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Romulus. Founder and first legendary king of Rome: 4442, 4443, 4451, 4455
Roots (linguistic): see Word
Roquelaure, Gaston-Jean-Baptiste, Duc de (1617–1683). French writer and wit: 4416
Rosa, Michele (1731–1812). Author of the treatise Delle porpore e delle materie vestiarie presso gl’antichi: 3622
Rosamund (sixth century CE). Gepid princess: 3967
Roscoe, William (1753–1831). English historian, author of The life of Lorenzo de’ Medici called the Magnificent: 2810
Rosini, Giovanni (1776–1855). Pisan friend of Leopardi, professor of rhetoric, and author of La monaca di Monza: 4494
Rossano: see Cities
Rossetti, Gabriele (1783–1854). Italian writer and exile in London, author of an allegorical interpretation of Dante’s Commedia: 4365
Rossi, Luigi. Translator of a French preface to Carlo Botta’s Storia: 2128
Rossini, Gioacchino (1792–1868). Italian composer, born in Pesaro: 3208–209, 3218
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778). French writer and philosopher, born in Geneva: 38, 56, 318, 356, 543–79, 912, 946, 1879–80, 2086, 2616, 2958, 3190, 3245, 3492, 3846, 3920, 4038, 4039, 4394, 4426; WORKS: Contrat social: 912; Émile: 4275; Pensées: 4474, 4478, 4490–92, 4500, 4511
Roy, Pierre Charles (1683–1764). French writer and dramatist: 304
Royal Society of Literature (London): 4362
Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul (1763–1845). French politician and philosopher: 4304
Rubbi, Andrea (1738–1807/1817). Venetian literary journalist, editor of the 46-volume Parnaso italiano: 28, 4234
Rucellai, Giovanni (1475–1525). Florentine writer and poet: 1155, 2461, 3416, 3945, 4179
Rudolph, August Friedrich Wilhelm (also known as Rudolphus). Classical scholar: 4480
Rufinus of Aquilea (also known as Tyrannius Rufinus) (c. 344/345–410 CE). Christian author and translator: 4463
Rufus. Unidentified writer on the Roman theater and music, cited in Photius: 4203, 4204
Rufus, Quintus Curtius (first century CE). Roman historian, author of the Historiae Alexandri Magni: 509
Ruhnken, David (also known as Ruhnkenius) (1723–1798). Dutch philologist: 4435
Rühs, Christoph Friedrich (1781–1820). German historian: 4407
Rulers: see Prince, the
Rules (see also Regularity): LANGUAGE: 1067–70, 1299–301, 1435–36, 1862–63, 2578–81, 2592–94; LITERATURE: 154–56, 1337, 4327; greatness, originality: 9–10, 39–40, 144–47, 307–309, 1671–73; Homer: 307–309, 693, 3095–97, 3165–67, 4322, 4327, 4334–35, 4360; nature/art: 39–40, 3157, 3165–67, 4216–17; MUSIC: 3208–35
Rulhière, Claude Carloman de (1735–1791). French writer and historian: 4172
Russia, the Russians: see Nations, Peoples
Rutuli: see Nations, peoples
S
Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de (1584–1648). Spanish diplomat and man of letters: 4081, 4116, 4122
Sabines: see Nations, peoples
Sacchetti, Franco (?1330–1400). Florentine writer, best known for his Novelle: 4509
Sacrifice: 72, 2497–98; IN RELIGION: 2208, 2387–89, 2397, 2669–70, 2673, 3641–42, 3798; SELF-SACRIFICE: 21–22, 68, 104–105, 108, 300, 564, 570, 574, 607, 876–77, 1816–17, 1824–25, 2156–57, 2206–207, 2258, 2440–41, 2923, 3168–69, 3277, 3293–95, 3314–15, 3432–33, 3480–81, 4106–107, 4283
Sadness: 69–70, 358, 986, 3531, 4500
