Napoleon

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Napoleon Page 116

by Andrew Roberts


  second restorattion (1815) 805–6

  see also Louis

  Bourcet, Pierre de 112

  Principes de la guerre des montagnes (1775) 78

  Bourcier, General François 425

  Bourgoin, Marie- Thérèse 330

  Bourgoing, Chevalier de 10

  Bourmont, Comte Louis de 242, 290

  defection to N (1815) 737, 751

  Bourrienne, Louis-Antoine de, private secretary 5, 38–9, 150, 471, 472

  memoirs xxxiv, 809

  on Fructidor Coup 147–8

  on N’s intention to divorce Josephine 171

  as governor of Hamburg 429

  and trade licences 548

  Bouvet de Lozier, Athanase Hyacinthe 347

  Boyen, General von 643

  Boyer, Christine, marriage to Lucien Bonaparte 54

  Boyer, General Pierre, in Egypt 168

  Brandt, Captain Heinrich von 610

  bread

  prices 311–12

  riots 560, 568

  Brescia, ‘Surprise of’ (1796) 110

  Breslau, Blücher at 664

  bridges and bridgeheads 90n

  Berezina 626–9

  Brienne, battle of (1814) 693–4

  Brienne-le-Château, Royal Military School of 11–15, 16

  brigandage, rural 240–41

  Brno (Brünn), surrender of 377

  Broglie, Duc de 242

  Brueys, Vice Admiral François 166

  and loss of fleet at Aboukir Bay 177–8

  Bruix, Vice-Admiral Eustache 209, 296, 331

  Brumaire coup (1799) 206–28

  N’s role in 212–15

  plans for 217–18

  alleged attack on N in Orangery 221–2, 223–4, 225–6

  abolition of legislature 226–7

  Brune, Marshal Guillaume 126, 329, 344, 721, 743

  Brunny, Madame de 10

  Brunswick, Duke of 414, 420

  Brussels 751

  Bry, Jean de 307

  Bubna, Colonel Count Ferdinand 532, 655

  Bucharest, Treaty of (1812) 572

  Bugeaud, Thomas 381–2

  Bülow, General von 643, 665

  Dennewitz 672

  Leipzig 681–2

  Waterloo 759, 765

  Bunbury, Sir Henry 778–9

  Buonaparte, Francesco 3

  Buonavita, Abbé 798

  Burdon, William, biographer 7–8

  Burke, Edmund

  Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) 42

  on N’s reputation 67

  Bursay, Madame Aurore, actress 614

  Burton, Dr Francis 809

  Bussy, Colonel Victor de 718

  Buttafuoco, Matteo 5, 34, 41

  Buxhöwden, General Friedrich von 381, 433

  Austerlitz 389

  Byron, Lord 310

  Cabanis, Pierre 306, 307

  Cacault, François, French agent in Rome 106, 129

  Cadibona, battle of (1800) 249

  Cadoudal, Georges 242, 289, 317

  conspiracy to assassinate N 333–6, 346–7

  Caffarelli du Falga, General Louis 163, 167, 195

  Cairo

  marches to 169–71, 172–3, 199

  N’s reforms 173–4

  celebration of Prophet’s birthday 178–9

  uprising 181–2

  Calder, Admiral Sir Robert 363

  Caldiero, battle of (1796) 120

  Caldiero, battle of (1805) 375

  calendar, restoration of (1801) 273

  Calliano (Italy) 115

  Cambacérès, Jean-Antoine-Régis 399, 467, 808

  memoirs xxxv

  and Brumaire coup 215–16

  as Second Consul 234, 238

  and Code Napoléon 276

  letters to N 305–6

  constitutional purge 306–7

  and plans for invasion of England 327

  and d’Enghien 336

  and Russian trade ukaz 557

  and Malet’s attempted coup (1812) 622–3

  and Marie Louise as regent-designate 640

  and flight of Marie Louise 708–9

  and N’s return (1815) 741

  Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques-Régis, as justice minister 210

