Crude

by Sonia Shah

  9 Lydia Polgreen, “Blood flows with oil in poor Nigerian villages,” New York Times, January 1, 2006.

  10 Ike Okonta and Oronto Douglas, Where Vultures Feast: Shell, Human Rights, and Oil in the Niger Delta (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 2001), pp. 5, 61-63.

  11 Thomas Hodgkin, Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology, ed. Gerald S. Graham (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 92-94.

  12 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, pp. 6-11, 15, 21-22.

  13 Energy Information Administration, “Country Analysis Briefs: Nigeria,” http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/nigeria.html.

  14 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, pp. 81-83.

  15 Ibid., pp. 67, 78-79.

  16 Ibid., pp. 81, 93, 104, 202.

  17 Ken Wiwa, In the Shadow of a Saint: A Son’s Journey to Understand His Father’s Legacy (London: Black Swan, 2001), p. 85.

  18 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, p. 39.

  19 Kwesi Owusu, “Drops of Oil in a Sea of Poverty,” New Economics Foundation and Jubilee Plus, September 2001, p. 8.

  20 Wiwa, In the Shadow of a Saint, p. 80.

  21 United Nations Development Program, “Human Development Report 2002.”

  22 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, pp. 19, 110.

  23 “World Summit Highlights Range of Clean Energy Plans,” Oil & Gas Journal, September 19, 2002, p. 32.

  24 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, p. 202.

  25 Wiwa, In the Shadow of a Saint, pp. 81-86.

  26 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, p. 117.

  27 Wiwa, In the Shadow of a Saint, p. 87.

  28 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, pp. 119-127.

  29 Wiwa, In the Shadow of a Saint, pp. 153-157.

  30 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, p. 129.

  31 Melissa Crow, “Nigeria: The Ogoni Crisis: A Case-Study of Military Repression in Southeastern Nigeria,” Human Rights Watch, July 1995.

  32 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, pp. 133-135, 171.

  33 Wiwa, In the Shadow of a Saint, pp. 200-201.

  34 Nadine Gordimer, “In Nigeria, the Price for Oil Is Blood,” New York Times, May 25, 1997, p. 11.

  35 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, pp. 146-154.

  36 This and the following quotes are from Isioma Daniel, “Protests in the Nigerian Delta: Women’s Tactics Stymie Oil Giant, Ms. (December 2002).

  37 Norimitsu Onishi, “Left Behind: As Oil Riches Flow, Poor Village Cries Out,” New York Times, December 22, 2002, p. 1.

  38 Okonta and Douglas, Where Vultures Feast, p. 186.

  39 Christian Aid, “Behind the Mask: The Real Face of Corporate Social Responsibility,” January 21, 2004.

  40 “Shell Advertises Nigerian Woes,” BBC News, April 28, 2003, http://news.bbc;co.uk/1/hi/business/2981477.stm. .

  41 Michael Peel, “Oil Groups to Restart Work in Nigeria,” Financial Times, April 5, 2003, p. 13.

  42 Daniel Balint-Kurti, “Oil, Poverty Ignite Nigerian Delta,” Reuters News Service, April 4, 2003.

  43 Somini Sengupta, “Ethnic Dispute Stills Nigeria’s Mighty Oil Wells,” New York Times, April 1, 2003, p. 3.

  44 “Shell Advertises Nigerian Woes.”

  45 Peel, “Oil Groups to Restart Work in Nigeria,” p. 13.

  46 Association for the Study of Peak Oil, “Country Assessment Series: Colombia,” July 2002.

  47 Frank Safford and Marco Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 282.

  48 Ibid., pp. 272-274, 281, 283.

  49 James D. Henderson, When Colombia Bled: A History of the Violencia in Tolima (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama, 1985).

  50 Safford and Palacios, Colombia, pp. 348-354.

  51 Association for the Study of Peak Oil, “Country Assessment Series: Colombia.”

  52 Safford and Palacios, Colombia, p. 356.

  53 Harvey F. Kline, State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia, 1986-1994 (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1999).

  54 Al Gedicks, “Resource Wars Against Native Peoples in Colombia,” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism (June 2003), pp. 85-111.

  55 Occidental Petroleum, “History-Colombia,” http://www.oogc.com/world_oper/latin_america/hist_colo.htm.

  56 Gedicks, “Resource Wars Against Native Peoples in Colombia.”

  57 Bob Williams, “Giant Caño Limón Discovery Thrusts Colombia to Forefront,” Oil & Gas Journal, April 15, 1985, p. 23.

  58 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2001 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, November 2002), p. 133.

