Staps, Friedrich, assassination attempt 534–5
Starke, Mariana 79
Stedingk, Count, and Leipzig campaign 665
Stein, Baron vom 642
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), on N in Berlin 424
Stettin, surrender of 422
Stock Exchange (Bourse)
and Brumaire coup 226
and news of Marengo 267
government bonds 315, 392
confidence after Tilsit 467
Suard, Amelie 243
Suchet, Marshal Louis 344, 422
Jena 418, 419
fighting Wellington (1814) 688
and N (1815) 743
Suckow, Lieutenant Karl von 590
Sucy de Clisson, Simon 61, 62
Suez 183–4
sugar
trade 300
production from beet 430
Sulkowski, Joseph, aide-de- camp to N 101
in Egypt 170, 181
Suvurov, Marshal Alexander 251
Sweden 296, 449
and Third Coalition 358
Bernadotte as king of 547
declaration of war against France (1813) 638
and Sixth Coalition 645
Switzerland 319–20, 393
reorganization under Act of Mediation (1802) 313–14
Syria 181, 183
Tagliamento, battle of (1797) 132
Taillis, General Adrien du 684
Talavera, battle of (1809) 531
Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de 399, 729, 810
as foreign minister 146, 148, 151, 233, 489, 773
relations with N 146, 155, 489–90
N’s letters to 149–50
and Egypt 180
and Brumaire coup 209, 210–11, 220, 222–3
fête to celebrate Lunéville 291, 294
and press 316
and d’Enghien 336 and n, 337
on Austria 392
and Ferdinand of Spain 482–3
selling of secrets 490, 500
and Fouché 500
planned coup (1814) 698–9, 708
and fall of Paris 705
provisional government (1814) 710
Tallien, Jean-Lambert 65
Tallien, Thérésa 70
Talma, François-Joseph, actor 62
Talot, Louis, deputy 224
tariffs 315
Tarutino, battle of (1812) 617
Tascher, Gaspard 68
Tauentzien, General Bogislav von 418–19, 643
Tauroggen, Convention of (1812) 630
tax reforms 238–9
Consulate 234
taxation
British income tax 396
revenues 396
droits réunis (discretionary taxes) 396, 683, 688, 724; extended (1814) 688; abolition by N (1815) 745
butter and egg markets 401
to service deficit (1812–13) 642, 685–6
telegraphs
Chappe system 503 and n, 736
Royal Navy 546
Terebenev, Ivan, caricaturist 317
Terror, Reign of (1793) 44, 54–5, 63–4, 69
Tharreau, General Jean, Aspern 514
theatre, suppression (1795) 68
Thermidor 55, 56, 69
Thiard, Théodore de, chamberlain 353–4
Thibaudeau, Antoine, councillor of state 238
Thiébault, General Paul 208–9, 213, 252
Austerlitz 377, 380, 382–3
on war of Sixth Coalition 673
and N’s return to Paris 738–9
Third Coalition 342, 358
War of 366–90, 393, 396
Thomé, Grenadier 222, 225–6, 227
Thomson, Sir Benjamin 330
Thouin, André, botanist 89
Tilly, Jean, consul in Genoa 55
Tilsit, Treaties of (1807) 456–61
terms of 458–9, 460–61, 557
Tipu Sahib 186
Tisenhaus, Sophie de 635
Tocqueville, Alexis de 64
Tolentino, peace treaty with Papal States 129–30
Toli, Francesco, spy 258
Tommasi, Giovanni Battista 309
Tone, Wolfe 158
Töplitz, battle of (1813) 672
Topographical Bureau (Historical and Topographical Bureau, war ministry) 61–2
Torbay 778
Tormasov, General Alexander, Russian Third Army 580–81
at Gorodeczna 596
Torres Vedras, Lines of 546
Toulon
Bonaparte family at 45
siege of (1793) 46–52
Fort Mulgrave 48, 50–51
blockade 327
Toussaint l’Ouverture, Pierre 300–303
death 303
Trachenberg, Sixth Coalition meeting at 660, 665
trade
Peace of Amiens and 308
effect of British blockade on 427–8
effect of Continental System on 428–31, 548–9, 560–61
British 430, 560
Russian 557
and War of 1812 561
Trafalgar, battle of (1805) 374–5, 479
Tribunate
in 1799 Constitution 236, 244
and Code Napoléon 276
purge (1802) 306–7
abolition (1807) 466
Trielhard, Jean-Baptiste 209
Trochtelfingen, battle of (1805) 373
Tronchet, François 282
and Code Napoléon 276
Truchsess-Waldburg, Count Friedrich von 719–20
Truguet, Admiral Laurent de 43, 331
Tuileries
invaded by mob (1792) 38–9
Bonapartes in residence at 246–8
resemblance to royal court 299–300
N’s return (1815) 738–9
Turenne, Henri, Comte de, chamberlain 715, 719, 760
Turin, Piedmont 78
Turk, Niqula 177
Turkey 60
peace with 299
treaty with Russia (1812) 572
Turkish forces
at Acre 193–4
at Aboukir 200
Tuscany, to France 291
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, treaty of neutrality (1804) 358
Tyrol, Hofer’s revolt 512, 533
Ubri, Peter Yakovlevich, Russian envoy in Paris 410
Ulm 367–8, 372–3, 378–9
United Irishmen, N’s negotiations with 329
United States of America
‘Quasi War’ with 211, 286
