Napoleon

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Napoleon Page 121

by Andrew Roberts


  alliance with Austria and Russia 375, 377

  and France 392, 407, 410

  and Russia 407, 410, 412, 426, 569, 637

  advance into 408–9, 413–16

  ultimatum to France (1806) 411–12

  French advance through 422–4

  and Tilsit 456, 459–61

  and Continental System 459

  major reforms 642–3

  treaty with Russia 642–4

  and Sixth Coalition 663–4, 693, 700–701, 705

  Prussian army 414–15

  and Russian campaign 570

  modernization 643

  Waterloo 754, 755, 764–5

  Prussian campaign 391–421

  Publiciste (journal) 243

  Pultusk, battle of (1806) 433–4

  Puthod, General Jacques, Plagwitz 672

  Pyrenees, Wellington’s crossing of 674, 687

  Quasdanovich, General Peter von

  in Italy 109–10, 111, 119–20

  at Rivoli 126, 128

  Quatre Bras, battle of (1815) 754

  Querelle, Dr, and Cadoudal conspiracy 333, 334–5

  Quiberon Bay 60

  Raab, battle of (1809) 518

  Radet, General Étienne, arrest of Pius VII 530

  Radetzky, General Joseph 660–61

  Ramleh monastery 188

  Rapp, General Jean 268, 287, 535n, 809

  Austerlitz 388

  and Jena 413

  as governor of Danzig 429, 575, 675, 684

  in Warsaw 435–6

  on N’s divorce from Josephine 536

  at Borodino 605

  and N’s return (1815) 741

  Rastatt, Congress of 150, 151, 154

  Ratisbon (Regensburg) 502, 506

  storming of 509–10

  Raynal, Abbé, Histoire philosophique . . . (1770) 31–2

  Réal, Pierre-François 209

  Regency, provision for (1813) 640

  Regnaud de Saint-Jean D’Angély, Michel 130, 168

  and Brumaire coup 209

  Régnier, Jacques, writer 316

  Reichenbach, Treaty of (1813) 654–5

  Reichenbach, Treaty of (1813), Second 659

  Reille, General Honoré 660

  Waterloo 761, 767

  Reims 706, 707

  religion, social utility of 272

  religious toleration 274 and n, 277

  Jews and 403–4

  Relingue, General Albert Fouler de 719

  Rémusat, Claire de xxxi–xxxiv

  Rémusat, Comte Charles de, chamberlain 470

  Repnin-Volkonsky, Prince Nikolai 388, 400

  Reubell, Jean-François 72

  member of Directory 140, 144

  Revolutionary Bonapartism (1815) 748

  Rey, Captain 627

  Rey, General Gabriel 126–7, 128

  Reynier, General Jean-Louis

  in Egypt 163, 173, 186

  and Russian campaign 584–5

  Lützen 646

  Leipzig 681

  Rhine

  crossing of (1797) 139

  crossing of (1805) 370

  French fighting retreat to (1813) 684

  Rhine Confederation 405, 406, 407

  N as Protector 459

  defection of Mecklenburg 644

  abolition (1813) 672

  Ricard, General, at Lützen 647, 650

  Ripaud, Citizen 205

  Rivière, Charles, Marquis de 347, 638

  Rivoli, battle of (1796) 126–8

  Rivoli (Italy) 109–10, 123

  roads and road-building 85

  Robespierre, Augustin 46, 54, 56

  Robespierre, Maximilien, Jacobin leader 32, 55

  and Committee of Public Safety 42

  and Reign of Terror 44, 54–5

  Robinson, Henry Crabbe, on Peace of Amiens 298–9

  Rochambeau, Vicomte de 303

  Rochechouart, Comte de, on Berezina river 628–9

  Rochefort 774

  Roederer, Pierre-Louis 211

  and Brumaire coup 209, 213

  on Conseil 243–4

  on religion 272

  Rohan, Archbishop Ferdinand de 540

  Röhrig, Johann 682

  Roliça, battle of (1808) 487

  Roman Catholic Church

  Revolutionary condemnation of 32–3