Sagas (Scandinavian): 4339–40, 4406–407
Sages: see Wisdom
Saggio sopra gli errori popolari degli antichi: see Leopardi, Giacomo: WORKS
Saguntum: see Cities
Saint-Martin, Antoine de (1791–1832). French scholar, expert in ancient chronology: 4378
St. Gall. Swiss abbey, the site of a Benedictine library: 3885
Saint-Maur. French Benedictine congregation (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) known for its contribution to ecclesiastical scholarship: 1504
St. Peter’s (Basilica): 3888
St. Petersburg: see Cities
Sakya Pandita (named in the text Bogda Khutugtu Chos rje Pandita) (1182–1252). The founder of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism: 4341, 4342
Salamis (battle of) (480 BCE). Naval victory of the Greeks over the Persians: 2322
Salmasius: see Saumaise, Claude
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) (86–35 BCE). Roman historian: 512, 1492, 1534, 1823, 2452, 4146; Bellum Catilinarium: 598–99, 606–7, 1482–83, 2608, 4146; Bellum Iugurthinum: 512, 629, 2904
Salter, Samuel (1710–1778). English philologist: 4335
Salverte, Anne-Joseph-Eusèbe Baconnière de (1771–1839). French politician and author: 4194
Salviati, Lionardo (1540–1589). Florentine linguist, one of the founders of the Accademia della Crusca: 1660, 2458, 2516, 2525–26, 4384, 4386
Salvini, Anton Maria (1653–1729). Professor of Greek in Florence and translator, who collaborated with the Vocabolario della Crusca: 2335, 2458, 2498, 2926, 3005, 3390, 4237, 4245, 4282
Samaria, the Samaritans: see Nations, peoples
Samnium, Samnites: see Nations, peoples
Samoyeds: see Nations, peoples
Samuel of Ani (twelfth century CE). Armenian historian: 2012, 2735
Sancho Panza. Character from Cervantes’s Don Quixote: 3980
Sanleolini, Francesco. Italian man of letters, nominated in 1597 to the Accademia della Crusca: 4236–37
Sand, Karl (1795–1820). German patriot, the killer of Kotzebue: 105
San Marino: see Republic of San Marino
Sannazaro, Jacopo (1458–1530). Neapolitan humanist and poet, innovator in pastoral poetry: 55, 56, 57, 58, 143, 385, 1827, 2536, 4229
Sappho (b. late seventh century BCE). Greek lyric poet: 1840, 2589, 3013, 3045, 3443, 3991, 4047, 4236, 4438
Sardica (Sofia), Council of: 2825
Sarmatians: see Nations, peoples
Sarno, Lorenzo. Protagonist of Leopardi’s projected autobiographical novel “Vita di Lorenzo (or Silvio) Sarno”: 295
Sassetti, Filippo (1540–1588). Florentine merchant and author, pioneer in the study of Sanskrit: 3018, 4245
Satiety: 1508, 2600
Satire: 2, 7, 2582, 3487, 4173, 4236
Saturn. Ancient Italic god: 3640–41
Saul (second half eleventh century BCE). First king of Israel: 3425
Saumaise, Claude (also known as Salmasius) (1588–1653). French philologist and scholar: 991, 3745, 4433
Savages, savage society (see also: Man: PRIMITIVE MAN AND SAVAGES): BEHAVIOR, CUSTOMS, AND VALUES: 49, 830–31, 833, 878, 1380, 1603–604, 1879, 2253–54, 2262–63, 2421–22, 2472, 2492, 2754, 3309–12, 3342, 3483, 3662–63, 3918–20, 3962–63, 4136, 4180, 4185–87, 4265–66; health, vigor, disease: 1601, 1631, 3059, 3179–80; languages, dialects, pictography: 1281, 1459, 2748, 2913, 3253; knowledge, mental development: 1680–82, 2710–11, 2712, 2941, 4208; SOCIETY: 554, 674, 1170, 2765–66, 3655–56, 3797–3802, 3808, 3932–36, 4185; cannibalism: 3355–56, 3797; poetry: 4234–35, 4344; religion: 3638–42, 3878–79, 4126; superstition: 3894