  Cambronne, General Pierre 716, 730, 732, 734–5

  Campaign of 1814: 688–712, 696–7

  Campbell, Colonel Sir Neil, and N on Elba 716–18, 720, 721–4, 726, 729–30

  Campo Formio, treaty of (1797) 148, 150–51

  and Congress of Rastatt 150, 151, 154

  Camus, Armand-Gaston, president of Institut de France 157

  canals 328

  cannibalism, on retreat from Moscow 624

  Canova, Antonio, sculptor 95, 531, 544

  Cantillon, Marie-André, attempted assassination of Wellington 727n

  Cape Finisterre, battle of (1805) 363, 364

  Cape Town 320

  Caprara, Cardinal Carlo, papal legate 272, 356, 406

  caricaturists, British 317

  Carnot, General Lazare 61, 65, 72, 123

  member of Directory 144, 147, 209

  as minister of war 238, 251

  and N’s return (1815) 741 and n

  as minister of the interior 773

  Cartreaux, General Jean- François 45, 47, 49

  Caselli, Charles, papal adviser 272

  Castaños, General Francisco 485

  Castellane-Novejean, Boniface de, Russia 587, 631

  Castellane-Novejean, Boniface de, prefect 245

  Castiglione, battles of (1796) 111, 112–13

  Castlereagh, Lord 333–4, 686, 729, 778, 809

  N’s peace offer to (1812) 573

  and N’s abdication 714

  casualties

  Castiglione 113 and n

  siege of Mantua 116, 125

  Rivoli 128

  and care of wounded 135–6, 434–5

  Aboukir 200

  Marengo 267

  Austerlitz 390

  Jena 420, 421

  Hof 438

  Eylau 444–5, 447

  increased rates 445

  Heilsberg 450

  Friedland 455

  French army in Iberia 497

  Aspern-Essling 516

  Wagram 525–6

  Talavera 531

  Ostrovno 592

  Smolensk 597

  Borodino 607–8

  Maloyroslavets 619

  Russian campaign 634–5 and n; from disease 587–8; retreat from Moscow 629–30

  Lützen 650

  Bautzen 653–4

  Leipzig 680, 683, 684

  Brienne 694

  Lâon 705

  Waterloo 768–9

  Caterina, Princess, of Württemberg 321, 395

  Cathcart, Lord, British ambassador to Russia 614

  Caulaincourt, Auguste de 606

  Caulaincourt, General Armand de xxxiv–xxxv, 399, 412, 808

  and d’Enghien 336, 337

  and N’s second marriage 537, 538

  opposition to war with Russia 566, 567

  on loss of horses in Russia 587–8, 592

  at Borodino 606

  and N’s return from Russia 631, 634

  and proposal of peace to Russia (1813) 652, 654

  at Prague Congress 660–61

  as foreign minister 685

  and abdication of N 713, 714–16

  and N’s return (1815) 741

  censorship, abolition (1815) 745

  Cerea (Italy) 115–16

  Cervoni, Colonel
Jean-Baptiste 47

  Ceva, Italy 78

  Chaboulon, Fleury de, secretary 729

  Châlons-sur-Marne, artillery school 58

  Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompère de, foreign minister 489, 566

