Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
Page 101
number of 2,200 murdered Jews is quoted from the activity report for the
month of February of Abwehrkommando III (B), 12 Mar. 1942, BADH FW
490, A. 28.
183. Dieter Pohl, ‘Schauplatz Ukraine: Der Massenmord an den Juden im Militärver-
waltungsgebiet und im Reichskommissariat 1941–1943’, in Frei et al., eds, Ausbeutung,
Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistschen Lagerpolitik
(Munich, 2000), 148 ff.
184. Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungs-
krieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und SD, 1938–1942 (Stuttgart, 1981),
177–8.
185. StA Minsk, 370-1-53; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 689. The explanation for the drop in executions given here is also found in IfZ, Fb 101/35, Lagebericht der EG A für den
Zeitraum 16 Oct. 1941–31 Jan. 1942 and in Fb 104/2, Aufzeichnung der Abt. II des KdS,
early 1942.
186. IfZ Fb 101/35, EG A report for the period 16 Oct. 1941–31 Jan. 1942.
187. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 690; ZSt, II 202 AR-Z 184/67; Final Report of 28 July 1967.
188. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 690–1, 700 (Slutsk); ZSt, II 202 AR 629/73, Instruction of 14 Jan. 1982.
189. Andrej Angrick and Peter Klein, Die ‘Endlösung’ in Riga: Ausbeutung und Vernichtung
1941–1944 (Berlin, 2006), 338 ff. Scheffler and Schulle, eds, Buch der Erinnerung, 11 ff.
and 26–7.
190. IfZ Fb 104/2.
Notes to pages 347–349
553
191. ZSt, II 202 AR 629/73, Instruction of 14 Jan. 1982; cf. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 695
and 700; according to Gerlach, Djatlowo (district of Slonim) may possibly be added to
this, with 400 victims
192. Wassili Grossmann et al., eds, Das Schwarzbuch. Der Genozid an den sowjetischen
Juden (Reinbek, 1995), 251–2. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 690.
193. ZSt, UdSSR 401, 412, Reports from the occupied Eastern territories, no. 10, 3 July 1942, Annex 10.
194. The court reconstructed this visit in the course of the Heuser trial: Irene Sagel-Grande et al., Justiz und NS-Verbrechen. Sammlung deutscher Strafurteile wegen nationalsozialistischer Tötungsverbrechen 1945–1966 (Amsterdam, 1968–81), xix, no. 552, Judge-
ment of 21 May 1963, 192.
195. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 695–6; ZSt, II 202 AR 629/73, Instruction 14 Jan. 1982; II 202 AR-Z 94d/59, Indictment of 15 May 1966. See also Judgement Landgericht of 17 July
1969 in Sagel-Grande et. al., eds, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xxxii, no. 712, and IfZ, Fb
85/I, Gebietskommissar Lida, 8 Apr. 1943: ‘The district of Lida had a figure of 20,000
Jews. In a single action of five days in May last year they were finished off [erledigt]
down to 4,500.’
196. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 697; Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–1944 (New York, 2000), 84–5.
197. Activities Report of the outstation, 27 May 1942, in Unsere Ehre, 247–8, Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde, 698–9; ZSt, 202 AR-Z 5/60, Judgement LG Bochum v. 11 Apr. 1979.
198. ZSt, 202 AR-Z 37/60, 5, 1850 ff., Gebietskommissar Haase at the conference of Gebiets-kommissare, 8 Apr. 1943.
199. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 700.
200. Ibid. 700–1, 202; ZSt, SA 477, Judgement LG HH v. 25 June 1974; Dean, Collaboration, 87.
201. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 701.
202. Ibid. 702.
203. Ibid. 702–3; ZSt, AR-Z 16/67, Vermerk Staatsanwaltschaft Oldenburg, 19 Dec. 1969.
204. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 704; Tätigkeitsbericht Gruppe Arlt, in Unsere Ehre, 252–3.
205. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 705.
206. ND 3428-PS, IMT xxxii. 279 ff., Report of Kube to RK Ostland, 31 July 1942.
207. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 158; ZSt, AR-Z 122/68, Staatsanwaltschaft München I, Einstellungsver-fügung v. 11 Oct. 1972 and volume of documents with copies of correspondence of the
Reich Security Service from Kiev City Archive; ZSt, 04 a AR 1632/68, Verdict of the
Superior Penal Division of the Land court in Duisburg, 6 Sept. 1968.
208. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 158; there is an account of this massacre in Grossmann et al., eds, Das Schwarzbuch, 81.