Savona: see Cities
Saxe-Gotha. German duchy: 3349
Saxo Grammaticus (c. 1150–1220). Danish historian, author of the Gesta Danorum: 4193, 4330
Saxons: see Nations, peoples
Say, Jean-Baptiste (1767–1832). French writer and economist, prominent in idéologue circles: 245, 3446–47
Scaliger, Joseph Juste (1540–1609). European philologist of Italian origin: 4401
Scandinavians: see Nations, peoples
Scapula, Johann (c. 1540–c. 1600). Philologist, author of the Lexicon Graeco-Latinum Novum: 736, 984, 1000, 1075, 2307, 2776, 2779, 2788, 2792, 2920, 3072, 3343, 3354, 3358, 3761, 3941, 3979, 3994, 3997, 4002, 4004, 4007, 4008–11, 4014, 4018, 4020, 4030, 4033, 4035, 4048, 4052, 4054–55, 4073, 4083, 4095, 4103, 4111, 4114–16, 4124–25, 4232, 4404, 4465, 4473, 4483, 4485
Scarron, Paul (1610–1660). French wri
ter, author of comedies: 4145
Scelta di opuscoli interessanti (by Johann Georg Sulzer): 807, 1053, 1066, 1070, 1086, 1103, 1134, 1350
Schiller, Friedrich von (1759–1805). German poet and dramatist: 1724
Schinas, Demetrios: see Scinà, Domenico
Schlegel, August-Wilhelm von (1767–1845). German philologist, writer, and literary critic, a member of the Coppet Circle: 1948, 4408
Schleusner, Johann Friedrich (1759–1831). German theologian and philologist, author of the Lexicon Latinum in Novum Testamentum (London 1826): 4431
Schools (see also Teaching): 264–66, 1347, 4289; ANCIENT SCHOOLS: 1016
Schott, André (Schottus) (1552–1629). Flemish scholar and editor of Photius: 4196, 4200, 4202, 4203, 4204, 4209, 4210, 4211, 4212, 4218, 4219, 4220
Schrevel, Cornelis (1608–1664). Dutch physician and scholar, author of the Lexicon manuale Graeco-Latinum et Latino-Graecum: 2776, 2786, 2975, 3941, 4048, 4116
Schubarth, Karl Ernst (1796–1861). German philosopher: 4313–16
Schweighaeuser, Johann (1742–1830). German Hellenist: 4147, 4400–405, 4412, 4414
Sciences, scientists: 1421, 4214–16, 4285, 4504; NATURE, REASON, IGNORANCE: 380–83, 422–23, 446–51, 1356–57; pleasure: 1262, 1464–65; LANGUAGE: 58, 116, 1213–29, 1229–30, 1403–404, 1424, 1467–68, 1608, 2594–95, 2721, 2725–31; METHOD: 144–45, 1424, 1467–68, 1586–88, 2731, 3978, 4189–90; causes and effects: 3977–78; imagination: 58, 1975–78, 4056–57; PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT, INFLUENCE: 84, 336, 1356–57, 1531–33, 4056–57, 4189–90, 4197–98, 4291–92, 4507–508; chance: 2602–606, 2606–607, 2737–40; communicability: 58, 1583, 1767–68, 1975–78; glory, fame: 1531–33, 1708–709
Scinà, Domenico (1765–1837). Sicilian scholar: 2826, 3045, 4240
Scipio Barbatus Lucius Cornelius (d. 280 BCE). Consul in 298 BCE, fought against the Samnites: 4453–55, 4465
Scipio Nasica Serapio Publius Cornelius (c. 183–132 BCE). Consul in 138 BCE, the adversary of Tiberius Gracchus: 460
Scipio Publius Cornelius (known as Africanus Maior) (236/235–183 BCE). Conqueror of Spain and victor of the Second Punic War: 593, 4078
Scipio the Younger (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, known as Africanus Minor) (c. 185–129 BCE). Military and political leader in Rome, an adversary of the Gracchi: 475, 593, 992, 1708, 2609
