xviii, no. 540).
18. ZSt, 201 AR-Z 76/59, 8 Oct. 1971 (11, pp. 7605 ff.).
19. Bradfisch (ZSt, 201 AR-Z 76/59, 8 Oct. 1971, vol. 11, pp. 7605 ff.).
20. On another occasion Bradfisch said that the same information had been given to him
by Himmler in Mogilev: StA Munich, 22 Ks 1/1961, 1, pp. 136 ff., 22 Apr. 1958. On this
visit by Himmler to Minsk, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 571 ff.
21. EM 90 and EM 92 v. 21 Sept. and 23 Sept. 1941; judgement of the 1st Munich District
Court of 21 July 1961 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xvii, no. 519); ZSt, 202
AR-Z 81/59, indictment of 19 Apr. 1960.
22. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 570.
23. EM 92 for 23 Sept. 1941; judgement of the Cologne District Court of 12 May 1964
(¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xx, no. 573). Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde,
585–6, dates these ‘actions’ to 9 Sept. 1941.
24. EM 92; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 586.
25. Ibid. 586.
26. EM 108 for 9 Oct. 1941; judgement of the Cologne District Court of 12 May 1964 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xx, no. 573).
27. BA, NS 33/22, telex of 1 Sept. 1942; Angrick et al., Tagebuch, 342; YV 053/128, KTB
attachments, report of 30 Aug. 1941. According to the attached statistics for the
executions this affected only men.
28. YV 053/127, 29 Aug. 1941.
29. Ibid., 1 Sept. 1941. On these shootings see also the witness statements by Alois Fischer, 27
Oct. 1965 (ZSt, AR-Z 6/65, 2, pp. 484 ff.) and Friedrich Soier, 19 Oct. 1965 (ibid.,
pp. 383 ff.).
30. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 568. EM 90 reported a total of 2,278 victims.
31. Ibid.; StA Minsk 655-1-1 (copy USHM, Roll 4), file note on the progress of ‘combat
against partisans’ from 25 and 26 Sept. 1941. See also witness statement by Nagel,
Battalion commander, ZSt AR-Z 52/59, supplementary vol. 2, 318–19. Cf. Angerick et al.,
Tagebuch, 345–6.
32. Angrick et. al., Tagebuch, 346 ff.; YV053/27, Kriegstagebuch of Police Battalion 322, 2/3
Oct. 1941. On the mass murder in Mogilev as the ‘starting point for total annihilation’,
see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 587 ff.
33. EM 133; Judgement of the 1st Munich District Court of 21 July 1961 (¼ Sagel-Grande,
Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xvii, no. 519); ZSt, 202 AR-Z 81/59, indictment of 19 Apr.
1960; Judgement of the Kiel District Court of 8 Apr. 1964 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und
NS-Verbrechen, xix, no. 567).
512
Notes to pages 223–224
34. Like those of Bobruisk and Gomel, this mass murder only appears in Activity and
Situational Report no. 8, which covers the first half of December (NO 2659, in Klein ed., Einsatzgruppen, 263 ff.); see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 596–7.
35. Wilhelm, ‘Einsatzgruppe A’, 576 ff.; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 597 ff.
36. Activity and Situational Report no. 8, NO 2659, mentions ‘2,365 Jews’; cf. Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde, 599.
37. Activity and Situational Report no. 8, NO 2659; ZSt, 202 AR-Z 81/59, indictment of 19
Apr. 1960 and judgement of the Munich District Court of 21 July 1961. Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde, 599–600 dates this mass murder to 7 and 8 Nov. 1941.
38. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 599 ff.
39. EM 133.
40. Einsatzgruppe B, Activity and Situational Report of 1 Mar. 1942, ZUV 9 quoted from
Gerlach, ‘Einsatzgruppe B’ in Klein, ed., Einsatzgruppen, 62.
41. NOKW 1165, report by the Higher SS and Police Commander South to AOK 6, 1 Aug.
1941 on ‘cleansing action’ carried out from 28 July to 30 Aug. 1941.
