 4193

  Lambeck, Peter (also known as Lambecius) (1628–1680). German historian of literature: 4440

  Lambert de Marguenat de Courcelles, Anne-Thérèse, Madame de (1647–1733). French writer, author of various treatises: 375; WORKS: Avis d’une mère à sa fille: 302–303, 309, 650–51, 653–55, 669, 672; La Femme hermite: 661, 662, 663; Lettres sur l’éducation d’une jeune demoiselle: 643; Réflexions sur les richesses: 304; Réflexions nouvelles sur les femmes: 636, 666, 667, 678, 1084; Traité de la vieillesse: 633–34, 636–37, 655, 678

  Lamennais, Hugues-Félicité-Robert de (1782–1854). French writer and philosopher, author of the Essai sur l’indifférence en matière de religion: 330–33, 343, 349–50, 356–58, 362–63, 376, 378, 452, 870, 888–89, 910, 912

  Lamia (analysis of the word): 2299–304

  Lancetti, Vincenzo (1767/1768–1851). Italian man of letters, director of the military archives in Milan: 1230, 1329

  Language (poetic): see Poetry, Poets

  Language (see also Orality/Literacy; Sign; Word(s)): ACQUISITION AND KNOWLEDGE: 94–95, 962–75, 978–79, 1260–61, 1796–98, 3008–3009, 3024, 4082; ALPHABET, ORTHOGRAPHY, PRONUNCIATION: 30, 51–52, 54–55, 711–12, 812–14, 1207, 1264, 1270–78, 1283–91, 1338–39, 1659–60, 1945–46, 2012, 2404–405, 2458–60, 2619–22, 2740–52, 2869–76, 2948–60, 3055–57, 3247–53, 3670–71, 3672, 3956–59, 3959–60, 3964, 4090–91, 4124–25, 4284–85, 4290–91, 4329, 4336, 4360–61, 4362, 4376–77, 4388, 4485, 4487–88, 4516; writing: 153–54, 225–26, 939–40, 975–77, 1174, 1202–204, 1226–27, 1267–70, 1283–85, 1701–706, 1964, 2578–81, 3255; art of writing: 225–26, 704–705, 1543–45, 4347, 4348–49, 4354, 4390, 4404, 4406, 4411; written/spoken: 1020–22, 1033–34, 1038–39, 1247–48, 1252–53, 1269, 1285, 1338–39, 1945–46, 2458, 2700–701, 3055–57, 4090–91, 4124–25, 4336, 4382–88; ANCIENT/MODERN, NORTHERN/SOUTHERN: 978–79, 1001–1003, 1007–10, 1045–46, 1356–61, 1482–94, 1496–99, 2025–28, 2087–89, 2172–73, 2288–90, 2746–50, 2829–31, 3247–53, 3863–64, 4473–74, 4516; CULTURE, HUMAN PROGRESS, CIVILIZATION, SOCIETY: 932–40, 1054, 1072–75, 1101–102, 1103, 1207–12, 1213–29, 1237–38, 1347–51, 1386–87, 1465–67, 1513–18, 1520–21, 1629–30, 2186–87, 2212–15, 2588–89, 2591, 2694–95, 2847, 2852–56, 2989–91, 3336–38, 3860–61, 3863–66; EASTERN/WESTERN: 30, 51–52, 928–29, 974–75, 978, 1002–1003, 1126, 1211, 1231, 1281–83, 1285–91, 1297–98, 2005–2007, 2404–405, 2415–19, 2500, 2615–16, 2746–50, 3251–53, 3959; ELEGANCE, FAMILIARITY, PURITY: 819–22, 985–86, 1435–36, 1806–15, 1845–46, 1916–17, 1917–20, 1936–38, 1984, 2012–14, 2129, 2130–32, 2390, 2500–23, 2529–32, 2639–42, 2836–41, 3866–68, 4425; FREEDOM: 704–705, 1007–1008, 1046–52, 1862–63, 1953–57, 2095–97, 2174, 2849–51; LITERATURE: 995–96, 1037–38, 1056–59, 1062, 1093–94, 1202–204, 1245–46, 1304–305, 1581–83, 2014–16, 2124–26, 2529–32, 2648, 2906–907, 3318–19, 3332, 3336–38, 3338–40, 3576, 4117, 4349–50; NATURE: 1053–54, 1470–72, 2284–85, 2895–98, 3247–53; ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, CORRUPTION: 343–45, 707–708, 735–83, 785–800, 805–10, 819–22, 955, 979–80, 985–86, 1046–52, 1053–54, 1086, 1102, 1128, 1132–34, 1136–39, 1155–60, 1204–205, 1263–83, 1292–95, 1388–91, 1477–94, 1494–99, 1499–1504, 1504–507, 1887, 1936–37, 2057–65, 2093–101, 2122–23, 2289–91, 2443–51, 2500–23, 2578–81, 2608, 2694–2700, 2700–701, 2722–23, 2828, 3668–70, 3672, 3866–68, 3904–905, 3964, 4026–29, 4373–74, 4428–29; QUALITIES AND BEAUTIES: 12, 207, 643, 805–10, 863–64, 1086–87, 1207–12, 1233–34, 1356–61, 1579–80, 1822–23, 2288–91, 2415–19, 2425–
28, 2443–51, 2849–51, 2853–54, 4191, 4512; UNIVERSALITY, UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE: 240–45, 838–63, 936–37, 1008, 1013, 1028, 1029–31, 1039–40, 1045, 1581–83, 2212, 2285, 2619, 3068–69, 3253–54, 3254–62, 3972–73, 4108, 4375–76; VARIATION AND VARIETY: 932–40, 1022–23, 1045, 1065–66, 1301–302, 1459, 1629–30, 1755–57, 1965–67, 2715–17, 2906–13, 3199, 3247–53, 4034–35; WORDS, TERMS, IDEAS: 109–11, 950–52, 1701–706, 1706–708, 1964, 4117

