Delmas, General Antoine-Guillaume, and Concordat (1801) 274
Delzons, General Alexis 617, 619
Denmark 296, 686
Dennewitz, battle of (1813) 672
Denon, Vivant 773
in Egypt 165, 179, 202
Description de l’Egypte (1809) 203–5
medals for Austerlitz 393–4
departments (regions) 244
Deroy, Count Bernard 501
Desaix, General Louis
Egypt 162–3, 173, 185
at Marengo 259, 262, 264, 266
death 267, 268
Desbrière, Captain Édouard, Projets et tentatives de débarquement aux îles Britanniques 328
Desforges, Thomas 288
Desgenettes, René-Nicolas
military doctor in Egypt 163
and plague victims in Jaffa 192, 198–9
Desmoulins, Camille, journalist 27, 54
Despinoy, General Hyacinthe 109, 113
Dessaix, General Joseph, Borodino 599, 605
Dessolle, General Jean-Joseph 334
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine 306
Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, General Jean-Jacques, Waterloo 764
d’Hilliers, General Louis Baraguey 141–2
Digeon, General Alexandre 701–2
Directory, the (executive government) 64, 144–5
responsibility for army 78, 87–8, 93–4
N and 79, 80, 83, 91–2, 93–5, 114, 155–6
and Italian campaign 101–2
and German campaign 106, 115
and popularity of N 117–18
balance of power with N 139–40, 142 and n, 148
tensions with Assembly 145–6
Brumaire coup against 208
failures of 211–13
diseases
scabies 49–50 and n
ophthalmia 170
plague (Jaffa) 191–2 and n, 198–9
malaria 193, 301
of malnutrition 252, 257
yellow fever 301
typhus fever 588–9, 684, 693
dysentery 589
enteric fever 589
divorce, under Code Napoléon 277–8
Doguereau, General Jean-Pierre 170, 173
retreat from Acre 197
Dokhturov, General 617
Dolgoruky, Prince Peter Petrovich 380
Dolomieu, Déodat de, mineralogist 165
Domairon, Louis 16
Dombrowksi, General Henri 453
Domingue, Joseph ‘Hercules’ 303
Dommartin, General Éléazar August Cousin de 47
in Egypt 163, 173, 181
donation system 466
Donauwörth 371, 503
Doppet, General François 49
Doret, Ensign 774
Dorogobuzh 598–9, 622–3
Dorsenne, General, Aspern 515
Douglas, Sir Andrew 10
Douglas, Frederick, Elba 725
Drake, Francis, British envoy in Munich 332
Dresden
N at 574–5, 651, 655–7, 673
Sixth Coalition advance on 643–4
French evacuation of 644
secret meeting of N and Metternich 657–9
N’s birthday celebrations (1813) 662–3
Dresden, battle of (1813) 665, 666–7, 668–71
Drissa, Russian First Army at 588, 591
Drouet, General Jean Baptiste (Comte d’Erlon) 501–2
in Portugal 546
Drouot, General Antoine 25
Lützen 650
1814 campaign 700, 701
Craonne 704
to Elba 716
with N in 1815 return to France 730
Waterloo 759
du Belloy, Cardinal 355
du Pont, Victor, American consul-general 291, 294
du Teil, General Baron Jean-Pierre, artillery pioneer 25, 26, 36
du Teil, General Jean 45
Dubois, Louis, prefect of police 289
Ducos, Pierre Roger 209, 210
and Brumaire coup 217
as consul 225, 231
as vice-president of Senate 234
Dugommier, General Jacques 50–51
Dugua, General Charles 186
Duhesme, General Philibert, crossing of Alps 253
Dujardin, Major Guillaume 224
Dumas, Alexandre xxxiv
Dumas, General Mathieu 64, 349
in Spain 494–5, 499
Borodino 607
Dumas, General Thomas-Alexandre
in Egypt 163
and crossing of Alps 251
Dumberion, General Pierre 53
Dumolard, Joseph, deputy in National assembly 144, 145–6, 147
Dumouriez, General Charles 40, 44
and d’Enghien 335–6
Dupas, Colonel Pierre-Louis 90
Dupont, General Pierre
surrender at Bailén 485–6
as minister of war 718
Dupuy, General Dominique 181
Dupuy, Père 32
Duroc, Grand Marshal Géraud 211, 360, 399, 418
aide-de-camp to N 101
envoy to Russia 296
N and 509
and N’s decision to move on Smolensk 595
death 653–4
Durutte, General Pierre 644
Dutheil, Nicolas, writer 316
Duthilt, Captain Pierre, Waterloo 764
eagle, as imperial symbol 347
eagle standards 357
losses 446–7, 684
burned at Bobr 626
distributed at Leipzig 675
Éblé, General Jean-Baptiste, engineer 25, 577
and bridges over Berezina river 626, 627, 628
Ebrington, Viscount, Elba 725, 727
École Royale Militaire, Paris 16–18
teachers at 16–17
economy
financing of army 79, 87
under Directory 87, 211–12
and Brumaire coup 226, 238–9
plans to stimulate 245–6, 314–15
internal market 275
French compared with British 360
and revenues from wars 395–7
