alliance with Austria and Russia 375, 377
and France 392, 407, 410
and Russia 407, 410, 412, 426, 569, 637
advance into 408–9, 413–16
ultimatum to France (1806) 411–12
French advance through 422–4
and Tilsit 456, 459–61
and Continental System 459
major reforms 642–3
treaty with Russia 642–4
and Sixth Coalition 663–4, 693, 700–701, 705
Prussian army 414–15
and Russian campaign 570
modernization 643
Waterloo 754, 755, 764–5
Prussian campaign 391–421
Publiciste (journal) 243
Pultusk, battle of (1806) 433–4
Puthod, General Jacques, Plagwitz 672
Pyrenees, Wellington’s crossing of 674, 687
Quasdanovich, General Peter von
in Italy 109–10, 111, 119–20
at Rivoli 126, 128
Quatre Bras, battle of (1815) 754
Querelle, Dr, and Cadoudal conspiracy 333, 334–5
Quiberon Bay 60
Raab, battle of (1809) 518
Radet, General Étienne, arrest of Pius VII 530
Radetzky, General Joseph 660–61
Ramleh monastery 188
Rapp, General Jean 268, 287, 535n, 809
Austerlitz 388
and Jena 413
as governor of Danzig 429, 575, 675, 684
in Warsaw 435–6
on N’s divorce from Josephine 536
at Borodino 605
and N’s return (1815) 741
Rastatt, Congress of 150, 151, 154
Ratisbon (Regensburg) 502, 506
storming of 509–10
Raynal, Abbé, Histoire philosophique . . . (1770) 31–2
Réal, Pierre-François 209
Regency, provision for (1813) 640
Regnaud de Saint-Jean D’Angély, Michel 130, 168
and Brumaire coup 209
Régnier, Jacques, writer 316
Reichenbach, Treaty of (1813) 654–5
Reichenbach, Treaty of (1813), Second 659
Reille, General Honoré 660
Waterloo 761, 767
Reims 706, 707
religion, social utility of 272
religious toleration 274 and n, 277
Jews and 403–4
Relingue, General Albert Fouler de 719
Rémusat, Claire de xxxi–xxxiv
Rémusat, Comte Charles de, chamberlain 470
Repnin-Volkonsky, Prince Nikolai 388, 400
Reubell, Jean-François 72
member of Directory 140, 144
Revolutionary Bonapartism (1815) 748
Rey, Captain 627
Rey, General Gabriel 126–7, 128
Reynier, General Jean-Louis
in Egypt 163, 173, 186
and Russian campaign 584–5
Lützen 646
Leipzig 681
Rhine
crossing of (1797) 139
crossing of (1805) 370
French fighting retreat to (1813) 684
Rhine Confederation 405, 406, 407
N as Protector 459
defection of Mecklenburg 644
abolition (1813) 672
Ricard, General, at Lützen 647, 650
Ripaud, Citizen 205
Rivière, Charles, Marquis de 347, 638
Rivoli, battle of (1796) 126–8
Rivoli (Italy) 109–10, 123
roads and road-building 85
Robespierre, Augustin 46, 54, 56
Robespierre, Maximilien, Jacobin leader 32, 55
and Committee of Public Safety 42
and Reign of Terror 44, 54–5
Robinson, Henry Crabbe, on Peace of Amiens 298–9
Rochambeau, Vicomte de 303
Rochechouart, Comte de, on Berezina river 628–9
Rochefort 774
Roederer, Pierre-Louis 211
and Brumaire coup 209, 213
on Conseil 243–4
on religion 272
Rohan, Archbishop Ferdinand de 540
Röhrig, Johann 682
Roliça, battle of (1808) 487
Roman Catholic Church
Revolutionary condemnation of 32–3
and land transfers 270, 273
N’s religious settlement (Concordat) (1800–1801) 270–75
Organic Articles (regulations) 274, 277
Concordat (1813) 639–40
restoration of powers (1814) 727