and Louisiana Purchase 324–6
and War of 1812: 428, 561
Russian trade and 557
University of France 157, 746
Ussher, Admiral Thomas, HMS Undaunted 721, 722
Valais region 313, 314
Valence
N at (1785–6) 20–21
N at (1791) 35–6
Valencia, French siege of 480–81
Valenza 258
Valladolid, N at 496
Valmy, battle of (1792) 40
Valutina-Gora (Lubino), battle of (1812) 597–8
Vandamme, General 502
Austerlitz 385, 388, 390
Landshut 503, 507–8
Dresden 670
at Kulm 672
Vauban, Sébastien de, military engineer 688
Vaubois, General Claude-Henri de 114, 120
Vauchamps, battle of (1814) 700–701
Vaux, Comte de 5
Venables-Vernon, George, MP, Elba 725
Vendée
Chouan u
prising 43
royalist uprising 57
Royalist revolt 211
offer of amnesty 242
uprising (1815) 744–5
Vendémiaire revolt 65–7
‘whiff of grapeshot’ 66–7
Venice 124, 139
ceded to Austria 140
N’s war with (1797) 141–2
Verdier, General Jean-Antoine 453
Verdun, fall to Prussians (1792) 40
Vernet, Carle, painter 543
Vernet, Horace, painter 543, 700n
Verona 120–21
uprising (1797) 139
Versailles, Palace of, storming of (1789) 27
Vial, General Honoré 127
Vicenza 119–20
Victor Amadeus III, King of Piedmont-Sardinia 87
Victor(-Perrin), Marshal Claude 51, 129, 344, 345, 744
crossing of Alps 253
Marengo 259, 262–3, 264
kidnapped at Stettin 448
Friedland 454
Talavera 531
in Russia 624
at Berezina river 626, 628
Dresden 669
Leipzig 681–2
and 1814 campaign 701
Craonne 704–5
Vienna 131
Grande Armée advance to 375–6
bridge of boats 511–12, 513
Lobau Island 511–12, 515–16, 518, 523–4
surrender of 511–12
Vienna, Congress of (1814) 726, 805
Vienna Declaration (1815) 737, 740
Vienna, Treaty of (1815) 750, 805
Vigée-Lebrun, Élisabeth, painter 543
Vignali, Abbé Ange-Paul 801, 809
Villemarest, Charles Maxime de xxxiv
Villeneuve, Rear Admiral Pierre de 178, 296, 331, 365
and chance to invade England 363–4
Trafalgar 374–5
Villetard, Joseph, French legation 141
Vilnius
Tsar Alexander at 573
N in 581–2
Vimeiro, battle of (1808) 487
Vionnet, Major Louis Joseph, Borodino 608
Vistula, River 425, 630
French army on 432, 434
Vitebsk 592, 593–5
Vitoria, battle of (1813) 660
Vitry-le-François 693–4
Vizille 736
Volkonsky, Prince Sergei 615
Volney, Constantin de 161
Voltaire 97
Voltz, Johann Michael, caricaturist 317
Vousowitch, Colonel 719
Vyazma, battle of (1812) 621
Vyazma (Russia) 599
Wagram, battle of (1809) 518–19, 520–21, 522–6
assault on Aderklaa 519, 522
Markgrafsneusiedl 522–3
Wagram campaign 498–526
Walcheren Island, Holland, British expedition 526
Walewska, Countess Marie Colonna- 435, 437, 462–3, 517, 541, 807
pregnancy 534
birth of son Alexandre 539
visit to N on Elba 725
at Malmaison 774
marriage to Duc d’Ornano 785
Walewski, Alexandre (son by Marie Walewska) 539, 725, 807
Walpole, Thomas 431
Walter, Jakob 577
on Berezina river 628
War of 1812, between Britain and United States 428
war, profits from 395–7
Warsaw 431–2
Warsaw, Grand Duchy of 542, 567
Washington, George 233
Washington, DC 726
Waterloo, battle of (1815) 752–3, 761–9, 762–3
preparations for 750–60
N’s errors at 755–6, 757, 764, 765–6, 768–9
battlefield 756
Hougoumont 756, 761
La Haie Sainte 756, 761, 764, 766, 767
Le Caillou farmhouse 758, 768
Mont Saint-Jean 758, 759
N’s breakfast conference 759–60
Forest of Soignes 760, 761
La Belle Alliance inn 760
war-gaming 766n
aftermath 770–71
and N’s return to Paris 770–73
Watrin, General François
crossing of Alps 253
Marengo 266
weights and measures 275
metric system 279
Weimer, Marguerite (Mademoiselle George) 656, 747, 810
Wellesley, Lord 548
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of
and Indian campaigns 85n, 186
and Convention of Cintra (1808) 487
N’s view of 487, 759
Talavera 531
in Portugal 546
retreat to Portugal (1812) 600
crossing of Pyrenees 674, 687
in south-west France 688
Orthez 703
as ambassador to France 727
and Waterloo campaign 750, 751
Waterloo 756, 757, 761, 761 and n, 765, 766
on N, 810
West Indies, British in 327
Westphalia, N’s plans for 461–2
Weyrother, General Franz von 381
Whitworth, Lord, British ambassador 314, 319, 321–2, 324
Wickham, William 337
Wilks, Colonel Mark, governor of St Helena 786
Willem V, Prince of Orange-Nassau 307
Wilson, Sir Robert, Russian liaison officer 624
Wittgenstein, General Peter
at Polotsk 596
and French retreat from Moscow 624
at Berezina river 626, 628
Allied army at Leipzig 646