Scorn: see Esteem/Contempt
Scotland, the Scots: see Nations, peoples
Scribonius Largus (first century CE). Court physician to the emperor Claudius: 2878
Scripture: see Bible
Scriptures, Masoretic Hebrew: 1290
Scruples, scrupulosity: BEHAVIOR, MORALITY, AND RELIGION: 881, 1795,1933, 2168–69, 4038; LANGUAGE: 765, 773, 2180; writing and grammar: 146–47, 1863, 2061, 2478; REASON: 1047
Sculpture: see Arts
Scylax: see Periplus of Scylax
Scythians: see Nations, peoples
Sea: 1827–28, 4292
Seasons: INFLUENCE ON PEOPLE’S MOOD, BEHAVIOR: 74, 2752–53, 2926–28, 3204–205, 3296, 4231, 4241–42, 4250, 4282–83; AS METAPHOR OR SIMILE: 31, 314, 3841, 4469
Seber, Wolfgang (1573–1634). German philologist, author of the Index vocabulorum in Homeri Iliade atque Odyssea (1604): 2891, 4054
Secrets: 339–40, 1535–37, 2471–72
Sects: PHILOSOPHICAL: 265–66, 1018; POLITICAL: 894; RELIGIOUS: 1062, 1242
Sedulius Scotus (or Scottus) (ninth century). Irish grammarian and theologian: 991
Segneri, Paolo (1624–1694). Leading Jesuit preacher and theologian: 1378, 4257
Selden, John (1584–1654). English scholar and jurist: 1000
Self/Others (see also Egoism; Enemy; Man: PRIVATE AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, SOCIABILITY AND SOCIETY; Self-love): 183, 1572–73, 1903–904, 3599–600, 4058–60; 4508
Self-confidence: see Trust/Mistrust
Self-esteem: see Esteem
Self-harm: 3798
Selfishness: see Egoism and Self-love
Self-love (see also Egoism and Esteem): 57, 116–17, 179–82, 388–90, 390, 507–508, 610–11, 1083, 1431–32, 1728, 1824–25, 2043–44, 2153–55, 2204–206, 2624–25, 3554–57, 3905–906, 4037–40, 4109, 4499; COMPASSION/PITY: 108–109, 3107–109, 3152–54, 3167–69, 3273–74, 3293–98, 3836, 4488–89; EGOISM/SELFISHNESS: 669–74, 1100, 1236, 3291–98; GLORY: 67–68, 133–35; HAPPINESS/UNHAPPINESS: 646–50, 958–60, 1382, 1554–55, 1585–86, 2219, 2410–14, 2488–92, 2493–97, 2736–39, 3835–36, 3837–39, 3880, 3921–27, 3936, 4100, 4105–108, 4137, 4191–92, 4477; HATRED OF OTHERS: 55, 197–98, 926, 1164–65, 1201, 1205–206, 1292, 1723–24, 2582–83, 2678, 3682–83; LIFE: 1865, 2499, 3813–15; NATURE: 1458–59, 4242–43; SOCIETY: 149–50, 524–25, 669–74, 872–911, 3773–85; SUICIDE: 70–71, 87, 213–17, 484–85, 814–18, 2315–16, 2492, 2549–55, 2987–89, 3491–94, 3883–84, 4145–46
Self-preservation: see Preservation
Semiramis. Legendary queen of Assyria and Babylonia: 2332
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c. 4 BCE–65 CE). Roman statesman, writer, and Stoic philosopher, born in Cordoba: 62, 142, 274, 752, 990, 1119, 1151, 1849, 2165, 2168–69, 2410, 2514, 2878, 3004, 3366, 3374, 4209
Senecio, Herennius (d. 90 CE). Roman Stoic writer, biographer of Helvidius Priscus: 274
Senonians: see Nations, peoples
Sensations: 85–86, 152, 171, 384, 514–16, 535–36, 714, 1339–41, 1420, 1455, 1651, 1734–36, 1737, 1782–84, 1861, 1866, 2018, 2110–12, 2118, 2629–30, 2759, 3483–85, 3617, 3764, 3813, 3815, 3923–24, 3951, 4061, 4288
Senses: 1410–11, 1438, 1940–44, 2713–14, 3386–88, 4108
Sensibility, sensitivity/Insensibility, insensitivity: 15, 714, 733, 1579, 1581, 1584, 1599, 1677–78, 1839, 2040, 2182–84, 3058, 3169, 3274, 3278, 3923, 4074, 4160–61, 4167, 4418; ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 77–78, 232, 869, 1011, 1648–50, 3153–54; false sensibility: 64; MUSIC: 1665–66, 1783–84; POETRY: 2159–62; SUFFERING, PAIN, UNHAPPINESS: 959–60, 1382, 1605, 1974–75, 2107–10, 2208–10, 2629–30, 4105–107, 4133–34
