Crude
Page 25
70 Leggett, The Carbon War, p. 126.
71 Sonia Shah, “The New Oil,” Salon.com, March 16, 2004, http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/03/16/methane_hydrates/. .
72 According to IPCC’s Third Assessment Report, the global warming potential of methane, over 100 years, is 23 times that of an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide. Over 100 years, the GWP of 60 Mt of methane the IEA predicts the oil and gas industry will emit is equal to 1,380 Mt of carbon dioxide, or 3,042,375,600,000 pounds of carbon dioxide. Since burning a gallon of oil produces about 19 pounds of carbon dioxide and 42 gallons of oil equal a barrel, it would require the burning of over 3.8 billion barrels of oil to produce this quantity of carbon dioxide. See International Energy Agency, “Unit Converter,” http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/unit.asp.
73 Elisabeth Bumiller, “If You Can’t Take the Heat Get Out of the West Wing,” New York Times, October 3, 2005.
74 Jim VandeHei and Justin Blum, “Bush Signs Energy Bill, Cheers Steps Toward Self-sufficiency,” Washington Post, August 9, 2005.
75 U.S. PIRG et al, “Summary of the harmful provisions in the energy bill,” July 28, 2005.
Conclusion
1 Owen Bowcott, “Private Sector Will Defeat Climate Change, US Tells Anti-Kyoto Summit,” The Guardian, January 12, 2006, 17.
2 Chris D. Thomas et al., “Extinction Risk from Climate Change,” Nature, January 8, 2004, pp. 145-148.
3 John Vidal and Paul Brown, “Eco Soundings: Act of Faith,” Guardian, March 12, 2003, p. 8.
4 “GM Aims to Cut Costs by Dollars 14b a Year,” Financial Times, January 14, 2006, 1; BP Annual Report 2004; “Oil Sands to Play Even Greater Role in Securing North American Energy Supply,” CNW, January 30, 2004.
5 Michael Richardson, “Plugging into Wind, Sun, and Water,” South China Morning Post, January 6, 2006, 13.
6 Amy Waldman, “Mile by Mile, India Paves a Smoother Road to Its Future,” New York Times, December 4, 2005, 1.
7 Max Fraad Wolf et al., “Crude, Not Goodwill, Behind End to Sanctions on Libya,” January 2004, http://www.foreignpolicyforum.org/.
8 Neela Banerjee, “Oil Companies Are Said to Balk on Production,” New York Times, February 11, 2003, p. C1.
9 Andrew C. Revkin, “Alaska Thaws, Complicating the Hunt for Oil,” New York Times, January 13, 2004, p. F1.
10 “Congestion Charging: Capital Lessons,” Guardian, February 18, 2004, p. 23.
11 Keith Bradsher, “China’s Car Culture Hits Some Potholes,” New York Times, January 11, 2004, p. 4; Oliver August, “Cars Drive Bikes from City Streets,” Australian, reprint of Sunday Times story, December 29, 2003, p. 8.
Index
60 Minutes
Aberdeen University Oil and Gas Centre
Abrams tanks
Africa See also specific countries
agriculture
Air Force (U.S.)
airplanes
Alaska
failed oil trap
methane hydrate extraction
oil exploration
oil production
oil supply
Alaskan pipeline
Alaska Oil Spill Commission
Alberta tar sands (Canada)
Alfa Group
Algeria
American Electric Power
American Petroleum Institute
ammonia synthesis, for nitrogen fertilizers
Amoco
Anadarko
Anderson, Brian
Anglo-Persian Oil
See also BP
Angola
Girassol oilfield
natural gas fields
oil discovery
oil extraction and standard of living
Antichrist, and climate change
anticlines
appraisal wells
Arab oil embargo
Archer Daniels Midland
Arctic Sea
Army Materiel Command
Army (U.S.)