Roman Catholic Church VI, VII
see also Papacy; Papal States; Pius
Rosetta Stone 205
Rosily-Mesros, Admiral François de 296, 484
Rossbach, battlefield 423
Rossetti, Major Marie-Joseph 591–2
Rostopchin, Fyodor, governor of Moscow 610–11
Rottembourg, General Henri 404
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 8, 13, 22
Rousseau, lamplighter, St Helena 779
Roustam Raza, N’s bodyguard 201, 418, 741, 809
at Eylau 444
and abdication 715
and N’s attempted suicide 716
Route Napoléon (to Grenoble) 732, 733, 734–7
Routier, Colonel Léon-Michel 738
Roverbella (Italy) 110
Rovereto (Italy) 115
Rowlandson, Thomas 317
Royal Navy 162, 430n
at Toulon 47, 48
Quiberon Bay 60
evacuation of Corsica 124–5
Acre 192
blockades 211, 327, 375, 427–31
and evacuation of Genoa (1800) 257
French fear of 297
capture of Spanish bullion ship 350–51
and N on Elba 726
N’s surrender to 774, 776–7
see also Nelson, Admiral Lord
Royalists
Chouan (in Vendée) 43, 57, 288, 290
and Directory 144–5
purge of (1797) 147–8
revolts 211
Rüchel, General Ernst von 410
Rumbold, Sir George, diplomat 351
Rumiantsev, Count Nikolai 489, 538, 568
rural communes, and parish clergy 271
Rusca, General Jean-Baptiste 125
Russell, Lord John, Elba 725
Russia
and Turkey 185, 550
and Second Coalition 212, 237
and League of Armed Neutrality 286–7, 296
peace with Britain 296
and d’Enghien affair 339
and Third Coalition 358
and Prussia 407, 410, 412, 426, 569, 637, 642–4
relations with France 410, 542
N’s plans for 425
and Tilsit 459–61
effect of Continental System on 490–91, 549
and Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809) 532–3
and French annexation of Oldenburg 556–7, 564
economy 557
and Austria 569
serfs 615
winters 616–17
invasion of Pomerania (1813) 638
Russian army 426 and n
Austerlitz 367–8, 375, 377–8, 381
Eylau 438, 444
size 549, 562, 567–8, 594, 615, 643
reforms (1811) 562–3, 571
generals 579
disposition 580–81
strategic withdrawal from Poland and Lithuania 581, 585, 586
Cossacks
615, 629, 695
advance into Prussia (1812–13) 638–9, 644
losses in 1812 war 638
and 1814 campaign 704, 707
Russian campaign (1812), French army 556–79, 583–4, 639
advance towards Poland, Grande Armée at the Elbe 572
N at Dresden 574–5
N’s strategy for 575–6
bulletins 576, 629–30
weather, heat 578, 581, 584, 593–4; cold and snow 584–5, 589, 616–17, 621–2
supply problems 587–8, 590–91, 621–2
typhus 588–90
army administration 600–601
capture of foragers 600
Borodino 601, 604, 606–8
in Moscow 610–17
Grande Armée losses 612
N’s options after Moscow 612–13, 619–21
retreat from Moscow 617–31, 634–5
council of war (at Gorodnya) 619–21
conditions 623–5
N’s return to Paris 630–31, 634
Ruty, General Charles-Étienne 25
Saalfeld, battle of (1806) 415
Sacken, General von 699–700, 702
Sahuguet, General Jean-Joseph de 114
St Helena 782
decision about N’s exile on 776–7
N’s staff 779
voyage to 779–81
Longwood 781–2, 784–5
limited news 785
costs of imprisonment 788–9
N’s daily routine 790–91
visitors and interviews 791–2
library 802
St Napoleon, saint’s day 406