  and land transfers 270, 273

  N’s religious settlement (Concordat) (1800–1801) 270–75

  Organic Articles (regulations) 274, 277

  Concordat (1813) 639–40

  restoration of powers (1814) 727

  Roman Catholic Church VI, VII

  see also Papacy; Papal States; Pius

  Rosetta Stone 205

  Rosily-Mesros, Admiral François de 296, 484

  Rossbach, battlefield 423

  Rossetti, Major Marie-Joseph 591–2

  Rostopchin, Fyodor, governor of Moscow 610–11

  Rottembourg, General Henri 404

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 8, 13, 22

  Rousseau, lamplighter, St Helena 779

  Roustam Raza, N’s bodyguard 201, 418, 741, 809

  at Eylau 444

  and abdication 715

  and N’s attempted suicide 716

  Route Napoléon (to Grenoble) 732, 733, 734–7

  Routier, Colonel Léon-Michel 738

  Roverbella (Italy) 110

  Rovereto (Italy) 115

  Rowlandson, Thomas 317

  Royal Navy 162, 430n

  at Toulon 47, 48

  Quiberon Bay 60

  evacuation of Corsica 124–5

  Acre 192

  blockades 211, 327, 375, 427–31

  and evacuation of Genoa (1800) 257

  French fear of 297

  capture of Spanish bullion ship 350–51

  and N on Elba 726

  N’s surrender to 774, 776–7

  see also Nelson, Admiral Lord

  Royalists

  Chouan (in Vendée) 43, 57, 288, 290

  and Directory 144–5

  purge of (1797) 147–8

  revolts 211

  Rüchel, General Ernst von 410

  Rumbold, Sir George, diplomat 351

  Rumiantsev, Count Nikolai 489, 538, 568

  rural communes, and parish clergy 271

  Rusca, General Jean-Baptiste 125

  Russell, Lord John, Elba 725

  Russia

  and Turkey 185, 550

  and Second Coalition 212, 237

  and League of Armed Neutrality 286–7, 296

  peace with Britain 296

  and d’Enghien affair 339

  and Third Coalition 358

  and Prussia 407, 410, 412, 426, 569, 637, 642–4

  relations with France 410, 542

  N’s plans for 425

  and Tilsit 459–61

  effect of Continental System on 490–91, 549

  and Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809) 532–3

  and French annexation of Oldenburg 556–7, 564

  economy 557

  and Austria 569

  serfs 615

  winters 616–17

  invasion of Pomerania (1813) 638

  Russian army 426 and n

  Austerlitz 367–8, 375, 377–8, 381

  Eylau 438, 444

  size 549, 562, 567–8, 594, 615, 643

  reforms (1811) 562–3, 571

  generals 579

  disposition 580–81

  strategic withdrawal from Poland and Lithuania 581, 585, 586

  Cossacks
615, 629, 695

  advance into Prussia (1812–13) 638–9, 644

  losses in 1812 war 638

  and 1814 campaign 704, 707

  Russian campaign (1812), French army 556–79, 583–4, 639

  advance towards Poland, Grande Armée at the Elbe 572

  N at Dresden 574–5

  N’s strategy for 575–6

  bulletins 576, 629–30

  weather, heat 578, 581, 584, 593–4; cold and snow 584–5, 589, 616–17, 621–2

  supply problems 587–8, 590–91, 621–2

  typhus 588–90

  army administration 600–601

  capture of foragers 600

  Borodino 601, 604, 606–8

  in Moscow 610–17

  Grande Armée losses 612

  N’s options after Moscow 612–13, 619–21

  retreat from Moscow 617–31, 634–5

  council of war (at Gorodnya) 619–21

  conditions 623–5

  N’s return to Paris 630–31, 634

  Ruty, General Charles-Étienne 25

  Saalfeld, battle of (1806) 415

  Sacken, General von 699–700, 702

  Sahuguet, General Jean-Joseph de 114

