(1877) 253
(1881) 257, 260, 344
(1885) 257, 260, 344
(1889) 264
(1893) 268, 270, 302
(1898) 275, 356
(1902) 281, 282, 360
(1906) 281, 284, 360
(1910) 281, 285
(1914) 281, 288
Empire, First (1804–15)
political system 61–3
political elites 60–61, 107
religion 6, 12, 29, 32
liberalization 42
foreign policy 32–5, 37–8
Empire, Second (1852–70)
political system 61–3
political elites 60–61, 107
religion 138
economic boom 86–7, 88
urban development 86–7
liberalization 9, 63–5
foreign policy 63, 198, 202–3
Enfantin, Prosper, utopian 161–2
Enghien, Duc d’ (executed 1805) 31
Entente Cordiale, the (1904) 425, 435
Erckmann, Émile, writer 295
Esquiros, Alphonse, republican 234
Esterhazy, Major Ferdinand 273
Estourbeillon, Marquis de l’, regionalist 301
Étienne, Eugène, colonialist 13, 421, 422, 425
Eudes, Émile, revolutionary 241, 258, 259, 263
Eugénie, Empress 61, 87, 153, 198, 226
exhibitions, international
(1855) 194–5, 196
(1867) 151, 195
(1889) 292, 333, 397
(1900) 292, 320, 424
Eylau, battle of (1807) 33, 34
Fabre, Joseph, politician 352
Fallières, Armand, president of the Republic 280, 286
Falloux, Comte Alfred de, royalist 55, 58, 60, 62, 85, 86, 89, 239, 247, 248, 249
Fashoda crisis (1898) 422–3
Faubourg Saint-Germain 74, 81, 110, 115–16, 146, 335, 336
Faucher, Léon, economist 209, 210
Faure, Félix, president of the Republic 272, 274, 276
Faure, Maurice, politician 306
Faure, Sébastien, anarchist 269
Fauré, Gabriel, composer 399
Favre, Jules, politician 52–3, 63, 231, 232, 238, 362
Fayard, Joseph, publisher 414
Federation of Agricultural Workers of the Midi 316
Federation of Landworkers 316
Fédération des Bourses du Travail (1892) 266, 270, 282
Fédération des Travailleurs Socialistes de France, or Possibilists (1882) 258, 266
Fédération Nationale des Syndicats 267, 270
Fédération Républicaine (1902) 281, 307
Fédération Régionaliste Française (1900) 301, 307
Félibrige, the 297–9, 300, 316
Félix, Élisa-Rachel, actress, 179
Fénéon, Félix, art critic 269, 394, 396, 397
Ferdinand VII, king of Spain 47
Ferré, Théophile, revolutionary 241
Ferroul, Ernest, mayor of Narbonne 316
Ferry, Jules, politician
republican opposition 9, 63, 87, 89
marriage 256
mayor of Paris 235, 237, 240, 259
political base 256
education reforms of 10, 254, 342–4, 345
prime minister 255, 257, 260, 321
colonial projects 416, 418
and presidency of the Republic 261–2
Fesch, Cardinal, archbishop of Lyon 32
Fête de la Fédération (1790) 4
Fez, Treaty of (1912) 431
Fieschi, Joseph, conspirator 53
Fiévée, Joseph, polemicist 143, 207–8
Flahaut, Comtesse de 116
Flamidien Affair (1899) 346–7
Flanders 124–5, 346, 355
Flaubert, Gustave
early career 189
Madame Bovary 189–90, 191–2, 329
Salammbô 224
Sentimental Education 190–91
Temptation of St Antony 244
and George Sand 148–9, 191, 233, 244, 296
travels in France 79
on Italy 202
visits the Orient 189, 223–4
in 1870–71 233, 244, 245
in Third Republic 391, 392
death 391
Floquet, Charles, politician 10, 63, 256, 264
Flourens, Gustave, revolutionary 237, 240, 241
Fokine, Michel, Russian choreographer 15
Folies Bergère 237, 407
football 408, 409
Forbach, battle of (1870) 230
Fouché, Joseph
representative on mission 22
minister of police (1799) 25, 29, 31
and Napoleon 34
at Restoration 42, 43
Fougères 319, 328, 329, 374
Fouillée, Augustine, writer 296
Fould, Achille, banker and politician 58
Fould, Benedict, banker 60
Foulon, Louis, cartoonist 405–6
Fourmies, massacre at (1891) 267, 419
France, Anatole, writer 397, 398, 402
Franche-Comté
and counter-revolution 71–2
peasantry of 93
religious life in 125
Francis II, emperor of Austria 33
Frankfurt, Treaty of (1871) 410, 411
Franqueville, Charles de 4, 107
Frederick the Great 33, 206, 337
Frederick William III, King of Prussia 38
freemasons 242–3, 283, 356, 424
Frégier, Honoré-Antoine, writer 80–81, 82
Fréjus 19, 27
Frémiet, Emmanuel, sculptor 13, 338, 391
French League for Women’s Rights (1882) 382, 383
French Union for Women’s Suffrage (1907) 387
Freppel, Mgr Charles-Émile, bishop and politician 393–4