209. CDJC, CXLIV-474, Situation Report for April 1942, quoted in Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 158–9.
210. Zst, II 204 AR-Z 437/67 Final Report, 15 Apr. 1970
211. BAB, R 6/69.
212. Schmuel Spector, The Holocaust of the Volhynian Jews: 1941–1944 (Jerusalem, 1990),
184.
213. Ibid.
214. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 139/67, Instruction Leiter Zentralstelle NRW v. 5 Apr. 1977.
215. ZSt, AR-Z 26/61, Judgement LG Oldenburg v. 28 Sept. 1966.
554
Notes to pages 349–352
216. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 159.
217. ZSt, AR-Z 76/70, 160 ff., Instruction Zentralstelle Staatsanwaltschaft Dortmund, 20
Dec. 1977.
218. ZSt, AR-Z 76/70, 1f, Instruction Zentralestelle v. 27 July 1970, Lagebericht des
Aufsichtsoffiziers des SchumaBtl. 117 v. 15 June 1942 (78d-f) and Activity Report of
the Schuma Btl. 117 an KdG Kiew v. 27 July 1942 (78s-u); ferner II AR-Z 131/67,
Investigations of the District Commissar of Tschudnow Final Report, 29 Aug. 1975,
2, 360 ff.
219. Dean, Collaboration, 83.
220. ZSt, AR-Z 67/67.
221. Judgement LG Berlin v. 9 Mar. 1960, in Justiz und NS-Verbrechen 16, no. 490; Pohl,
‘Ukraine’, 160.
222. Dean, Collaboration, 93. The minutes of the session are to be found in in BAB R 6/243; Report of the KdS on the result of the meeting, 31 Aug. 1942, quoted in Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde, 714.
223. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 711 ff.
224. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 393/59, Indictment Frankfurt a. M., 28 Mar. 1966; Judgement LG
Frankfurt a. M. 6 Feb. 1973 (SA 447).
225. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 719 ff.; Himmler’s order on 27 Oct. 1942 was recorded in writing and is quoted in Helmut Heiber, Reichsführer! Briefe an und von Himmler
(Stuttgart, 1968), 165.
226. These are the ghettos of David Gorodok, Gorodiscze, Wysock, and Stolin.
227. Quoted in the Frankfurt indictment of 27 Mar. 1966.
228. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 442/67, Zentralestelle, Final Report, 18 Mar. 1971.
229. Dean, Collaboration, 93, based on Case ZSt, AR-Z 393/59. This also includes further
information about the murders in Kremenec and Schumsk.
230. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 163/67, Instruction Zentralstelle Staatsanwaltschaft Dortmund, 22
Nov. 1976; Instruction Zentralestelle, 31 Mar. 1970.
231. See also the interim report by the Israeli police, 22 Sept. 1968, in the files of the same trial.
232. ZSt, AR-Z 113/67, Final Report, 18 Mar. 1970 and Instruction Zentralstelle Staatsan-
waltschaft Dortmund, 10 June 1976.
233. Gerlach, Kalkultierte Morde, 710 and 718.
234. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 111/67, 159 ff., Interim Report, Zentrale Stelle 23 May 1967 and 182 ff., Final Report of the Zentrale Stelle, 10 Apr. 1968.
235. Pohl, Ukraine, 161.
236. ZSt, AR 225/60, Final Report, 29 Aug. 1962.
237. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 334/59, 1134 ff., Instruction Leiter Zentralstelle v. 8 Dec. 1965. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 717, gives the figure of 16,000–19,000 dead.
238. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 716–17. This includes, among other things, the towns of
Domatschewo (Domatshchevo) und Tmaaschowka (Tmashchovka).
239. ZSt, Landgericht Nürnberg-Fürth, Judgement (SA 368), 27 May 1963; on Sdolbunow
also II 204 AR 251/59 G Judgement, Landgericht Stade, 3 Feb. 1960
.
240. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 437/67, Final Report, 15 Apr. 1970.
241. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 161, refers to civilian officials carrying out murders on their own account.
Notes to pages 352–359
555
242. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 162; Spector, Holocaust, 186. On the murders of the Generalkommis-
sariat of Zhitomir see Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire Building and the Holocaust in
Ukraine (Chapel Hill, NC, 2005), 132 ff., who examines them in the context of German
occupation and settlement policy.
243. Arad, Belzec, 131 ff., 396–7; Sara Bender, The Jews of Bialystok during World War II and the Holocaust (Waltham, 2008), 185 ff. 1967 (Bielefeld, 2003), 186–208; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 723 ff.
