Napoleon
Page 116
second restorattion (1815) 805–6
see also Louis
Bourcet, Pierre de 112
Principes de la guerre des montagnes (1775) 78
Bourcier, General François 425
Bourgoin, Marie- Thérèse 330
Bourgoing, Chevalier de 10
Bourmont, Comte Louis de 242, 290
defection to N (1815) 737, 751
Bourrienne, Louis-Antoine de, private secretary 5, 38–9, 150, 471, 472
memoirs xxxiv, 809
on Fructidor Coup 147–8
on N’s intention to divorce Josephine 171
as governor of Hamburg 429
and trade licences 548
Bouvet de Lozier, Athanase Hyacinthe 347
Boyen, General von 643
Boyer, Christine, marriage to Lucien Bonaparte 54
Boyer, General Pierre, in Egypt 168
Brandt, Captain Heinrich von 610
bread
prices 311–12
riots 560, 568
Brescia, ‘Surprise of’ (1796) 110
Breslau, Blücher at 664
bridges and bridgeheads 90n
Berezina 626–9
Brienne, battle of (1814) 693–4
Brienne-le-Château, Royal Military School of 11–15, 16
brigandage, rural 240–41
Brno (Brünn), surrender of 377
Broglie, Duc de 242
Brueys, Vice Admiral François 166
and loss of fleet at Aboukir Bay 177–8
Bruix, Vice-Admiral Eustache 209, 296, 331
Brumaire coup (1799) 206–28
N’s role in 212–15
plans for 217–18
alleged attack on N in Orangery 221–2, 223–4, 225–6
abolition of legislature 226–7
Brune, Marshal Guillaume 126, 329, 344, 721, 743
Brunny, Madame de 10
Brunswick, Duke of 414, 420
Brussels 751
Bry, Jean de 307
Bubna, Colonel Count Ferdinand 532, 655
Bucharest, Treaty of (1812) 572
Bugeaud, Thomas 381–2
Bülow, General von 643, 665
Dennewitz 672
Leipzig 681–2
Waterloo 759, 765
Bunbury, Sir Henry 778–9
Buonaparte, Francesco 3
Buonavita, Abbé 798
Burdon, William, biographer 7–8
Burke, Edmund
Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) 42
on N’s reputation 67
Bursay, Madame Aurore, actress 614
Burton, Dr Francis 809
Bussy, Colonel Victor de 718
Buttafuoco, Matteo 5, 34, 41
Buxhöwden, General Friedrich von 381, 433
Austerlitz 389
Byron, Lord 310
Cabanis, Pierre 306, 307
Cacault, François, French agent in Rome 106, 129
Cadibona, battle of (1800) 249
Cadoudal, Georges 242, 289, 317
conspiracy to assassinate N 333–6, 346–7
Caffarelli du Falga, General Louis 163, 167, 195
Cairo
marches to 169–71, 172–3, 199
N’s reforms 173–4
celebration of Prophet’s birthday 178–9
uprising 181–2
Calder, Admiral Sir Robert 363
Caldiero, battle of (1796) 120
Caldiero, battle of (1805) 375
calendar, restoration of (1801) 273
Calliano (Italy) 115
Cambacérès, Jean-Antoine-Régis 399, 467, 808
memoirs xxxv
and Brumaire coup 215–16
as Second Consul 234, 238
and Code Napoléon 276
letters to N 305–6
constitutional purge 306–7
and plans for invasion of England 327
and d’Enghien 336
and Russian trade ukaz 557
and Malet’s attempted coup (1812) 622–3
and Marie Louise as regent-designate 640
and flight of Marie Louise 708–9
and N’s return (1815) 741
Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques-Régis, as justice minister 210
Cambronne, General Pierre 716, 730, 732, 734–5
Campaign of 1814: 688–712, 696–7
Campbell, Colonel Sir Neil, and N on Elba 716–18, 720, 721–4, 726, 729–30
Campo Formio, treaty of (1797) 148, 150–51
and Congress of Rastatt 150, 151, 154
Camus, Armand-Gaston, president of Institut de France 157
canals 328
cannibalism, on retreat from Moscow 624
Canova, Antonio, sculptor 95, 531, 544
Cantillon, Marie-André, attempted assassination of Wellington 727n
Cape Finisterre, battle of (1805) 363, 364
Cape Town 320
Caprara, Cardinal Carlo, papal legate 272, 356, 406
caricaturists, British 317
Carnot, General Lazare 61, 65, 72, 123
member of Directory 144, 147, 209
as minister of war 238, 251
and N’s return (1815) 741 and n
as minister of the interior 773
Cartreaux, General Jean- François 45, 47, 49
Caselli, Charles, papal adviser 272
Castaños, General Francisco 485
Castellane-Novejean, Boniface de, Russia 587, 631
Castellane-Novejean, Boniface de, prefect 245
Castiglione, battles of (1796) 111, 112–13
Castlereagh, Lord 333–4, 686, 729, 778, 809
N’s peace offer to (1812) 573
and N’s abdication 714
casualties
Castiglione 113 and n
siege of Mantua 116, 125
Rivoli 128
and care of wounded 135–6, 434–5
Aboukir 200
Marengo 267
Austerlitz 390
Jena 420, 421