St Petersburg, Treaty of (1805) 358
Saint-Aignan, Baron de 685
Saint-Chamans, Colonel Alfred de 446
Saint-Cloud, palace of 217–18
Saint-Cyr, General Claude Carra
Marengo 264
Aspern 514
Wagram 522
Saint-Cyr, Marshal Laurent de Gouvion 327, 344, 345, 364
Russia 596
Dresden 665, 668, 669, 670, 675
at Töplitz 672
and N (1815) 743
Saint-Denis, Louis-Étienne (‘Mamluk Ali’) 741, 758
St Helena 779
Saint-Dizier, N at 707, 708
Saint-Domingue, expedition after slave revolt (1802–3) 300–303
Saint-Hilaire, Étienne, zoologist 165
Saint-Hilaire, General
Austerlitz 385, 388, 390
Jena 419
Eylau 442, 443
Aspern 514
Saint-Just, Louis, and Committee of Public Safety 42
Saint-Régant, Robinault de 287
Saint-Sulpice, General 508
Salamanca, battle of (1812) 599–600
Saliceti, Antoine-Christophe, Corsican deputy to National Assembly 30–31, 37
arrest of Paoli 44
exile from Corsica 44–5
as political commissioner 47, 51, 55
and Army of Italy 87
and re-occupation of Corsica 124
and N’s political powers 142
Salò, Lake Garda 109
Saltanovka (Mohilev), battle of (1812) 592
Salvetat, Anne Hippolyte Boutet (Mademoiselle Mars) 747
Samhoud, battle of (1799) 185
San Ildefonso, Convention of 286, 324
Santarém (Portugal) 546
Santini, usher-barber, St Helena 779
Saragossa
French siege of 480–81, 484, 486
revolt under Palafox 484
fall of (1809) 501
Sardinia, expedition to ‘liberate’ (1793) 43
Sarrazin, General Jean, Confession of General Buonaparte (1811) 67
Sauret, General Pierre-François 109, 114, 121
savants (intellectuals)
Egyptian campaign (1798–9) 165, 167, 179–80, 183–4, 201, 203, 205
Légion d’Honneur for 349
Savary, Anne-Jean-Marie-René, Desaix’s aide-de-camp 268, 808
and arrest of Pius VII 530
as chief of police 548, 623, 703
and N’s return (1815) 741
Saxe, Marshal de 366
Schadow, Johann Gottfried, caricaturist 317, 460
Scharnhorst, General von 642–3
Scheler, General von 590–91
Schérer, General Barthélemy 57, 210–11
Schimmelpenninck, Grand Pensionary 398
Schneidhart, battle of (1809) 506
Schönbrunn palace 376
Schönbrunn, Treaty of (1805) 392, 407
Schönbrunn, Treaty of (1809) 532–3
School of Artillery, at Auxonne 24–6
Schwarzenberg, Prince Karl von, Austrian ambassador 541, 570, 810
ball for N’s wedding to Marie Louise 542–3
and Russian campaign 584–5, 634
Russia 596, 609, 616
and Army of Bohemia (1813–14) 663, 665, 693, 701
Dresden 665, 668, 670–71
and Leipzig 674, 675, 676, 677, 681
and 1814 campaign 694, 695
at Arcis 707
and fall of Paris 709
scorched earth policies
Holy Land 198
Torres Vedras 546, 586
Russia 586
Sébastiani, Colonel Horace 218, 219
Levant tour 312–13, 319
in Turkey 410
Sebottendorf, General, Austrian army 90
Second Coalition, War of 211
start of 187
Second Polish War see Russian campaign (1812)
‘Sections’, rising of (Vendémiaire) (1795) 64–7
security laws 290
Ségur, Octave 600, 808
Ségur, Comte Louis-Philippe de 242, 347
Ségur, Comte Philippe de, aide-de-camp 242, 342, 347, 373, 620–21
on Cadoudal conspiracy 333
Selim III, Sultan 161–2, 176, 186
Sénarmont, General Alexandre-Antoine 25, 436
in Poland 436
Friedland 454–5