244. NO 3392, printed as a facsimile in the illustrations to Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (London, 1984).
245. On the Jewish resistance in the Soviet Union in 1942 and the conditions under which it began, see Spector, Holocaust, 188 ff.; Shalom Cholawsky, The Jews of Bielorussia during
World War II (Amsterdam, 1998). Shmuel Spector provides an overview in ‘Jewish
Resistance in Small Towns of Eastern Poland’, in Norman Davies and Antony Polonsky,
eds, Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR 1939–46 (New York, 1991), 138–44; Isaiah
Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation (New
York, 1972), 451, contains a typology of the attitude of the Jewish councils towards the
resistance, which covers the whole period of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe.
246. Examples in Spector, Holocaust, 206 ff. and Cholawsky, Jews, 203.
247. Spector, Holocaust, 189 ff.; see esp. tables and figures, pp. 198–9.
248. Cholawsky, Jews, 185 ff.
249. Ibid. 192.
250. Ibid. 193.
251. Ibid. 159 ff. There is further literature on some of these locations. See Yehuda Bauer,
‘Jewish Baranowicze in the Holocaust’, YVS 31 (2003), 95–151; Hans Heinrich Nolte,
‘Destruction and Resistance: The Jewish Shtetl of Slonim 1941–44’, in Robert
W. Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World
War II in the Soviet Union (Urbana and Chicago, 2000), 19–53; Nachum Alpert, The
Destruction of Slonim Jewry: The Story of the Jews of Slonim during the Holocaust
(New York, 1989); Jakow Suchowolskij, ‘Es gab weder Schutz noch Erlösung, weder
Sicherheit noch Rettung. Jüdischer Widerstand und die Untergang des Ghettos
Glubokoje’, Dachauer Hefte (2004), 11–38; on Glebokie also Gerlach, Kalkulierte
Morde, 739.
252. Cholowasky, Jews, 209 ff.
253. Nolte, ‘Destruction’.
254. Bauer, ‘Jewish Baranowicze’.
255. Reuben Ainsztein, Jüdischer Widerstand im deutschbesetzten Osteuropa während des
zweiten Weltkrieges (Oldenburg, 1993), 221 ff. This account is largely based on the
memoirs of one of the leaders of the resistance in the Minsk Ghetto: Hersch Smoliar,
Resistance in Minsk (Oakland, Calif., 1966).
256. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 744.
257. Himmler’s diary does not reveal what was discussed at these meetings. The only
exception is his presentation to Hitler on 3 May: Himmler’s surviving diary
reveals that issues of the Waffen-SS were discussed; but further, non-military
themes were also discussed, which Himmler did not record (Dienstkalender, ed.
Witte et al., 415, n. 6).
556
Notes to pages 360–364
258. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 122. On the raids and deportations of summer 1943 see also Poznanski, Jews, 251 ff.
259. The deportations are individually documented in Czech, Kalendarium, and in Klars-
feld, Vichy.
260. CDJC, XXVb-147, Protokoll, 1 Sept. 1942, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 447–8.
261. Ibid. 168.
262. CDJC, XXVc-177, letter from BdS Knochen to RSHA, 23 Sept. 1942, in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 469.
263. Ibid. 474.
264. Bob Moore, Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940–1945 (London, 1997), 54 ff.
265. Ibid. 79 ff.
266. Ibid. 66 ff.
267. PAA, Inland II g 189, 3 July 1942; cf. Browning, Final Solution, 101.
268. On the beginning and course of the deportations, see Jacob Presser, The Destruction of the Dutch Jews (New York, 1969), 146 ff.; Moore, Victims, 91 ff.; Gerhard Hirschfeld,
Fremdherrschaft und Kollaboration. Die Niederlande unter deutsche Besatzung,
1940–1945 (Stuttgart, 1984), 145 ff.
269. For individual details see Moore, Victims, and Ron Zeller and Pim Griffioen, ‘Juden-
verfolgung in den Niederlanden und in Belgien während des Zweiten Weltkrieges.
Eine vergleichende Analyse’, 1999. Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. und 21.
Jahrhunderts, part 1 (1996), 30–54. On the problem of Dutch collaboration, see
Hirschfeld, Nazi Rule.
270. PAA, Inland II g 182, Dienststelle Brüssel to the AA, 11 Nov. 1942. On the German
persecution of the Jews in Belgium, see Maxime Steinberg, L’Etoile et le Fusil. La
Question Juive 1940–1942 (Brussels, 1983); Hilberg, Destruction, 635 ff., and the essays
in the collection, Dan Michman, ed., Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians,
Germans (Jerusalem, 1998).