Hof 438
Eylau 444–5, 447
increased rates 445
Heilsberg 450
Friedland 455
French army in Iberia 497
Aspern-Essling 516
Wagram 525–6
Talavera 531
Ostrovno 592
Smolensk 597
Borodino 607–8
Maloyroslavets 619
Russian campaign 634–5 and n; from disease 587–8; retreat from Moscow 629–30
Lützen 650
Bautzen 653–4
Leipzig 680, 683, 684
Brienne 694
Lâon 705
Waterloo 768–9
Caterina, Princess, of Württemberg 321, 395
Cathcart, Lord, British ambassador to Russia 614
Caulaincourt, Auguste de 606
Caulaincourt, General Armand de xxxiv–xxxv, 399, 412, 808
and d’Enghien 336, 337
and N’s second marriage 537, 538
opposition to war with Russia 566, 567
on loss of horses in Russia 587–8, 592
at Borodino 606
and N’s return from Russia 631, 634
and proposal of peace to Russia (1813) 652, 654
at Prague Congress 660–61
as foreign minister 685
and abdication of N 713, 714–16
and N’s return (1815) 741
censorship, abolition (1815) 745
Cerea (Italy) 115–16
Cervoni, Colonel
Jean-Baptiste 47
Ceva, Italy 78
Chaboulon, Fleury de, secretary 729
Châlons-sur-Marne, artillery school 58
Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompère de, foreign minister 489, 566
Champaubert, battle of (1814) 699
Championnet, General Jean-Étienne 154
Chaptal, Jean, interior minister 238, 282, 471
on religious settlement 270, 271
Chardon, Abbè 11
Charleroi 750, 768
Charles, Archduke see Habsburg, Archduke Charles
Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Piedmont 117, 148, 313
Charles, Hippolyte 810
affair with Josephine 93, 100, 159–60, 171, 207
with Josephine in Italy 107, 108
Charles IV, King of Spain 474, 475
abdication (1808) 478, 479
cedes throne to N 480, 482
retirement to Rome 483
Charles X, King of France 805–6
Chas, Jean, Réflexion sur l’hérédité du pouvoir souverain 342
Château Navarre 537
Château-Thierry, battle of (1814) 700
Chateaubriand, François-René de 339, 809–10
Le génie de christianisme 275
Châtillon, Congress of 695–8, 699
Chaumont, Treaty of (1814) 703–4
Chauvet, Félix, chief ordonnateur of Army of Italy 48, 73, 79, 81
Chénier, Marie-Joseph, poet 290
Cherasco (Italy), armistice with Piedmont at 86–7
Chernyshev, Colonel Alexander 563, 570
Chevalier, Alexandre 288
Chézelles, General Samuel-François l’Héritier de 673
Chichagov, Admiral Paul 624, 626, 629
Chłapowski, Dezydery Adam, aide-de-camp to N 109, 496, 503, 506
at Vienna 511
Chobrakhyt (Chebreis), Mamluk attack at 170–71
Choiseul, Duc de 5
Chouan royalists
Vendée 43, 57
and assassination plots 288, 290
and Cadoudal conspiracy 333
Cintra, Convention of 487
Cipriani, Francesco, St Helena 779, 795
Cisalpine Republic
constitution 145
renamed as Italian Republic 241
Cispadane Republic, creation of 118
Civil Code (1804) 278, 339
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) 32–3
civil war, threat of (1814) 713–14
Clarke, General Henri 62, 123, 148, 412, 646, 709
Clary, (Eugénie) Désirée
N’s courtship of 53–4, 56–7
rejection of N 59–60
marriage to General Bernadotte (and queen of Sweden) 60, 145
Clary, Julie, marriage to Joseph Bonaparte 53
Clary, Nicolas 107
Clausewitz, Carl von
and N’s Russian campaign 570
and Tauroggen 630
Clauzel, General Bertrand 660, 743
clergy, rural parish 271
Clichy, royalist club 144, 145
Cobbett, William 8, 310
Cobenzl, Count Ludwig von, Austrian plenipotentiary 148, 149
and Peace of Lunéville 290, 291
Cockburn, Rear-Admiral Sir George, HMS Northumberland 779–80
Code Napoléon 275–9, 528
patriarchal bias 277–8
and women 277–8
Coignet, Sergeant Jean-Roch 584–5
coinage, standardization 279
Colbert, Brigadier 323
Colbert, Jean Baptiste 315
Collot, Jean-Pierre 222–3
and Brumaire coup 214
Colombier, Caroline de 20
Comédie-Française 614
Commission des Sciences et des Arts 165
Committee of Public Safety 64
creation (1793) 41, 42
communication, lines of
Italy 88, 98, 111, 114
in Spain 494
Russia 587, 595
Dresden 651, 655–6
communications, telegraph 503 and n, 546, 736
Compagnie Bodin (army contractors), war profiteers and 159–60
Compagnie Flachat (army contractors) 118, 159
Compagnon, Colonel 36
Compans, General Jean, Borodino 605
Compoint, Louise, companion to Josephine 107
Concordat (1801) 272–5
Concordat (1813) 639–40