Arrhenius, Svante
Asia See also specific countries
asthma, and diesel fumes
Australia
automobiles. See cars
Azerbaijan
B-2 bombers
B-52 bombers
Bahamas
Bahrain
Baku
Baliunas, Sallie
Bally, Albert
banana plantation massacre (Colombia)
Bardou, Jean Pierre
Bay of Biscay (France and Spain)
BBC
beef production, and rainforests
Benton, Michael
Benz, Karl
Biafran war (Nigeria)
Bible, climate change prophecy in
bicycles
biodiesel
BMW
BP
and Alfa Group
in Angola
Caspian Sea oil project
China as potential market
in Colombia
environmental studies
hydrogen division
Kyoto Protocol
lobbies for military aid to Colombia
in North Sea
oil exploration
oil extraction
oilfield discovery in deep ocean
oil production forecasts
profit from Iran’s oil
rebranding effort
renewable energy
research and development sponsorship
in Russia
three-dimensional seismic technology
Bradsher, Keith
Brazil
Brent oilfield (North Sea)
Britain
Caspian Sea pipeline
claims Middle East oil
coal
in Nigeria
oil exploration in North Sea
profit from Iran’s oil
research on fossil fuels
tax on oil developments
warships
World War I
British Petroleum See also BP
Brown, John
Brunei
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
African tour
Alberta tar sands
and coal industry
energy policy
hydrogen fuel cell technology
military aid to Colombia
natural gas drilling
butane
Byzantine Empire
Calcutta (India)
California
Campbell, Colin
Caspian Sea as oil source
climate change
Greenland as oil source
oil reserves
world oil production
Canada
Caño Limón oilfield/pipeline (Colombia)
carbon, in oil formation
carbon dioxide emissions
causes
and climate change
effects
and forests
from coal
from conventional oil extraction
from liquid fuel made from natural gas
from tar sands oil extraction
gasoline-to-hydrogen cars
and oceans
sequestering
statistics
United States
The Carbon War (Leggett)
car culture See also cars
Caribbean coral reefs
Carney, Bob
Carney, Robert S.
Carroll, Phillip
cars
and carbon dioxide
China
ethanol-burning
hydrogen fuel-cell
invention
London
production
U.S. market
U.S. registrations
World War I See also car culture
Carter, Jimmy
Carter Doctrine
casein
Caspian Sea
celluloid
Centers for Disease Control
Centra
l America beef exportation
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Chad
Chanaron, Jean-Jacques
Chechnya
Cheney, Dick
Chevron
Alberta tar sands
company history
and Condoleezza Rice
liquid fuel from natural gas
oil extraction in Nigeria
ChevronTexaco
formation
Hibernia oilfield
Middle Eastern oil
oil exploration
oil extraction in Equatorial Guinea
production forecasts
research and development sponsorship See also Chevron; Texaco
child coal workers
China
Chinese oil companies
Chrysler
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
climate change
causes
and deforestation
and ecologists
effect on forests
and geologists
from natural gas use
and ocean circulation
and oil industry
and overpopulation
and species extinction See also global warming
Clinton, Bill
coal
China
England
in hydrogen production
London
miner strikes
net energy
versus oil
United States
for warships
coccoliths
coke
Colombia
civil war
discovery of oil
drug trade
oil exploration
oil extraction
oil pipelines
and Western oil companies
Colorado
Congo
Conoco
cooking oil, conversion into biodiesel
coral reefs
corn, American hybrid
corn farmers, and ethanol
Crazy Horse oilfield
Cunningham, Susan
Curzon, George Nathaniel
Cusiana oilfield (Colombia)
DEEPE$T (software package)
DeepStar
Defense Department
Defense Science Board (DSB)
Deffeyes, Kenneth
crude oil as fuel
and Hubbert’s oil predictions
oil formation
oil production prediction
oil reserve reports
solar and wind energy
deforestation
De La Pedraja, René
Department of Defense
Department of Energy
directional drilling
formation of
greenhouse gas intensity
methane hydrates as natural gas source
oil consumption in developing countries
oil reserve reports
Saudi Arabia oil supply See also Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Department of Justice
Department of Transportation
developing countries
effect of 1970s oil shocks on
fossil-fuel projects
and Kyoto Protocol
oil consumption
oil exploration by Western oil companies
oil extraction and standard of living
diatoms
diesel
directional drilling
Douglas, Oronto
Drake, Edwin L.