42. BAM, RH 22/5, 25 July 1941. On the murders carried out by the 1st Brigade in July and August, see Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 165 ff., and Bernd Boll, ‘Aktionen nach Kriegsbrauch.
Wehrmacht und 1. SS-Infanteriebrigade 1941’, ZfG 48 (2000), 775–88.
43. Activity Report by the 1st SS Brigade, 30 July 1941 for 27 July–30 July (Unsere Ehre, 197 ff.). See also BAB, NS 33/39 and NS 33/22, Activity Report of the Command Staff
RFSS, 6 Aug. 1941 for the period from 28 July to 3 Aug. 1941.
44. Activity Report by the 1st SS Brigade for the period from 3 Aug. to 6 Aug. (Unsere Ehre, 898–9). See also Schmuel Spector, The Holocaust of the Volhynian Jews, 1941–1944
(Jerusalem, 1990), 76–7, for more details.
45. Dienstkalender, ed. Witte, 12 Aug. 1941, p. 191; BAB, NS 33/320, Adj. RFSS, 11 Aug. 1941
and NS 33/312, Command Staff, 12 Aug. 1941. At the same time the Cavalry Brigade had
already shot a large number of Jews.
46. 1st Brigade’s Activity Report for 6 Aug.–10 Aug. dated 10 Aug. 1941 (Unsere Ehre,
111 ff.); EM 59 from 21 Aug.; BAB, NS 33/22, Command Staff report on activity
between 1 Sept. and 7 Sept. dated 10 Sept. 1941. On the involvement of Police
Battalion 320, see ibid., report by the Higher SS and Police Commander South of
20 Aug. 1941.
47. Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 174. Cüppers identifies inaccuracies in the reporting that can be attributed to technical and calculation errors; his own estimates are based on a more
comprehensive assessment of further sources.
48. KTB Command Staff, in Unsere Ehre, 110 ff. Further details in Cüppers, Wegbereiter,
203 ff.
49. EM 60; see also Jeckeln’s reports to the Command Staff (BAB, NS 33/22), 27–30 Aug.
1941).
50. ND 197-PS, minute of 27 Aug. 1941.
51. Randolph Braham, ‘The Kamenets-Podolsk and Délvidék Massacres: Prelude to the
Holocaust in Hungary’, YVS 9 (1973), 133–56; Klaus-Michael Mallmann, ‘Der qualitative
Sprung im Vernichtungsprozess. Das Massaker von Kamenez-Poldolsk Ende August
1941’, Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung (JA) 10 (2001), 237–64.
52. EM 94.
Notes to pages 224–227
513
53. EM 88; see also BAB, NS 33/22, telex Higher SS and Police Commander South
(5 Sept. 1941).
54. See below, p. 220.
55. EM 106. On the massacre in Babi Yar see Krausnick, Einsatzgruppen, 189–90; Hartmut
Rüß, ‘Wer war verantwortlich für das Massaker von Babi Jar?’, Militärgeschichtliche
Mitteilungen (MGM) 57 (1998), 483–508; Klaus Jochen Arnold attempts, with argu-
ments I do not find entirely convincing, to play down the involvement of the army in
the massacre (‘Die Eroberung und Behandlung der Stadt Kiew durch die Wehrmacht
im September 1941: Zur Radikalisierung der Besatzungspolitik’, MGM 58 (1999), 23–63).
56. On Einsatzgruppe C, see Dieter Pohl, ‘Schauplatz Ukraine. Der Massenmord an den
Juden im Militärverwaltungsgebiet und in Reichskommissariat 1941–1943’, in Norbert
Frei et al., eds, Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalso-
zialistischen Lagerpolitik (Munich, 2000), 135–73; and ‘Einsatzgruppe C’, in Klein, ed.,
Einsatzgruppen, 71–87.
57. ZSt, 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol. 6, 58 ff., 22 Mar. 1971. See also ibid., vol. 2, 375–6, 7 Feb. 1957: ibid., vol. 4, application for prior investigation, 29 Dec. 1969. See also 204 AR-Z 266/59, indictment of 30 Dec. 1964. On the interrogation of Schulz und Streckenbach, see
Ogorreck, Einsatzgruppen, 190 ff. and Wildt, Generation, 561 ff.