  Champaubert, battle of (1814) 699

  Championnet, General Jean-Étienne 154

  Chaptal, Jean, interior minister 238, 282, 471

  on religious settlement 270, 271

  Chardon, Abbè 11

  Charleroi 750, 768

  Charles, Archduke see Habsburg, Archduke Charles

  Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Piedmont 117, 148, 313

  Charles, Hippolyte 810

  affair with Josephine 93, 100, 159–60, 171, 207

  with Josephine in Italy 107, 108

  Charles IV, King of Spain 474, 475

  abdication (1808) 478, 479

  cedes throne to N 480, 482

  retirement to Rome 483

  Charles X, King of France 805–6

  Chas, Jean, Réflexion sur l’hérédité du pouvoir souverain 342

  Château Navarre 537

  Château-Thierry, battle of (1814) 700

  Chateaubriand, François-René de 339, 809–10

  Le génie de christianisme 275

  Châtillon, Congress of 695–8, 699

  Chaumont, Treaty of (1814) 703–4

  Chauvet, Félix, chief ordonnateur of Army of Italy 48, 73, 79, 81

  Chénier, Marie-Joseph, poet 290

  Cherasco (Italy), armistice with Piedmont at 86–7

  Chernyshev, Colonel Alexander 563, 570

  Chevalier, Alexandre 288

  Chézelles, General Samuel-François l’Héritier de 673

  Chichagov, Admiral Paul 624, 626, 629

  Chłapowski, Dezydery Adam, aide-de-camp to N 109, 496, 503, 506

  at Vienna 511

  Chobrakhyt (Chebreis), Mamluk attack at 170–71

  Choiseul, Duc de 5

  Chouan royalists

  Vendée 43, 57

  and assassination plots 288, 290

  and Cadoudal conspiracy 333

  Cintra, Convention of 487

  Cipriani, Francesco, St Helena 779, 795

  Cisalpine Republic

  constitution 145

  renamed as Italian Republic 241

  Cispadane Republic, creation of 118

  Civil Code (1804) 278, 339

  Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) 32–3

  civil war, threat of (1814) 713–14

  Clarke, General Henri 62, 123, 148, 412, 646, 709

  Clary, (Eugénie) Désirée

  N’s courtship of 53–4, 56–7

  rejection of N 59–60

  marriage to General Bernadotte (and queen of Sweden) 60, 145

  Clary, Julie, marriage to Joseph Bonaparte 53

  Clary, Nicolas 107

  Clausewitz, Carl von

  and N’s Russian campaign 570

  and Tauroggen 630

  Clauzel, General Bertrand 660, 743

  clergy, rural parish 271

  Clichy, royalist club 144, 145

  Cobbett, William 8, 310

  Cobenzl, Count Ludwig von, Austrian plenipotentiary 148, 149

  and Peace of Lunéville 290, 291

  Cockburn, Rear-Admiral Sir George, HMS Northumberland 779–80

  Code Napoléon 275–9, 528

  patriarchal bias 277–8

  and women 277–8

  Coignet, Sergeant Jean-Roch 584–5

  coinage, standardization 279

  Colbert, Brigadier 323

  Colbert, Jean Baptiste 315

  Collot, Jean-Pierre 222–3

  and Brumaire coup 214

  Colombier, Caroline de 20

  Comédie-Française 614

  Commission des Sciences et des Arts 165

  Committee of Public Safety 64

  creation (1793) 41, 42

  communication, lines of

  Italy 88, 98, 111, 114

  in Spain 494

  Russia 587, 595

  Dresden 651, 655–6

  communications, telegraph 503 and n, 546, 736

  Compagnie Bodin (army contractors), war profiteers and 159–60

  Compagnie Flachat (army contractors) 118, 159

  Compagnon, Colonel 36

  Compans, General Jean, Borodino 605

  Compoint, Louise, companion to Josephine 107

  Concordat (1801) 272–5

  Concordat (1813) 639–40

  Condorcet, Marquis de 306

  Congreve’s rockets, at Leipzig 675, 682

  Consalvi, Cardinal Hercules, Vatican secretary of state 272–3

  conscription 42, 211, 425, 448, 488, 499–500

  popular opposition to 637–8, 673, 685, 690

  Conseil d’État

  in 1799 Constitution 233, 235

  N’s use of 281–4

  auditeurs 283

  powers of 312

  as Imperial Council 347

  Constant, Benjamin, writer 290, 306, 339, 467, 810

  exiled 307

  and new constitution (1815) 745, 748

  Constant, valet 717

  Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia 388, 389, 458

  at Kulm 672

  Constitution of the Year III (1795) 63–5, 146, 217

  end of 221, 226