  Languages: AMERICAN: 2847, 3253; ARABIC (see also Language: EASTERN/WESTERN): 933, 954, 994, 1034, 1229, 1231, 1281, 1592, 2005, 2623, 3580, 3581, 3740; ARAMAIC: see SYRO-CHALDEAN; ARMENIAN: 2622, 2735; BULGARIAN: 4337; CADMEAN: 1139; CELTIC: 205–6, 933, 994–95, 1002, 1010, 1012, 1014, 1015, 1024, 1029, 1163, 1298, 3367–72; CHALDEAN: 935, 1000; CHINESE: 807–808, 942–45, 976, 1019, 1055, 1059, 1128, 1133, 1179–80, 2447, 2621, 2748, 4341; DANISH: 1298, 3673, 4339; DUTCH: 1298, 3400, 3560, 3673; EGYPTIAN; 929, 2579; ENGLISH: 240, 805, 952, 1011–12, 1014, 1028, 1033–34, 1038, 1045–46, 1048, 1225, 1267, 1298, 1659–60, 1846, 1894, 1953–57, 1965, 1968–69, 2062–63, 2084, 2098–100, 2106–107, 2883, 3318–21, 3368–72, 3401–403, 3586–87, 3673, 3970, 3981, 4124–25, 4126, 4146, 4223, 4243, 4276, 4506, 4520; alphabet, orthography, pronunciation: 55, 711–12, 1363, 1659–60, 1678–79, 1945–46, 2869–70, 2875–76, 1945–46, 3981, 4284–85, 4383, 4386, 4387–88, 4487–88; freedom: 1435, 1954, 1955–56, 2062–63, 2106–107, 2399–400; ETHIOPIAN: 929; ETRUSCAN: 979, 1138–39, 1270, 2624, 4152; FRENCH: see French language; GERMAN: 321, 771, 777, 933, 950–51, 952, 983, 1010–11, 1012, 1013–14, 1036, 1127, 1244, 1270–71, 1298, 1800, 1846, 1894–96, 1947–51, 1953–57, 1962–65, 2009, 2027, 2063, 2079–101, 2113, 2122–23, 2126, 2176–78, 2288–91, 2593–94, 2875–76, 3196–97, 3247–50, 3318–21, 3367–69, 3673, 3865–66, 4291; alphabet, orthography, pronunciation: 1127, 1277, 1363, 1945–46, 2875–76, 3247–50, 3980–81; translations: 957, 1948–51, 1988, 2089–90, 2134–36, 2845–61, 2913–14, 4191; GOTHIC: 929, 1034, 1270–71, 1298, 4523; GREEK: see Greek language; HEBREW: see Hebrew language; ILLYRIAN: 980–81, 1298; IRISH: 1965, 3372; ITALIAN: see Italian Language; JAPANESE: 4341; LATIN: see Latin language; MOLDAVIAN: 4331–33; MONGOL: 4341, 4341–42, 4407, 4412; OSCAN: 979, 4465; PALI: 929; PERSIAN: 953–54, 1390, 1592; PHOENICIAN: 1136, 1139, 1168–69, 1264, 1270, 