58. EM 119 (20 Oct. 1941).
59. EM 119.
60. EM 119.
61. EM 111.
62. EM 132.
63. Dienstkalender, ed. Witte et al., 3 Oct. 1941, p. 224.
64. EM 135.
65. Judgement o
f the Darmstadt District Court of 29 Nov. 1968.
66. Ibid. On the shootings see also the testimony of airman Friedrich Wilhelm Liebe, 14
June 1965 (IfZ, Gd 01.54, 49). The whole process is documented in detail in chapter 7 of
Klee et al., ‘Schöne Zeiten’.
67. EM 80, 11 Sept. 1941. See also ZSt, 114 AR-Z 269/60, final report, 30 Dec. 1968.
68. Judgement of the Darmstadt District Court of 29 Nov. 1968 and EM 88. Further
executions with more than 100 victims each are verifiable for Berditschew, Winniza,
Iwankow, and Taraschtscha (ZSt, 114 Ar-Z 269/60, final report, 30 Dec. 1968).
69. EM 106.
70. EM 80.
71. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 1251/65, Besser indictment and judgement.
72. Ibid., charge sheet.
73. Ibid., charge sheet of Besser, NS 33/22, telex of the Higher SS and Police Commander
Russia South, 19 August.
74. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 1251/65, indictment.
75. Interrogation on 11 Mar. 1969 (ibid., 7, pp. 1320 ff.).
76. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 1251/65 D, final note of the Bavarian State Criminal Office, 19 Dec. 1977.
See also reports in BAB, NS 33/22, telex of the Higher SS and Police Commander South
of 21 Aug. 24 Aug. and 27 Aug. with reports on shootings by Battalion 314.
77. Pohl, ‘Schauplatz’, 148; NO 2662, Activity and Situation Report no. 11 for March 1942.
514
Notes to pages 227–229
78. Pohl, ‘Schauplatz’, p. 149; NO 2662, Activity and Situational Report no. 11 (for
Artemovsk).
79. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 193 ff.
80. Testimony of Nosske, 9 Apr. 1962 (StA Munich, 119 c Js 1/69, vol. 4, pp. 482 ff.);
testimony of Max Drexel, 17 Apr. 1962 (vol. 2, pp. 132 ff.), Karl Becker, 22 Sept. 1961
(vol. 3, pp. 274 ff.), and that of Erwin Harsch, 1 Dec. 1947 (vol. 7, pp. 1604 ff.). See also Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 200 ff.; Ogorreck, Einsatzgruppen, 157 ff.
81. II 213 AR 1902/66, Main Document XI, interrogation of Nosske, 13 Mar. 1969,
pp. 2610 ff.; similarly also in ZSt, II 213 AR 1902/66, Correspondence File, vol. 2,
pp. 5, 97 ff., 24 May 1971; on Nosske’s testimony, see Ogorreck, Einsatzgruppen,
207 ff.
82. BAM, RH 20-11-488, report by the representative of the Head of the Sipo and the SD to the commander in the Rear Army Area South, 11 Sept. 1941.
83. Ioanid, Holocaust, 176 ff.
84. NOKW 1702, report from the local command post at Ananjev of 3 Sept. 1941; Angrick,
Besatzungspolitik, 232 ff.
85. NO 4992, testimony of Robert Barth, 12 Sept. 1947.
86. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 234.
87. StA Munich 119 c Js 1/69, indictment of 28 Oct. 1970 and judgement; testimony of
inhabitant Iwan Andrejewitsch Jordanow, 23 July 1969 (vol. 6, 705 ff.); testimony of
Erich Rohde, 3 June 1970 (vol. 5, pp. 584 ff.).
88. Ibid., testimony of Max Drexel, 17 Apr. 1962 (vol. 2, pp. 132 ff.); interrogation of Erich Rohde, 3 June 1970 (vol. 5, 584 ff.); Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 239 ff.
89. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 235.