Sentiment, sentimental, sentimentality (see also Emotion and Poetry: BY GENRE): 15–17, 21, 144, 170, 177, 214–15, 237, 1084, 1840–41, 1882, 3157, 3821–22, 3909–18, 4471
Septimius Serenus (second century CE). Latin poet: 1143
Septuagint, the (or The LXX): 2852–53, 4483
Serbia, the Serbs: see Nations, peoples
Seriousness: see Gravity
Sermartelli, Bartolomeo (late sixteenth century). Florentine publisher: 683
Sertorius, Quintus (123–72 BCE). Distinguished Roman soldier, supporter of Marius: 621
Servants (see also Masters): 97, 106, 4275–76, 4481–82
Servitude (see also Slaves, Slavery): 106, 239, 523–25, 886–87, 897–99, 985–86, 1174, 4275–76, 4298–99, 4517–18
Servius (Servius Maurus Honoratus) (early fifth century CE). Latin grammarian and commentator, scholiast of Virgil: 1127, 1139, 1141, 2105, 2139, 2675, 2824, 2887, 3620, 3712, 4094, 4144, 4432
Servius Tullius (ruled 578–535 BCE). Semilegendary king of Rome, sixth in succession from Romulus: 4456–57
Sesostris. Greek name of several pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom: 2331
Sevelinges, Charles-Louis de (1767–1831). French writer and translator: 2127–28, 2130
Severus of Alexandria (fourth century CE). Sophist: 4160
Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de (1626–1696). French letter writer: 242, 375, 689, 4145
Sex, the sexes: 67, 213, 233–34, 1381, 1990, 3302–10, 3496, 3712–13
Sextus of Chaeronea (fl. c. 160 CE). Stoic philosopher, one of the teachers of Marcus Aurelius: 4480
Sextus Empiricus (fl. c. 200 CE). Greek physician, whose writings are our chief source on the Skeptical school of philosophy: 427, 661, 2660, 2800, 4470
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). English playwright and poet: 804, 1046, 1425, 2098, 2845, 3401, 4419, 4459
Shame: 2611, 3061, 3488–90, 3491–94
Sheep and lamb
s: see Animals
Shortness (of time): see Brevity
Shyness: see Boldness, frankness
Sicily: 703, 916, 994, 1016, 1041, 1106, 1591, 2105, 2122, 2124, 2590, 2881, 3491, 4001–4002, 4433–34, 4506
Sidonius Apollinaris, St. (c. 430–c. 480 CE). Notable Gallo-Roman poet and bishop: 991, 1150, 1534, 2360, 2361, 2698, 3366, 3753
Sight: see Senses
Sign (see also Language) 79–80, 141–42, 225–26, 2151; ALPHABET, WRITING, ORTHOGRAPHY, PRONUNCIATION: 939–40, 942–43, 975–77, 1019, 1059, 1136–39, 1179–80, 1202–204, 1267–70, 1276–77, 1283–88, 1290, 1659–60, 1968–69, 2005–2006, 2458, 2469, 2500, 2744, 2747–50, 2951–53, 2957–60, 3080–81, 3254–56, 3754–55, 3957–58, 4152, 4284–85, 4290–91, 4329, 4376–77, 4383, 4387–88, 4488, 4516; BENEVOLENCE OR HOSTILITY OF THE GODS, OMENS: 2457, 2463–64, 3098–99 3342, 3433–35; IDEAS, THOUGHT, WORD: 967–68, 1102, 1103, 1205, 1245–46, 1544–45, 1701; LANGUAGES (FIRST ORIGINAL LANGUAGE, ANCIENT LANGUAGES, LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES): 967–68, 1053–54, 1263–64, 1477–79, 1796,97; MENTAL AND PHYSICAL STATES, CHARACTER, ETC.: 107, 164, 238, 266–68, 500, 539, 612–613, 940–41, 1063, 1312, 1391, 1431–32, 1607, 1770–71, 1905–906, 2183, 2342, 3291–92, 3310, 3468, 3526–36, 3538, 3931, 4241, 4247