effect of British blockade on 427–8
budget deficit (1812) 642
shortage of treasury funds (1813) 685–6
see also Stock Exchange; taxation
Edinburgh Review 428
education
primary 273
centralized 275, 280
secondary 280–81
standard curriculum 280
Eggmühl, battle of (1809) 508–9
Egypt
plans for invasion 158–9
reasons for invasion 161, 162
Napoleonic rule over 169, 185
N’s negotiations with Muslims 169–71, 174–7
pyramids 172
Arab witnesses to French Occupation 176–7
French army stranded in 178, 295, 296–7, 298
salt-water marshes on Red Sea 184 and n
cultural and artistic influences 203–5, 544
Egyptian campaign (1798–9) 161–84, 164
commanders 162–3
savants 165, 167, 179–80, 183–4, 201, 203, 205
voyage from Toulon 166–8
General Orders for 168
loss of fleet 178
army morale 199
N’s secret departure 201–2
El-Arish, fort 187–8
Elba, island of 107, 723–6
French annexation 312
offer
ed by Allies to N 713, 715
journey to 716, 721–2
Palazzina dei Mulini 722
Villa San Martino 722
hermitage of La Madonna de Marciano 723, 724
British visitors 725–6
Elbe, River
Grande Armée at 573
retreat of Allies across (1813) 650
Elchingen 372–3
Elders (upper house)
Brumaire coup and 217, 218–19, 227
N’s address to 220–21
Elliott, Grace 69
Elphinstone, Captain 758
Embaleh, battle of (1798) 172–3
emblems
bee 348, 739
violets 747
émigrés, N’s enticements to return 241–2
Emmendingen, battle of (1796) 78
Emmery, Joseph 729
Emmet, Thomas 310
Empire style 544–5
employers, Code Napoléon and 278
Enghien, Duc d’
and Cadoudal conspiracy 335–40
court martial and execution 338–9
Enlightenment 22, 29
in Italy 98
and French Empire 528–9
Erfurt, N at (1813) 646
Erfurt, conference (1808) 488–93
Erlon, General Jean-Baptiste d’ 660
and Waterloo campaign 754, 757–8
Waterloo 764 and n
Espagne, General Jean d’, Aspern 513
Espoz y Mina, Francisco 482
Essling see Aspern-Essling
Etruria, kingdom of 291
Europe
after Campo Formio (1797) 152–3
economic crisis (1811–13) 560
after Napoleon 805
Eylau, battle of (1807) 438–45, 440–41
aftermath 446–7
Faber, Theodor von 555
Fain, Agathon, private secretary 471, 472, 719
memoirs xxxv
Faipoult, Citizen 87
minister in Genoa 79
Falcon, Colonel 421
Farhi, Haim, at Acre 192
Fazakerley, John, Elba 725
fédéré (anti-Jacobin) movement (1793) 45, 46, 48, 51
fédéré militia movement (1815) 748
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, death (1802) 314
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 107
Ferdinand IV, King of Naples and Sicily 358
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain 478, 479–80, 805
as Prince of the Asturias 475, 482–3
and Treaty of Bayonne 480, 482
return to Spain 692
Fère-Champenoise, battle of (1814) 708
Fersen, Baron Axel von 154
Fesch, Joseph (uncle) 15, 36, 143, 343, 399
at coronation 352
support for N’s return (1815) 740
last years in Rome 806
fêtes 312
to celebrate Lunéville 291, 294
feudalism 528
Fiévée, Joseph 216
Fifth Coalition, War of 498
Fiorella, General Pascal 113
fire service, creation of sapeurs-pompiers 543
Five Hundred (lower house)
Brumaire coup and 217, 227
N’s expulsion from Orangery 221–5
Flahaut de la Billarderie, Colonel Comte Charles de 599, 703
and Hortense Beauharnais 398, 534
Waterloo 765, 768
Flegny, Himbert de, prefect 690
Florence, art from 107
Fontaine, Pierre, architect 9
Fontainebleau
N at (after fall of Paris) 710, 718–19
N’s departure from for Elba 719–21
N’s return (1815) 738
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1807) 474
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1814) 714, 721, 722
Fontanes, Louis
chancellor of Imperial University 244
Parallèles . . . (pamphlet) 304–5
Foster, John Leslie, Irish MP 309
Fouché, Joseph, police chief 210, 233, 399
and Brumaire coup 214–15
and assassination plots 288–9
and Cadoudal conspiracy 333, 334–5, 336
and Talleyrand 500, 698–9
secret negotiations with Britain 547–8
summoned to Dresden (1813) 651–2
and N’s return (1815) 741
after Waterloo 771n
Fourcroy, Antoine, education minister 280
Fourès, Pauline 183
Fourier, Joseph, mathematician 165
Fourreau, Chevalier 730
Fourth Coalition, War of 396
Fox, Charles James 309–10
death 400–401
Foy, General Maximilien 85, 546
Waterloo 761