  St Helena 782

  decision about N’s exile on 776–7

  N’s staff 779

  voyage to 779–81

  Longwood 781–2, 784–5

  limited news 785

  costs of imprisonment 788–9

  N’s daily routine 790–91

  visitors and interviews 791–2

  library 802

  St Napoleon, saint’s day 406

  St Petersburg, Treaty of (1805) 358

  Saint-Aignan, Baron de 685

  Saint-Chamans, Colonel Alfred de 446

  Saint-Cloud, palace of 217–18

  Saint-Cyr, General Claude Carra

  Marengo 264

  Aspern 514

  Wagram 522

  Saint-Cyr, Marshal Laurent de Gouvion 327, 344, 345, 364

  Russia 596

  Dresden 665, 668, 669, 670, 675

  at Töplitz 672

  and N (1815) 743

  Saint-Denis, Louis-Étienne (‘Mamluk Ali’) 741, 758

  St Helena 779

  Saint-Dizier, N at 707, 708

  Saint-Domingue, expedition after slave revolt (1802–3) 300–303

  Saint-Hilaire, Étienne, zoologist 165

  Saint-Hilaire, General

  Austerlitz 385, 388, 390

  Jena 419

  Eylau 442, 443

  Aspern 514

  Saint-Just, Louis, and Committee of Public Safety 42

  Saint-Régant, Robinault de 287

  Saint-Sulpice, General 508

  Salamanca, battle of (1812) 599–600

  Saliceti, Antoine-Christophe, Corsican deputy to National Assembly 30–31, 37

  arrest of Paoli 44

  exile from Corsica 44–5

  as political commissioner 47, 51, 55

  and Army of Italy 87

  and re-occupation of Corsica 124

  and N’s political powers 142

  Salò, Lake Garda 109

  Saltanovka (Mohilev), battle of (1812) 592

  Salvetat, Anne Hippolyte Boutet (Mademoiselle Mars) 747

  Samhoud, battle of (1799) 185

  San Ildefonso, Convention of 286, 324

  Santarém (Portugal) 546

  Santini, usher-barber, St Helena 779

  Saragossa

  French siege of 480–81, 484, 486

  revolt under Palafox 484

  fall of (1809) 501

  Sardinia, expedition to ‘liberate’ (1793) 43

  Sarrazin, General Jean, Confession of General Buonaparte (1811) 67

  Sauret, General Pierre-François 109, 114, 121

  savants (intellectuals)

  Egyptian campaign (1798–9) 165, 167, 179–80, 183–4, 201, 203, 205

  Légion d’Honneur for 349

  Savary, Anne-Jean-Marie-René, Desaix’s aide-de-camp 268, 808

  and arrest of Pius VII 530

  as chief of police 548, 623, 703

  and N’s return (1815) 741

  Saxe, Marshal de 366

  Schadow, Johann Gottfried, caricaturist 317, 460

  Scharnhorst, General von 642–3

  Scheler, General von 590–91

  Schérer, General Barthélemy 57, 210–11

  Schimmelpenninck, Grand Pensionary 398

  Schneidhart, battle of (1809) 506

  Schönbrunn palace 376

  Schönbrunn, Treaty of (1805) 392, 407

  Schönbrunn, Treaty of (1809) 532–3

  School of Artillery, at Auxonne 24–6

  Schwarzenberg, Prince Karl von, Austrian ambassador 541, 570, 810

  ball for N’s wedding to Marie Louise 542–3

  and Russian campaign 584–5, 634

  Russia 596, 609, 616

  and Army of Bohemia (1813–14) 663, 665, 693, 701

  Dresden 665, 668, 670–71

  and Leipzig 674, 675, 676, 677, 681

  and 1814 campaign 694, 695

  at Arcis 707

  and fall of Paris 709

  scorched earth policies

  Holy Land 198

  Torres Vedras 546, 586

  Russia 586

  Sébastiani, Colonel Horace 218, 219

  Levant tour 312–13, 319

  in Turkey 410

  Sebottendorf, General, Austrian army 90

  Second Coalition, War of 211

  start of 187

  Second Polish War see Russian campaign (1812)