  59 Kline, State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia.

  60 Washington Office on Latin America, “Colombia Monitor,” May 2003, p. 10.

  61 Cited in Gedicks, “Resource Wars Against Native Peoples in Colombia.”

  62 “The Real Costs of Pipeline Protection in Colombia: Corporate Welfare with Dangerous Consequences,” Witness for Peace report from Aruaca, Colombia, July 2002, p. 8.

  63 Washington Office on Latin America, “Colombia Monitor,” p. 8.

  64 Gedicks, “Resource Wars Against Native Peoples in Colombia.”

  65 Karl Penhaul, “Along the Pipeline: Tracking Colombia’s Revolt,” Boston Globe, April 21, 2002, p. A12.

  66 Washington Office on Latin America, “Colombia Monitor,” p. 5.

  67 Keri Geiger, “Running Out of Time,” LatinFinance (October 2003), p. 32.

  68 Daphne Eviatar, “Striking It Poor: Oil As a Curse,” New York Times, June 7, 2003, p. 9.

  69 Karl and Gary, “Bottom of the Barrel,” pp. 1, 18, 38-40.

  70 Dan Gardner, “Ethics and Oil: A Canadian Company with a Sterling Image Navigates a Brutal Regime in Equatorial Guinea,” Ottawa Citizen, November 5, 2005, p. B1.

  71 Nicholas Shaxson, “African Islands, Awaiting Oil Cash, Also Prepare for Trouble to Flow,” Washington Post, January 18, 2004, p. 18.

  72 Celia W. Dugger, “World Bank suspends loans to Chad over use of oil money,” New York Times, January 7, 2006, p. 5.

  73 Neela Banerjee, “U.S. Oil Still Pours from a Mideast Barrel,” New York Times, October 22, 2002, p. C1.

  74 Daniel Fisher, “Dangerous Liaisons: Selling Oil Means Cutting Deals with Dictators. Nobody Does It Better Than ExxonMobil,” Forbes, April 28, 2003.

  75 Ibid.

  Chapter Eight

  1 Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2001 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, December 2002), p. 10.

  2 Gale E. Christianson, Greenhouse: The Two-Hundred-Year Story of Global Warming (New York: Penguin, 1999), pp. 111-115.

  3 Woods Hole Research Center, “The Warming of the Earth: A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding the Issue of Global Warming,” http://whrc.org/resources/online_publications/warming_earth/index.htm.

  4 Keith Bradsher, High and Mighty: SUVs—The World’s Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), p. 27.

  5 Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2001, pp. 5-6.

  6 J. T. Houghton et al., eds., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001), p. 39.

  7 Christianson, Greenhouse, p. 222.

  8 Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change 2001, p. 52.

  9 Christianson, Greenhouse, p. 222.

  10 O. Hoegh-Guldberg et al., Pacific in Peril: Biological, Economic, and Social Impacts of Climate Change on Pacific Coral Reefs (Sydney: Greenpeace Australia Pacific, October 2000), pp. 10-12. Also, William Steif, “Experts Are Puzzled by Widespread Coral ‘Bleaching’ in Caribbean,” New York Times, December 15, 1987, p. 4.

  11 Hoegh-Guldberg et al., Pacific in Peril, p. 4.

  12 Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change 2001, p. 4.

  13 Greenpeace London, “Nature’s Bottom
Line: Climate Protection and the Carbon Logic,” July 1998, http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/Full-Report/2159.pdf.

  14 Jeremy Leggett, The Carbon War: Global Warming and the End of the Oil Era (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 46.

  15 David Keys, “Global Warming: Methane Threatens to Repeat Ice Age Meltdown,” Independent, June 16, 2001, p. 11.

  16 Christianson, Greenhouse, p. 239.

  17 Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change 2001, pp. 13-14.

  18 Leggett, The Carbon War, p. 141.

  19 Ibid., pp. vii-viii.

  20 Ibid., pp. ix-x.

  21 Darcy Frey, “How Green Is BP?” New York Times, December 8, 2002, p. 99.

  22 Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2001, p. 23.

  23 Christianson, Greenhouse, pp. 201-209, 236.

  24 Leggett, The Carbon War, p. 85.

  25 Ibid., pp. 89-90.

  26 Jon P. Davidson et al., Exploring Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002), p. 425.

  27 Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), pp. 336-341.

  28 Patrick Barkham, “Going Down,” The Guardian, February 16, 2002, p. 24; Genevieve Sheehan, “Tuvalu Little, Tuvalu Late,” Harvard International Review 24, no. 1 (2002), p. 11; Richard C. Paddock, “Tuvalu’s Sinking Feeling,” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 2002, p. 1; Piers Moore Ede, “Come Hell or High Water: Rising Sea Levels and Extreme Flooding Threaten to Make the South Pacific’s Tuvalu the First Victim of Global Warming,” Alternatives Journal (winter 2003), p. 8; Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002; and Tuvalu Online, http://www.tuvaluislands.com/.