  Constitution of the Year VIII (1799) 232–3, 234–7

  role of First Consul 232–3

  and property rights 234–5

  plebiscite 239–40

  Constitution of the Year X (1802) 310, 312

  Constitutional Monarchy (1815) 750

  Consulate 249

  established by Brumaire 225, 231

  N as First Consul 232–3

  new decrees 233

  extension (1802) 310

  Conté, Nicolas, balloonist 179–80

  ‘Continental System’ (Berlin Decrees) 427–31

  N’s belief in 362, 560–61

  and Prussia 459

  effect on Russia 490–91

  Papacy and 529

  ‘Le Nouveau Système’ 548–9

  Cooke, Edward 730

  Copenhagen, battle of (1801) 296

  Corbineau, General Claude 446

  Waterloo 768

  Corbineau, General Jean-Baptiste, Dresden 672

  Corbineau, Major Hercules, Wagram 523

  Cornwallis, Lord, and Peace of Amiens 299, 300

  Coronation, as Emperor

  heraldic insignia for 347–8

  preparations for 351–3

  ceremony 353–6

  crowns 355

  David’s painting 356

  Corps Legislatif guard, and Brumaire coup 223–4

  corps system

  French army 365–6

  Austrian army 498

  adoption by European armies 643

  Corsica 3–6, 7–8, 9–10, 41

  revolt (1793) 21, 43–4

  and French Revolution 29, 30–34, 37–8, 40–41

  National Guard battalions 36, 37

  as French province 40–41

  British occupation 43, 45, 106–7, 124

  collapse of Jacobin power 44–5

  expedition to recapture (1795) 57

  French control re-established 108, 124–5

  N’s last visit (1799) 202

  Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas, doctor 49, 434, 796

  Coste, Trenta 32–3

  Coudreux, Commandant Alexandre 742

  coups

  Fructidor (1797) 146–8

  Brumaire (1799) 206–28

 
‘Prairial’ (1799) 209, 220

  Malet’s attempted (1812) 622–3

  Talleyrand’s planned (1814) 698–9, 708

  Courrier de l’Armée d’Italie 130

  Coutard, Colonel Baron Louis 503, 506

  Craigmillen, Cuming de 15

  Crancé, Edmond Dubois de, war minister 219

  Craonne, battle of (1814) 704–5

  Crétet, Emmanuel, member of Conseil 283, 347

  Croker, John Wilson 104

  Cromwell, Oliver, role-model for N 202

  Cruikshank, George 317

  Cuesta, Captain-General 531

  Cult of the Supreme Being (pantheist) (1793) 32

  currency

  paper money 246

  standardization of coinage 279

  customs revenues 430

  Czartoryski, Prince Adam 542

  and Poland 561–2, 563

  Dalberg, Karl, archbishop of Mainz 406

  Prince Primate of Rhine Confederation 490

  Dallemagne, General Claude 89, 110, 111

  Damanhour (Egypt) 178

  Dampierre, General Achille de, Marengo 259, 263

  dancing lessons, at Valence 20–21

  Dancoisne-Martineau, Michel, French consul on St Helena 782

  Danican, General 66

  Danton, Georges 54

  Danube, River 371

  Danzig 436, 448, 565, 575

  Daru, Intendant-General Pierre 356, 364, 365

  Poland 447

  and Tilsit settlement 467

  Borodino 607

  and N’s return (1815) 741

  Daumesnil, Major Pierre, Wagram 523

  Daunou, Pierre 290, 306

  Daure, Jean-Pierre 192

  David, Jacques-Louis, painter 356, 543, 809

  Davidovich, General Baron 115, 120

  Davout, Marshal Louis-Nicolas 11, 344, 345

  Egypt 162–3

  Austerlitz 380, 381, 384–5, 388, 389, 390

  Jena campaign 413, 415, 418, 421

  Auerstädt 420–21

  in Poland 426, 433, 436

  Eylau 438, 442–3

  Friedland 449–50

  in Germany 502

  Landshut 503, 506

  Wagram 522–3, 524

  created prince 531

  and Russian campaign 563, 570, 584–5, 635

  Saltanovka 592

  Borodino 604–5

  and route to Smolensk 619–20

  at Berezina 626

  command of Grande Armée in Russia 631

  governor of Hamburg 646, 664, 675, 684

  as war minister (1815) 742–3

  De Bry, Jean, prefect 689

  Decaen, General Mathieu, in India 318

  Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) 27

  Decrès, Admiral Denis 322–3, 324, 331, 599, 774

  and N’s return (1815) 741

  Defrance, General Jean, Leipzig 681

  Dego, battle of (1796) 84

  Dejean, General Jean 401–2

  war administration minister 493

 

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