  ‘Sections’, rising of (Vendémiaire) (1795) 64–7

  security laws 290

  Ségur, Octave 600, 808

  Ségur, Comte Louis-Philippe de 242, 347

  Ségur, Comte Philippe de, aide-de-camp 242, 342, 347, 373, 620–21

  on Cadoudal conspiracy 333

  Selim III, Sultan 161–2, 176, 186

  Sénarmont, General Alexandre-Antoine 25, 436

  in Poland 436

  Friedland 454–5

  in Spain 531

  Senate

  1799 Constitution 235–6

  increased powers 312

  1813 session 641–2

  and Frankfurt peace terms 686

  oath of allegiance to N (1815) 750

  sénatus-consulte, use of 289, 306–7

  Serbelloni, Duke of 95, 145

  Sérurier, General Jean 74–5, 89, 114, 121, 709

  and siege of Mantua 109, 126

  as honorary marshal 344n

  Seurre, riot (1789) 26

  Seventh Coalition 746

  declaration of war 748–9

  and Treaty of Vienna (1815) 750

  al-Sharqawi, Sheikh 173

  Shephard, Rev. William 88

  Shoberl, Frederic, British journalist 674

  Sieyès, Abbé Emmanuel 65

  and Brumaire coup 210–11, 217, 218–19, 222

  as consul 225, 231–2

  and appointment of consuls 234

  as president of Senate 234

  Simonyi, Colonel Josef 701n

  Sinai desert 187

  Sinai, Mount 183–4

  Sisteron 734–5

  Sixth Coalition 643–4

  Treaties of Reichenbach 654–5, 659

  Austria and 663, 693, 694, 695, 701

  Treaty of Chaumont (1814) 703–4

  Vienna Declaration (1815) 737

  Sixth Coalition, War of

  Lützen 646, 647, 650–51

  Bautzen 651–4
>
  Treaty of Reichenbach 654–5

  Allied strategy 660–61

  1814 campaign 693–709, 696–7

  N’s personal command 693–4

  slave trade

  reintroduction 301–2

  abolition (1815) 745

  Smith, Commodore Sir Sidney 259, 340, 350, 810

  at Acre 192, 196

  Smith, Sir Spencer 310, 334, 337

  Smithson, James 310

  Smolensk 594–5, 598

  N’s decision to move on 594–6

  choice of routes to 619–21

  return to 624–5

  Smolensk, battle of (Manoeuvre) (1812) 596–7

  Smorgoniye (Russia) 630

  smuggling, of British goods 429–30, 530, 556

  Sniadecki, Jan, astronomer at Vilnius 581, 584

  social reforms 279–81

  Société des Antiquaires de France 14

  Society of the Friends of the Constitution 30, 36

  soldiers

  N’s relations with 79–80, 380, 382, 432, 510

  N’s concern for 125–6, 134–7

  care of wounded 135–6, 434–5

  conditions in Poland 434

  suicides (1806) 434

  desertions in Russia 590

  suicides in Russia 590, 622

  prisoners-of-war in Russia 621, 622, 631

  Solignac, General 348

  Soltyk, Count Roman 581, 601

  Somosierra, battle of (1808) 495

  Sor, Charlotte de xxxiv

  Sorbier, General Jean, Borodino 607

  Sorbonne university 281

  Souham, General Joseph 335

  at Lützen 647, 650

  Soult, Marshal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu 249, 344, 655, 808

  and invasion of England 328

  Austerlitz 380, 383, 384, 385, 388, 389, 390

  Jena 414–15, 418, 419, 420

  in Prussia 426

  Eylau 442–3

  Friedland 450

  in Spain 494, 496, 500, 660

  against Wellington in France (1814) 688

  Orthez 703

  as war minister (1815) 736–7

  and N (1815) 743

  and Waterloo campaign 754, 755, 756-7; aftermath 770–71

  Spain

  declaration of war 41–2

  and Convention of San Ildefonso 286

  and N’s overthrow of Portuguese monarchy 474–5

  weakness of 474–5, 479

  guerrilla war against French 481–2, 494, 566

  new constitution (1808) 483–4

  and French defeat at Bailén 485–6

  insurrection against Joseph 486

  French army in 493–7, 566

  see also Peninsular War

  Spandau, surrender of 422

  Spanish navy, N’s interest in 479, 484

  Spencer, Walter 333–4

  Speranski, Count Mikhail 295

  Stadion, Count Johann von 377, 655

  Staël, Madame Germaine de xxxvi, 157–8, 307, 460–61n, 745–6

  Standelet, Commodore Pierre-Jean 193

 

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