  29 Leggett, The Carbon War, p. 136.

  30 Ibid., p. 141.

  31 Sallie Baliunas et al., “Evidence on the Climate Impact of Solar Variations,” Energy (December 1993), pp. 1285-1295.

  32 Greenpeace International, “Exxon’s weapons of mass deception.” October 2002, http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/5292.pdf.

  33 William J. Cromie, “Brightening Sun Is Warming Earth, May Account for Major Part of Global Warming,” Harvard University Gazette, November 6, 1997.

  34 Sallie L. Baliunas, “The Writing on the Wall: Finding New Sources of Funding for Research,” Mercury (January-February 1996), p. 18.

  35 Greenpeace International, “Exxon’s weapons of mass deception.”

  36 Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change 2001, p. 25.

  37 “Harvard Expert Debunks Global Warming ‘Models,’” Consumers’ Research (May 2001), p. 20.

  38 Christianson, Greenhouse, pp. 160-164, 253.

  39 S. Fred Singer, “Global Warming Lucency,” Washington Times, October 15, 1998; also, Leggett, The Carbon War, pp. 84-85.

  40 Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change 2001, pp. 43, 45.

  41 Leggett, The Carbon War, pp. 173-175.

  42 Ibid., pp. 198, 229-230, 268, 299, 301.

  43 Mark Pinsky, “Battle of the Origins: Americans Remain Divided over Creationism and Evolution,” San Diego Union-Tribune, January 21, 2000, p. E1; Chris Mooney, “Survival of the Slickest: How Anti-Evolutionists Are Mutating Their Message,” American Prospect, December 16, 2002, p. 18.

  44 Global Vision video transcript, “Colin Campbell: The decline of the Petroleum Age,” November 2002, http://www.global-vision.org/wssd/campbell.html.

  45 “Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report,” in Houghton et al., Climate Change 2001, p. 53.

  46 Fred Pearce, “Is Broken Ocean Pump a Global Warning?” New Scientist, March 19, 1994.

  47 Greenpeace International, “Exxon’s weapons of mass deception.”

  48 Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change 2001, p. 39.

  49 Ibid., pp. 306, 309.

  50 Worldwatch Institute, “Report Calls for Rapid Scaling Up of Efforts to Preserve Health of Forests and Provide Economic Benefits,” press release, April 2, 1998.

  51 Rainforest Action Network, “Cattle Ranching,” http://www.rainforestweb.org/Rainforest_Destruction/Cattle_Ranching/. .

  52 Two million hectares = 7,722.0431708 square miles. Project Underground, “Shrinking Frontier Ecosystems,” http://www.moles.org/.

  53 Christianson, Greenhouse, pp. 258-268.

  54 Greenpeace International, “Exxon’s weapons of mass deception.”

  55 Leggett, The Carbon War, p. 16.

  56 Ross Gelbspan, “Beyond Kyoto Lite,” American Prospect, February 25, 2002, p. 26.

  57 Christianson, Greenhouse, p. 274.

  58 Frey, “How Green Is BP?,” p. 99.

  59 Jeremy Leggett, “Solar PV : Talisman for Hope in the Greenhouse,” Ecologist (March-April 1999), pp. 133-135.

  60 Hoegh-Guldberg et al., Pacific in Peril, pp. 10-12.

  61 Sonia Shah, “The Quest for Oil Under the Great Barrier Reef,” Progressive (July 2003), pp. 32-35.

  62 O. Hoegh-Guldberg, interview by the author, November 2002.

  63 Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2001, pp. 5-6.

  64 Barkham, “Going Down”; Sheehan, “Tuvalu Little, Tuvalu Late,” p. 11; Paddock, “Tuvalu’s Sinking Feeling”; Ede, “Come Hell or High Water”; Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002; and Tuvalu Online, http://www.tuvaluislands.com/.

  65 Mark Townsend and Paul Harris, “Now the Pentagon Tells Bush: Climate Change Will Destroy Us,” Observer, February 22, 2004.

  66 BP, 2001 Annual report on form 20-F (London: BP, 2002), p. 58, cited in Duncan Austin and Amanda Sauer, Changing Oil: Emerging Environmental Risks and Shareholder Value in the Oil and Gas Industry (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2002), p. 35.