in Spain 531
Senate
1799 Constitution 235–6
increased powers 312
1813 session 641–2
and Frankfurt peace terms 686
oath of allegiance to N (1815) 750
sénatus-consulte, use of 289, 306–7
Serbelloni, Duke of 95, 145
Sérurier, General Jean 74–5, 89, 114, 121, 709
and siege of Mantua 109, 126
as honorary marshal 344n
Seurre, riot (1789) 26
Seventh Coalition 746
declaration of war 748–9
and Treaty of Vienna (1815) 750
al-Sharqawi, Sheikh 173
Shephard, Rev. William 88
Shoberl, Frederic, British journalist 674
Sieyès, Abbé Emmanuel 65
and Brumaire coup 210–11, 217, 218–19, 222
as consul 225, 231–2
and appointment of consuls 234
as president of Senate 234
Simonyi, Colonel Josef 701n
Sinai desert 187
Sinai, Mount 183–4
Sisteron 734–5
Sixth Coalition 643–4
Treaties of Reichenbach 654–5, 659
Austria and 663, 693, 694, 695, 701
Treaty of Chaumont (1814) 703–4
Vienna Declaration (1815) 737
Sixth Coalition, War of
Lützen 646, 647, 650–51
Bautzen 651–4
>
Treaty of Reichenbach 654–5
Allied strategy 660–61
1814 campaign 693–709, 696–7
N’s personal command 693–4
slave trade
reintroduction 301–2
abolition (1815) 745
Smith, Commodore Sir Sidney 259, 340, 350, 810
at Acre 192, 196
Smith, Sir Spencer 310, 334, 337
Smithson, James 310
Smolensk 594–5, 598
N’s decision to move on 594–6
choice of routes to 619–21
return to 624–5
Smolensk, battle of (Manoeuvre) (1812) 596–7
Smorgoniye (Russia) 630
smuggling, of British goods 429–30, 530, 556
Sniadecki, Jan, astronomer at Vilnius 581, 584
social reforms 279–81
Société des Antiquaires de France 14
Society of the Friends of the Constitution 30, 36
soldiers
N’s relations with 79–80, 380, 382, 432, 510
N’s concern for 125–6, 134–7
care of wounded 135–6, 434–5
conditions in Poland 434
suicides (1806) 434
desertions in Russia 590
suicides in Russia 590, 622
prisoners-of-war in Russia 621, 622, 631
Solignac, General 348
Soltyk, Count Roman 581, 601
Somosierra, battle of (1808) 495
Sor, Charlotte de xxxiv
Sorbier, General Jean, Borodino 607
Sorbonne university 281
Souham, General Joseph 335
at Lützen 647, 650
Soult, Marshal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu 249, 344, 655, 808
and invasion of England 328
Austerlitz 380, 383, 384, 385, 388, 389, 390
Jena 414–15, 418, 419, 420
in Prussia 426
Eylau 442–3
Friedland 450
in Spain 494, 496, 500, 660
against Wellington in France (1814) 688
Orthez 703
as war minister (1815) 736–7
and N (1815) 743
and Waterloo campaign 754, 755, 756-7; aftermath 770–71
Spain
declaration of war 41–2
and Convention of San Ildefonso 286
and N’s overthrow of Portuguese monarchy 474–5
weakness of 474–5, 479
guerrilla war against French 481–2, 494, 566
new constitution (1808) 483–4
and French defeat at Bailén 485–6
insurrection against Joseph 486
French army in 493–7, 566
see also Peninsular War
Spandau, surrender of 422
Spanish navy, N’s interest in 479, 484
Spencer, Walter 333–4
Speranski, Count Mikhail 295
Stadion, Count Johann von 377, 655
Staël, Madame Germaine de xxxvi, 157–8, 307, 460–61n, 745–6
Standelet, Commodore Pierre-Jean 193
Napoleon Page 121