drilling, deep-sea
environmental impact
research on
waste produced by
drilling, directional
DSB (Defense Science Board)
DuPont
ecologists
Economist
economy, devoted to oil harvesting
Ecuador
Edison, Thomas
Egypt
EIA (Energy Information
Administration)
See also Department of Energy
Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN)
electric power industry
El Niño
embargo, oil
Energy Department. See Department of Energy
Energy Information Administration
(EIA) See also Department of Energy
Engels, Friedrich
Engineer
England. See Britain
English Channel cliffs
environmental activists, and oil rigs
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Equatorial Guinea
Escravos (Nigeria)
ethanol
Europe See also specific countries
European Commission
European Union
exploration wells
Exxon
acquires chemical plant for reduced price
climate change
company history
and Kyoto Protocol
shale oil development
Valdez oil spill
ExxonMobil
in Angola
carbon dioxide emissions research
in Chad
in developing countries
in Equatorial Guinea
formation of
and general good
grant to Stanford
Hibernia oilfield
in Indonesia
Middle Eastern oil
oil consumption benefits
oil exploration
oil extraction
profits
renewable energy
research and development sponsorship
in Russia
São Tomé oil exploration
solar power costs versus oil costs
Exxon Shipping Company See also SeaRiver Maritime
FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia)
fertilizers, nitrogen
Financial Times
Firestone
First World War
Fischer, David Hackett
“flag of convenience” (FOC) countries
floating production, storage, and offloading system (FPSO)
Forbes
Ford, Gerald
Ford, Henry
Ford Motor Company
forests
Forties oilfield (North Sea)
FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading system)
FreedomCAR initiative
fuel efficiency
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)
Futuregen project
Gabon
García Márquez, Gabriel
gas flares
gasoline
boiling point
efficiency
sales versus kerosene
gasoline-to-hydrogen technology
General Motors (GM)
geologists
Georgia (country)
Ghawar oilfield (Saudi Arabia)
Girassol oilfield
“Global Climate and Energy Project,”
global cooling
global warming See also climate change
GM (General Motors)
GNP (gross national product), and oil consumption
Goldman Sachs
Gordimer, Nadine
Gore, Al
government agency oil reserve reports
The Graduate
Grand Banks (Newfoundland)
Great Barrier Reef
“Greek Fire,”
Greeks, ancient
greenhouse gas emissions
greenhouse gas intensity
Greenland
Greenpeace
Greenpeace U.K.
gross national product (GNP), and oil consumption
Grozny (Chechnya)
Guardian
Gulf of Mexico
environmental research on oil drilling
FPSO use
natural gas
&nb
sp; oil exploration
Gulf Oil
Gulf Stream
gutta percha
Haber, Fritz
Halliburton Company
Henderson, James D.
Hewetson, Frank
Hibernia oilfield (Newfoundland)
Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove
Holland
Hoover Institute
horse-drawn carriages
“ hothouse” effect See also global warming
Hubbert, M. King
Hubbert’s Peak (Deffeyes)
Human Rights Watch
Hussein, Saddam
hydrocarbon chemistry
hydrogen fuel cells
hydropower
ice ages
icebergs
Iceland
Ickes, Harold
IHS Energy Group
Ijo community (Nigeria)
independent tanker industry
India
Indiana
Indian Ocean
Indonesia
and ExxonMobil
natural gas fields
oil extraction
as OPEC member
volcano eruption
and Western oil companies
Institute of Petroleum
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
criticism of
deforestation
human influence on climate change
scientific assessment report
wood as fuel
International Commission on Shipping
International Energy Agency
International Labor Rights Fund
International Petroleum Finance
IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Iran
and Britain
and Carter Doctrine
and Caspian Sea oil
oil exploration
oil extraction and standard of living
oil supply profits
as OPEC member
weapons of mass distraction
Zoroastrians
Iraq
Britain and U.S. claim oil of
and Carter Doctrine
oil extraction and standard of living
oilfield discoveries
oil reserves
oil supply
oil wells drilled
as OPEC member
reconstruction
U.S. invasion of
Israel, United States support of
Israeli oil companies
Italy
Ivory Coast
Jakarta (Indonesia)
Japan
Japanese oil companies
Jeep
jellyfish, Australian spotted
Jevons’ paradox
Jungels, Pierre
Justice Department
Kapuscinski, Ryszard
Karl, Terry Lynn
Kashagan oilfield (Caspian Sea)
Kazakhstan
kerosene
Kerouac, Jack
Kirkuk oilfield (Iraq)
Klare, Michael T.