90. ZSt, 213 AR 1898/66, 12, 2777 ff., testimony of Erich Bock from 17 Mar. 1965, and 13, pp. 2800 ff., testimony of Otto-Ernst Prast from 16 Mar. 1965.
91. Ibid., indictment of 8 Mar. 1966; testimony of Zöllner, 28 Apr. 1962, 3 May. 1962 (vol.
4, pp. 934 ff.), Karl Heinrich Noa, 18 Aug. 1965 (vol. 11, pp. 2292 ff.), and Otto
Eichelbaum, 25 June 1964 (vol. 8, pp. 1888 ff.). On the participation of members of
EK 12: StA Munich, 119 c Js 1/69, testimony of Karl Becker, 22 Sept. 1961 (vol. 3,
pp. 274 ff.). See also NOKW 3233, report on the activity of SK XI a in Nikolayev
between 18 Aug. and 31 Aug. 1941; cf. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 241 ff.
92. StA Munich, 118 Ks 268, indictment of 8 Mar. 1966; testimony of Günther Kosanke, 12
Apr. 1962 (vol. 4, pp. 888 ff.); BAM, RH 20-11/488, report on the activity of SK 11a in
Cherson between 22 Aug. and 10 Sept. 1941. Cf. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 251 ff.
93. Breitman, Architect, 211 ff.; BAB, NS 19/3957.
94. EM 95. The figure of 8,890 is already mentioned in EM 89 (20 Sept. 1941).
95. EM 101 (2 Oct. 1941).
96. Ioanid, Holocaust, 177 ff.; Dora Litani, ‘The Destruction of the Jews of Odessa in the Light of Rumanian Documents’, YVS 6 (1967), 135–54. On the involvement of SK 11 see
in particular Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 294 ff.
97. EM 116 (17 Oct. 1941).
98. Activity and Situation Report no. 6, NO 2656 (in Klein, ed., Einsatzgruppen, 222 ff., 232).
99. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 309–10, 311 ff., and 315–16.
Notes to pages 229–236
515
100. Ibid. 345 ff.
101. Ibid. 350 ff.
102. Ibid. 338 ff.
103. Jean Ancel, ‘The Romanian Campaign of Mass Murder in Trans-Nistria, 1941–1942’, in
Randolf Braham, ed., The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry: A Documentary Account
(New York, 1963), 87–134; Ioanid, Holocaust, 182 ff.
104. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 284 ff.; Ioanid, Holocaust, 187 ff.
105. Jäger Bericht, OS, 500-1-25.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid. On this see the study compiled from witness testimony by Jakub Z. I.Wtjedni, Iz istorie Daugawpilskojo Geto, in: Daugawpilskaja jewrejsuaja obschina (Daugavpils,
1993), 287–394; testimony of Fritz Lesch, 8 July 1959 (ZSt, 204 AR-Z 21/58, pp. 2747 ff.).
108. EM 96; for the calculation see Wilhelm, Einsatzgruppe A, 113.
109. Judgement of the District Court in Ulm of 29 Aug. 1958 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und
NS-Verbrechen xv, no. 465).
110. See below, p. 235.
111. StA Riga, 1026-1-3, published as 1138-PS, IMT xxvii. 18 ff.
112. See correspondence from Tschiersky, aide in the staff of EG A to Jäger and Stahlecker, 5 Aug. 1941, and Stahlecker’s query to Heydrich of 5 Aug. 1941, both in StA Riga,
1026-1-3.
113. Draft document on the establishment of provisional guidelines for the treatment of the Jews in the area of the Reich Commissariat Ostland (MS corrections), 6 Aug. 1941, StA
Riga 1026-1-3, published in Hans Mommsen, Herrschaftsalltag im Dritten Reich.
Studien und Texte (Düsseldorf, 1988), 476.
114. This sentence was added in manuscript and replaces the original: ‘The following
solution to the Jewish problem takes account of all the angles so far explained.’
115. This last sentence was also added in manuscript.
116. Christopher Browning, ‘Beyond “Intentionalism” and “Functionalism”: The Decision
for the Final Solution Reconsidered’, in Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays on
Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge, 1992), 110.