Condorcet, Marquis de 306
Congreve’s rockets, at Leipzig 675, 682
Consalvi, Cardinal Hercules, Vatican secretary of state 272–3
conscription 42, 211, 425, 448, 488, 499–500
popular opposition to 637–8, 673, 685, 690
Conseil d’État
in 1799 Constitution 233, 235
N’s use of 281–4
auditeurs 283
powers of 312
as Imperial Council 347
Constant, Benjamin, writer 290, 306, 339, 467, 810
exiled 307
and new constitution (1815) 745, 748
Constant, valet 717
Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia 388, 389, 458
at Kulm 672
Constitution of the Year III (1795) 63–5, 146, 217
end of 221, 226
Constitution of the Year VIII (1799) 232–3, 234–7
role of First Consul 232–3
and property rights 234–5
plebiscite 239–40
Constitution of the Year X (1802) 310, 312
Constitutional Monarchy (1815) 750
Consulate 249
established by Brumaire 225, 231
N as First Consul 232–3
new decrees 233
extension (1802) 310
Conté, Nicolas, balloonist 179–80
‘Continental System’ (Berlin Decrees) 427–31
N’s belief in 362, 560–61
and Prussia 459
effect on Russia 490–91
Papacy and 529
‘Le Nouveau Système’ 548–9
Cooke, Edward 730
Copenhagen, battle of (1801) 296
Corbineau, General Claude 446
Waterloo 768
Corbineau, General Jean-Baptiste, Dresden 672
Corbineau, Major Hercules, Wagram 523
Cornwallis, Lord, and Peace of Amiens 299, 300
Coronation, as Emperor
heraldic insignia for 347–8
preparations for 351–3
ceremony 353–6
crowns 355
David’s painting 356
Corps Legislatif guard, and Brumaire coup 223–4
corps system
French army 365–6
Austrian army 498
adoption by European armies 643
Corsica 3–6, 7–8, 9–10, 41
revolt (1793) 21, 43–4
and French Revolution 29, 30–34, 37–8, 40–41
National Guard battalions 36, 37
as French province 40–41
British occupation 43, 45, 106–7, 124
collapse of Jacobin power 44–5
expedition to recapture (1795) 57
French control re-established 108, 124–5
N’s last visit (1799) 202
Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas, doctor 49, 434, 796
Coste, Trenta 32–3
Coudreux, Commandant Alexandre 742
coups
Fructidor (1797) 146–8
Brumaire (1799) 206–28
‘Prairial’ (1799) 209, 220
Malet’s attempted (1812) 622–3
Talleyrand’s planned (1814) 698–9, 708
Courrier de l’Armée d’Italie 130
Coutard, Colonel Baron Louis 503, 506
Craigmillen, Cuming de 15
Crancé, Edmond Dubois de, war minister 219
Craonne, battle of (1814) 704–5
Crétet, Emmanuel, member of Conseil 283, 347
Croker, John Wilson 104
Cromwell, Oliver, role-model for N 202
Cruikshank, George 317
Cuesta, Captain-General 531
Cult of the Supreme Being (pantheist) (1793) 32
currency
paper money 246
standardization of coinage 279
customs revenues 430
Czartoryski, Prince Adam 542
and Poland 561–2, 563
Dalberg, Karl, archbishop of Mainz 406
Prince Primate of Rhine Confederation 490
Dallemagne, General Claude 89, 110, 111
Damanhour (Egypt) 178
Dampierre, General Achille de, Marengo 259, 263
dancing lessons, at Valence 20–21
Dancoisne-Martineau, Michel, French consul on St Helena 782
Danican, General 66
Danton, Georges 54
Danube, River 371
Danzig 436, 448, 565, 575
Daru, Intendant-General Pierre 356, 364, 365
Poland 447
and Tilsit settlement 467
Borodino 607
and N’s return (1815) 741
Daumesnil, Major Pierre, Wagram 523
Daunou, Pierre 290, 306
Daure, Jean-Pierre 192
David, Jacques-Louis, painter 356, 543, 809
Davidovich, General Baron 115, 120
Davout, Marshal Louis-Nicolas 11, 344, 345
Egypt 162–3
Austerlitz 380, 381, 384–5, 388, 389, 390
Jena campaign 413, 415, 418, 421
Auerstädt 420–21
in Poland 426, 433, 436
Eylau 438, 442–3
Friedland 449–50
in Germany 502
Landshut 503, 506
Wagram 522–3, 524
created prince 531
and Russian campaign 563, 570, 584–5, 635
Saltanovka 592
Borodino 604–5
and route to Smolensk 619–20
at Berezina 626
command of Grande Armée in Russia 631
governor of Hamburg 646, 664, 675, 684
as war minister (1815) 742–3
De Bry, Jean, prefect 689
Decaen, General Mathieu, in India 318
Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) 27
Decrès, Admiral Denis 322–3, 324, 331, 599, 774
and N’s return (1815) 741
Defrance, General Jean, Leipzig 681
Dego, battle of (1796) 84
Dejean, General Jean 401–2
war administration minister 493