at Lützen 647, 650
at Bautzen 651
Dresden 668
Nangis 701
Wolzogen, Count Ludwig von 557
women
and Code Napoléon 277–8
lack of education for girls 281
ban on miscegenation in Saint-Domingue 301
Maison d’Éducation for daughters of recipients of Légion d’Honneur 349
Wrangel, Baron Friedrich von 549
Wrede, Prince Carl- Philippe 501
Wagram 525
Wright, Captain John Wesley, and Cadoudal conspiracy 333, 340–41
Wurmser, General
and siege of Mantua 108, 109, 110, 111, 114–16, 118, 126, 128
Castiglione 112–13
Württemberg 369
as kingdom 393
Württemberg, Prince William of, at Leipzig 672, 677
Würzburg, battle of (1796) 78, 115
Yelin, Philipp, Germany’s Profound Degradation 411
Yorck von Wartenburg, General Johann 630, 638, 642
Leipzig 680
Montmirail 700
and Lâon 705
Zeitgeist, of modernization 529
Znaïm, battle of (1809) 526
Zurich, Second Battle of (1799) 237
* It is debatable how good a pupil Napoleon was; in 1807 he asked the Countess Anna Potocka what she thought of his dancing at a ball in Warsaw. ‘Sire,’ came her diplomatic reply, ‘for a great man you dance perfectly’ (ed. Stryjenski, Memoires p. 125).
* In Paris the Jacobins and the slightly more moderate Girondin Club were on course to see each other as ideological enemies.
* His father, William Pitt the Elder (1708–78), had been the prime minister who led Britain to victory over France in the Seven Years War.
* The first guillotining was of a highwayman in April 1792, but thereafter it quickly came into general practice for political as well as civil executi
ons.
* George III, King of England between 1760 and 1820 and thus for the whole of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, slipped periodically in and out of lunacy during this period. In 1811 a Regency was formed in which his son the Prince Regent, later King George IV, effectively reigned in his place.
* Gasparin’s support was remembered by Napoleon on his deathbed. He bequeathed 100,000 francs to his descendants in his will, explaining: ‘With his protection, Gasparin shielded me from the persecution of the ignorant general staff commanding the army before the arrival of my friend Dugommier’ (ed. Jonge, Napoleon’s Last Will and Testament p. 78).
* Mulgrave was later to serve as Pitt’s foreign secretary in 1805–6.
* However he contracted this highly communicable, mite-based disease, he wasn’t alone – la Gale was common to all armies of the day; the French had two nicknames for it, la Gratelle (the scratch) and the ironic la Charmante. ‘Everyone was scratching,’ recalled a veteran, and one report to the Committee of Public Health stated that there were no fewer than 400,000 scabetics in the army. Napoleon later set up special hospitals for them during his campaigns (Desclaux, ‘A Propos de la “Gale”’ p. 868, Brice, The Riddle p. 139, Friedman, Emperor’s Itch p. 32).
* By comparison, in 1780 during the Gordon Riots in London, 285 people had been killed, 200 wounded and a further 20 executed.
* The singing of the great revolutionary, anti-monarchical anthem of 1792 was discouraged by Napoleon once he became Emperor, although he reintroduced it in 1815.
* It can be visited today if you turn up very promptly at 3 p.m. on a Saturday. During the September Massacres of 1792 the mob massacred 115 priests there, and the skulls and bones of 35 of them are on display.
* For decades thereafter, British and Bourbon propagandists re-inserted the ‘u’ in order to emphasize Napoleon’s foreignness, such as in François-René de Chateaubriand’s snappily titled 1814 pamphlet Of Buonaparte and the Bourbons and the Necessity of Rallying Round our Legitimate Princes for the Happiness of France and that of Europe, in which he wrote: ‘No hope was left of finding among Frenchmen a man bold enough to dare to wear the crown of Louis XVI. A foreigner offered himself, and was accepted’ (Chateaubriand, Of Buonaparte p. 5). Even after the British royal family changed the name of their dynasty from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in 1917, some British historians still ridiculed Napoleon for dropping the ‘u’ from his surname.
* A demi-brigade was the forerunner of the infantry regiment; during the French Revolutionary Wars they were rarely at full strength, and generally averaged about 2,400 men in three battalions.
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