117. OS, 504-2-8, correspondence of 21 July and 4 August. The permission granted in
correspondence from 4 August was on 2 Aug. 1942 (according to a telex from the
RSHA to BdS Riga from 22 June 1942: ibid.; the process is also in ZSt, Documentation
USSR, no. 401). On the authorization see Wilhelm, Einsatzgruppe A, 129.
118. EM 19 and EM 21. The ghetto in Minsk was set up following an order issued on 19 July 1941.
119. EM 48.
120. IMT xxv. 302 ff., 212 PS v; dated to July or August by Uwe Adam, Die Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich (Düsseldorf, 1972), 306. English trans. in Nazism, ed. Noakes and
Pridham, iii. 507–9.
121. Lohse’s address is mentioned in his manuscript ‘Ostland baut auf’: YIVO, Occ E 3-3.
122. StA Riga, 1026-1-3.
123. EM 88.
124. Jäger report, OS, 500-1-25; ZSt, 207 AR-Z 14/58, 6, pp. 1151 ff., note from 27 Sept. 19
61.
125. ZSt, 207 AR-Z 14/58, 6, pp. 1151 ff, note of 27 Sept. 1961; see also Arad, Ghetto, 102 ff.
516
Notes to pages 236–239
126. OS, 500-1-25.
127. ZSt, II 207 AR-Z 104/67, indictment of 9 Jan. 1976.
128. ZSt, 207 AR-Z 7/59, judgement of the Hamburg District Court on 23 Feb. 1973;
Ezergailis, Holocaust, 239 ff.; minutes of the interrogation of Jeckeln by the NKVD,
14/15 Dec. 1945 and testimony before the Riga Military Court as part of the proceedings
of 26 Jan. to 3 Feb. 1946; published in Wilhelm, ‘Einsatzgruppe A’, 566 ff.
129. War diary of the SS and Police Garrison Commander Liepa
$ ja (Libau), BAB, R 70 SU 12
(published in Wilhlem, ‘Einsatzgruppe A’, 571 ff.).
130. EM 111.
131. Cf. Wilhelm, ‘Einsatzgruppe A’, 203 ff.; ZSt, 207 AR-Z 246/59, 2, pp. 303 ff., final report of 7 Apr. 1960.
132. State Archive, Minsk, 378-1-698 (copy in USHM, Minsk-films, roll 2), Commandant in
Belarus, 10 Oct. 1941. See also the situation repory by the Commandant in Belarus, 1
Oct. 1941–15 Oct. 1941 (State Archive, Minsk, Impulevicius case); Res.Pol.Btl.11, situ-
ation report on the special deployment in Minsk, 21 Oct. 1941 (ibid.). See also
Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final
Solution in Poland (New York, 1992), 18–19; and Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 609 ff.
133. Interrogation of Lechthaler, 4 July 1960 (ZSt, 202 AR-Z 262/59, pp. 51 ff.).
134. OS, 500-1-25; Jäger, Bericht; English version in Ernst Klee et al., ‘The Good Old Days’
(New York, 1992), 46–58.
135. In letter of 1 Nov. 1941, NO 2456.
136. IMT, xxvii. 1 ff., 1104 PS, 30 Oct. 1941. The authenticity of these details is confirmed by the interrogation of Carl on 15 Dec. 1959 (ZSt, 202 5 AR-Z 262/59, pp. 51 ff.).
137. Situation report by the Commandant in Belarus, 1 Oct. 1941–15 Oct. 1941 (State
Archive, Minsk, Impulevicius case).
138. State Archive, Minsk, 378-1-698 (copy in USHM, Minsk-films, roll 2), Daily Orders of the Commandant in Belarus.
139. EM 140.
140. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 625.
141. Situation report by Area Commissar Gert Erren, 24 Jan. 1942, Centre de Documenta-
tion Juive Cointemporaine (CDJC), CXLVa-8 (IfZ, FB 104), published in Schoenber-
ger, ed., Wir haben es gesehen, 131 ff. The shooting of 9,400 Jews from the ghetto on 13
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews Page 93