271. Hilberg, Destruction, 641 ff.
272. Some significant results of the comparison by Zeller and Griffioen in ‘Judenverfol-
gung’.
273. Telegram from Dienststelle AA Brüssel to AA, 9 July 1942, published in S. Klarsfeld
and M. Steinberg, Die Endlösung der Judenfrage in Belgien. Dokumente (Paris, 1980),
32–3. According to this, there were concerns on the part of the military administration
about the deportation of Jews of Belgian nationality.
274. Juliane Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, in Benz, Dimension 129.
275. Report Dienststelle AA Brüssel, 24 Sept. 1942 as well as Militärbefehlshaber to Feldund Oberfeldkommandanturen, 25 Sept. 1942, published in Klarsfeld and Steinberg,
Endlösung, 45 ff.
276. See p. 285.
277. PAA, Inland II g 177, note from Luther, 21 Aug. 1942; Inland II g 183, German Embassy to AA, 6 July 1942; cf. Frederick Barry Chary, ‘Bulgaria and the Jews: “The Final
Solution”, 1940 to 1944’, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 1968, 77. On the events at the
end of 1941 see PAA, Inland II g 183, Note of 27 Nov. 1942 (also published in Akten zur
Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik (ADAP) E I 132–3) and [presentation note] Luther, 4
Dec. 1941, in the same file.
Notes to pages 364–366
557
278. Browning, Final Solution, 103.
279. The procedure is shown in PAA, Inland II g 200; cf. Browning, Final Solution,
103–4.
280. See PAA, Inland II g 208, note from Luther, 11 Aug. 1942 and letter from Luther to
German Embassy, 17 Aug. 1942, ibid. See Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of
Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, rev. edn, 2 vols (New York, 1994), 261 ff.
281. PAA, Inland II g 208, [presentation note] from Luther for Ribbentrop, 19 Sept. 1942, cf.
Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish
Question in Italy, 1922–1945 (Oxford, 1978), 317 ff.
282. PAA, Inland II g 192, cf. Browning, Final Solution, 107.
283. PAA, Inland II g 177.
284. Browning, Final Solution 93.
285. PAA, Inland II g 183, instruction from Luther, 19 June 1942.
286. PAA, Inland II g 194. See Hilberg, Destructi
on, 756 ff.; Holm Sundhausen, ‘Jugosla-
wien’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 323. Sundhausen quotes the report by the German
ambassador, Kasche, of 24 July 1942 in Inland II g 78/2, H 300390 ff.
287. Andreas Hillgruber, ed., Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler. Vertrauliche
Aufzeichnungen über Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes 1939–1941
(Frankfurt a. M., 1961), i. 575 ff., Note of 9 June 1941 concerning the conversation
of 6 June 1941. The expression ‘ethnic cleansing’ (Flurbereinigung) was used by
Hitler.
288. Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration,
(Stanford, 2001), 392 ff.
289. Hilberg, Destruction, 756 ff.; Tomasevich, War, 592 ff.
290. Hilberg, Destruction, 714 f.
291. PAA, Inland II g/86, 300363.
292. Czech, Kalendarium, 18, 22, 26 and 30 Aug. 1942.
293. ND NO 5193, Bericht des Inspektors für Statistik (Korherr-Bericht), 19 Apr. 1943.
294. See p. 229.
295. On the Romanian Judenpolitik see Jean Ancel, ‘German-Romanian Relations during
the Second World War’, in Randolph L. Braham, ed., The Tragedy of Romanian Jews
(New York, 1994), 57–76; Braham, ‘Antonescu and the Jews’, YVS 23 (1993), 213–80;
Hilberg, Destruction, 808 ff.; Krista Zach, ‘Rumänien’, in Benz, Dimension, 31 ff. Radu
Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the
Antonescu Regime 1940–1944 (Chicago, 1999).
296. PAA, Inland II g 203, Killinger to D III, 6 Aug. 1941.
297. PAA, Inland II g 200, Message from Killinger to AA v. 12 Aug. 1942; Browning, Final
Solution, 115 ff.
298. The Romanian Commissar for the Jews, Lecca, announced to members of the German
press on 7 August that the Jews would be ‘resettled’ from Romania ‘within a short
time’; in PAA, Inland II g 200, Report by Richter. The Bukarester Tageblatt reported
the following day under the heading ‘Romania cleansed of Jews’, that 25,000 Jews had
already been deported ‘to the East, via Transnistria’ in September and October.
Further contingents were to follow in the spring of 1943; by the autumn of 1943 all
Jews were to have left Romania.
558