  67 David Ritson, “Fuel for Thought: Stanford Has Signed Up for a Ride on a Tiger. Will It Survive the Journey Intact? ” Nature, February 6, 2003, p. 575. See Stanford University Global Climate & Energy Project, “Faculty,” s.v. Lynn Orr, http://gcep.stanford.edu/about_faculty.html.

  68 Jeremy Leggett, interview by the author, February 2003.

  69 Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2001, p. 14.

  70 World Resources Institute, “Analysis of Bush Administration Greenhouse Gas Target,” February 14, 2002.

  71 See William G. Moseley, “Voodoo Environmentalism,” Christian Science Monitor, February 27, 2002, p. 9.

  72 Elizabeth Shogren, “Thirteen Industries Set Emissions Targets As Part of Bush Initiative,” Los Angeles Times, February 13, 2003, p. 30.

  73 Ross Gelbspan, “Beyond Kyoto Lite,” American Prospect, February 25, 2002, p. 26.

  74 “Some triumph . . . In the cold light of day what did Montreal really deliver?” New Scientist, December 17, 2006.

  Chapter Nine

  1 Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2003, p. 31; also, Pierre Jungels and Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2001, p. 297.

  2 Pierre Jungels, “Future Outlook of Oil and Gas Supply and Demand,” (presentation, Institute of Petroleum, London, UK February 17, 2003).

  3 Bill Powers, “House of Saud = House of Cards,” Canadian Energy Viewpoint, June 29, 2003.

  4 E-mail post by Gregson Vaux, DOE staffer, to Energy Resources group, February 4, 2004.

  5 Matthew R. Simmons, “Are Oil and Murphy’s Law About to Meet?” World Oil (February 2003).

  6 Jungels, “Future Outlook of Oil and Gas Supply.”

  7 Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Hubbert’s Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 10.

  8 Neela Banerjee, “Oil Companies Are Said to Balk on Production,” New York Times, February 11, 2003, p. C1.

  9 Kenneth S. Deffeyes, interview by the author, December 28, 2002.

  10 Goldman Sachs, Energy Weekly, August 11, 1999, cited in Colin J. Campbell, “Peak Oil: A Turning Point for Mankind” (presentation, Technical University of Clausthal, Clausthal, Ger
many, December 2000).

  11 “Profit Leader Exxon Opts to ‘Stay the Course,’” International Petroleum Finance (April 2003), p. 1.

  12 Rick von Flatern and Marshall DeLuca, “Advisory Notes,” Offshore Engineer (April 2003), p. 15.

  13 Global Vision video transcript, “Colin Campbell: The Decline of the Petroleum Age,” November 2002, http://www.global-vision.org/wssd/campbell.html.

  14 von Flatern and DeLuca, “Advisory Notes.”

  15 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2005 with Projections to 2025 (Washington, DC: Department of Energy, February 2005), p. 45.

  16 Robert Stoneley, An Introduction to Petroleum Exploration for Non-Geologists (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 90.

  17 Kenneth S. Deffeyes, letter to the author, March 2003.

  18 Colin J. Campbell, “Depletion and Denial: The Final Years of Oil Supplies,” USA Today (magazine; November 2000),

  19 Cutler J. Cleveland and Robert K. Kaufmann, “Modeling Discovery,” Oil Analytics, http://www.oilanalytics.com/discotop.html.

  20 Colin J. Campbell and Jean H. Laherrere, “The End of Cheap Oil,” Scientific American (March 1998), pp. 78-83.

  21 Reuters, “Kuwait Oil Reserves Only Half Official Estimate-PIW,” Reuters.com, January 20, 2006; “Shell’s Chairman Philip Watts Reassures Employees,” Oil & Gas Journal, January 21, 2004.

  22 Deffeyes, Hubbert’s Peak, p. 6.

  23 “BP Statistical Review of World Energy,” June 2002, p. 4, http://www.bp.com/downloads/1087/statistical_review.pdf. See also Energy Information Administration, “Country Analysis Briefs,” http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/contents.html.

  24 Eric Niiler, “Awash in Oil: There’s Plenty of Cheap Oil, Says the U.S. Geological Survey,” Scientific American (September 2000).

  25 Stoneley, An Introduction to Petroleum Exploration for Non-Geologists, pp. 90-95.

  26 See U.S. Geological Survey, “World Energy Resources,” http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/oilgas/wep/.

  27 Campbell, “Peak Oil: A Turning Point for Mankind.”

  28 Comments by Colin Campbell, posted on EcoSystems Web site The Coming Global Oil Crisis, http://www.oilcrisis.com/.

  29 Niiler, “Awash in Oil.”

  30 Colin Campbell, letter to the author, April 22, 2003.