1276, 2621, 2740–44, 2750, 2751; POLISH: 1298, 2097–100; PROVENÇAL: 312, 1012, 1033, 1812, 1993–94, 2505–506, 2687, 2688, 2699, 2719, 2783, 2870–73; PORTUGUESE: 1299, 2687, 3560, 3946, 4374–75; ROMANCE LANGUAGES (IN GENERAL): 933–34, 1031–37, 1040–43, 1109, 1142, 1295–96, 1475–76, 1499–504, 1679–80, 1818–19, 1879, 1970–73, 2081, 2148–49, 2236–38, 2280–83, 2297–99, 2305, 2320–22, 2346–48, 2355–57, 2364–65, 2366–67, 2465–66, 2656, 2676–77, 2686–87, 2795–96, 2835, 3585–87, 3620–21, 3622–24, 3904–905, 3946–49, 3985, 4012, 4036, 4294, 4411, 4431–33, 4516; RUSSIAN: 980–81, 1271, 1298, 1895, 2097–100, 3197, 3673; SAMARITAN: 935, 1136, 1168, 1270, 1276, 2621, 2740; SANSKRIT (see also Language: EASTERN/WESTERN): 928–30, 955–56, 975, 979, 979–80, 983, 984, 995–96, 1010, 1136, 1139, 1390, 2351–54, 2419, 2579, 2746, 2784, 3017–18, 3940–41, 4245; SCANDINAVIAN: 4339–40; SERBIAN: 4336–39; SLAV, SLAVONIC: 933, 3196–97, 4337, 4378; SPANISH: 768, 805, 812–13, 1003, 1012, 1024–25, 1029, 1030, 1031–37, 1041–42, 1093, 1280, 1501–504, 1516, 1845–46, 1893–96, 1916–17, 1963, 1996–97, 2112–13, 2181–82, 2222–25, 2226–27, 2465–66, 2587, 2608–609, 2686–87, 2783, 3004, 3066, 3069–70, 3074–78, 3389–3410, 3543–44, 3560–61, 3572–84, 3638, 3673, 3728–31, 3742–44, 3771–72, 3829–30, 3851–52, 3855–63, 3956, 3970, 3999, 4012, 4055–56, 4227, 4422, 4506; alphabet, orthography, phonology: 711–12, 1135–36, 1156, 1279–82, 1287, 1342–44, 1346–47, 1363, 1659, 1679–80, 1806, 2325–26, 2462–63, 2464–65, 2875, 3253, 3361, 3362–63, 3366–70, 3754–56, 3818–19, 3980–81, 4487–88; Latin: 871–72, 1031–35, 1475–76, 2236–38, 2264–66, 2465–66, 3362–63, 3368, 3372–74, 3572–84, 3744, 3761, 3818–20; SWEDISH: 1298, 1895, 3196, 3673; SWISS: 1298; SYRIAC: 1231, 2735; SYRO-CHALDEAN (or ARAMAIC): 1000; TEUTONIC: 933, 1010–11, 1013–14, 1036, 1038, 1298, 2080–85, 2093–2101, 2177, 3196–97, 3367–69; TURKISH: 994, 3253; VOLSCIAN: 979; WALLACHIAN: 979–80, 980, 1298, 3638, 4400