France xxv, 527
population 271
and Russia 286–7, 556–64
N’s reforms of social hierarchy 464–6
allies in 1813 645–6
prospect of returning to pre-1791 borders 645, 685, 695
border fortresses 688
and invasion by Allied armies (1814) 688–712, 696–7
popular desire for peace (1814) 689–90
surrender of towns to Allied armies 701
under Louis XVIII 726–8
return to 1791 borders 727
support for N’s return 729, 732
new constitution (1815) 745, 748
provisional government (after Waterloo) 771–3
see also French Empire; French Republic
Francis, Emperor of Austria 78
after Napoleon 805
Francis II, Emperor of Austria 132, 237, 393
N’s offers of peace terms 116–17, 269
interview with N after Austerlitz 391–2
and abolition of Holy Roman Empire 407
and decision for war (1808) 500
and armistice after Wagram 526, 532
deterioration in relations with N 636, 651, 665
N’s letters to 650, 652, 665, 703
and rearmament (1813) 652
François, Captain Charles 191
Frankfurt bases of peace (1813) 685, 686, 690–91
British opposition to terms 686
French acceptance 686
N’s request for renewal of 703
Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony 432–3, 459
Frederick the Great
Sans Souci palace 423
as N’s hero 527
Frederick II, Elector (King) of Württemberg 380, 393, 663
Frederick William III, King of Prussia 375, 407, 424
ultimatum to France (1806) 411–12
Jena 413–14, 420, 422
rejection of peace terms (1807) 448
at Tilsit 457
and Russia 549
reforms 642–3
at Lützen 647
at Dresden 668
at Leipzig 677
after Napoleon 805
freedom of speech 243
see also press freedom
freemasonry 154
Freiburg, battle of (1813) 684
French Armies
Army of Italy 57, 72–3, 78, 82; need for reinforcements (1796) 117, 118–19; rewards for , 151
Army of the West 57
Army of the Rhine and Moselle 78
Army of the Sambre and Meuse 78
Army of England 151; renamed as Army of the Ocean Coasts 328; renamed as Grande Armée , 241
Army of the Reserve 238, 250–51
Grande Armée 241, 367; records (after Russian campaign) , 634–5 and n
Army of Portugal 545–6
Army of the North (1815) 750, 751
French army
and support for overthrow of monarchy 30
Directory’s responsibility for 78, 87–8
‘wretched state’ of (1796) 78–9
financing of 79, 87
discipline 80n
footwear 80, 425, 569
Orders of the Day 80 and n
living off the land 84–5
speed of marching 85, 133
contractors 118, 159–60
regimental esprit de corps 134
and Brumaire coup 235
‘canteen’ system 250
demobilization after Lunéville 291
corps system 365–6
pensions for widows of Austerlitz 392
horses for 425, 578–9, 587–8, 592, 593
uniforms of British manufacture 428–9
ambulance service 434–5
in Iberian peninsula (1808) 493–7
size, at Wagram 516; Russian campaign 575–6, 612; at Borodino 599; at end of 1813: 685; in 1814: 688–9
reorganization (1812) 563
reinforcements for Russian campaign 573–4, 615
multi-national composition (1812) 577
size (in 1812) 577
army groups (1812) 578
retreat from Moscow 621–2, 623–5
rebuilding after Russian campaign 637, 638, 645
cavalry, lack of (1813–14) 644, 647, 651, 653, 686; before Leipzig 663
at Lützen 647
provisions 655; in Poland 446; for Russian campaign 567, 576, 588–9; for Waterloo campaign , 745, 751–2
desertion of Saxon battalions at Leipzig (1813) 673, 681
Bourbon alienation of 727–8 and n
continuing loyalty to N 728
N’s proclamation to (1815) on landing in France 731–2
defections to N on Route Napoléon 735–6
morale at Waterloo 751
retreat from Waterloo 767–8
after Waterloo 770–71
units: Régiment de la Fère (N commissioned into 1785) 19–20; Black Pioneers 303; Imperial Guard 346; ‘Polish Legions’ 425; Bavarian division 448; Corps of Observation 637, 644, 656; National Guard 747; Waterloo 767
see also conscription; French Armies; French generals; individual battles and campaigns; Marshals of France; soldiers
French Empire
application of Code Napoléon 278–9
establishment 347–50, 356
height of 527–51, 558–9
political support for N 528
uniformity of administration 528–9
as French construct 529
after 1812 war 637–8
and prospect of returning to pre-1791 borders 645
French generals and marshals
from military school at Brienne 11
artillery commanders 25
turnover in 1790s 52
social origins 345
Napoleon Page 117