Freycinet, Charles de, technician and politician 232, 252, 259, 260, 342
Friedland, battle of (1807) 33, 186
Froeschwiller, battle of (1870) 230
Froment, Pierre, polemicist 356
Frotté, Louis de, royalist 2, 26, 30
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, historian 11, 412, 413, 415
Gaboriau, Émile, writer 7, 193
Galliéni, General Joseph-Simon 13, 415, 416, 421, 422, 423, 424
Gallifet, General Gaston 278
Gambetta, Léon
early career 106, 353
republican opposition 64, 90, 397
republican dictator (1870–71) 231–4, 252, 290
republican orator (1871–7) 239–47, 250, 252, 280, 340, 341, 411
republican politician (1877–82) 254, 255, 256, 260, 279, 397
Gard 73–4
Garnier, Abbé 355
Gauguin, Paul, artist 395, 396
Gautier, Théophile, artist and poet 75, 145, 188, 218–19, 236, 391
Gay, Delphine see Girardin, Delphine de
Gay, Sophie 145, 170, 172
Gayraud, Abbé Hippolyte 355
generations
revolutionary (born c. 1760) 3–6
Romantic (born c. 1800) 6–9
Realist (born c. 1830) 9–11, 339
of rejuvenators (born c. 1860) 11–13
of sacrifice (born c. 1890) 13–15
Gent, Alphonse 9, 234
George, Stefan, poet 394
Gérard, Baron François, artist 172, 183, 184
Géricault, Théodore, artist 184, 185
Germany
under Napoleonic rule 33, 34, 205
French views of 203–7
German Confederation 205
German unification 207
and war of 1870–71 65, 230–31, 233, 410–11
revanche against 411–12, 413
colonial deals with 416–17, 421
war scare (1887) 418
and Morocco crises 3, 14, 425–6, 430–32
and outbreak of war (1914) 433–6
Gérôme, Jean-Léon, artist 196–7, 198,
391
Giard, Alfred, politician 317
Gide, André, writer 12, 394, 402
Girardin, Delphine de 8–9, 145–6, 160–61, 172, 173, 383
Girardin, Émile de 146, 173, 174, 176
Girodet, Anne-Louis, artist, 183
Girondins 54
Gobineau, Arthur de 11, 291
goguettes 180, 406
Goncourt, Edmond de, writer 190, 197, 236, 238, 242, 244, 245, 298, 391, 392, 406
Goncourt, Jules de, writer 190, 197, 236, 391
Goncourt Prize 452
Goudeau, Émile, impresario 15, 406
Gouges, Olympe de, revolutionary 158
Gould, Anna, American heiress 276, 335, 371
Gounod, Charles, composer 88, 194, 391, 397
Gramont, Agénor, Duc de, foreign minister 65, 335
Granger, Ernest, revolutionary 258, 259
Grave, Jean, anarchist 269, 270, 397
Great Britain
and revolutionary–Napoleonic wars 19–21, 25, 33
French views of 207–10
and crisis of 1840 221
colonial rivalry with 416–17, 421–3
Entente Cordiale with (1904) 425, 435
Greffulhe, Comtesse Élisabeth de 336, 401
Grégoire, Abbé 46
Grenoble 36, 40, 78
Grévy, Jules, president of the Republic 254, 260–62
Gros, Baron Antoine-Jean, artist 175, 183, 184, 186
Grunebaum-Ballin, Paul 359
Guéhenno, Jean, writer 328–9
Guérin, Jules, anti-Semite 10, 275, 276, 278, 279
Guérin, Marguerite, trader 103
Guesde, Jules, socialist 258, 259, 267, 268, 270, 274, 275, 281, 288, 302, 346
Guibert, Yvette, singer 407
Guillaumin, Émile, peasant writer 311–12, 316
Guizot, François
and restored monarchy 39, 40, 45, 48–9
and July Monarchy 50, 51, 53, 54, 115, 221
Empire 63
education reforms of 103–4, 395
gymnastics 408–9
Gyp, writer 364–6, 384
Hachette, Louis, publisher 192, 306
Hamilton, Anna, nursing reformer 380
Hanska, Countess Anna de 173
Haussez, Baron d’ 209
Haussmann, Baron Georges 61, 82–4, 86–7
Haussonville, Comte d’ 116
Hayward, Léon, publicist 15, 405
Hazebrouck 124, 355
Hénon, Louis, Lyon politician 89, 234, 242, 290
Henri I V, king of France 44, 249
Henry, Émile, anarchist 269
Henry, Colonel Hubert Joseph 276, 306, 384
Héricourt, Jenny d’, feminist 6, 164–5, 381
Herr, Lucien, intellectual 10, 268
Herriot, Édouard, politician 304, 328, 329
Hersert, Louis, artist 145, 184
Hervé, Gustave, socialist 427, 432, 435
Herz, Cornelius, promoter 265
Hetzel, P.-J., publisher 403
Hohenlinden, battle of (1800) 32
Holy Roman Empire, dissolution of (1806) 33
horse-racing 15
Houdin, Robert, conjuror 15, 407
Hugo, Victor
family background 8, 38
and restored monarchy 53, 55, 169–70
and Napoleon I 55
and Napoleon III 59, 236
and Catholic Church 138
and Third Republic 231–2, 237, 238, 252, 342
Hernani 145, 170, 171, 178
Marion Delorme 170
Notre-Dame de Paris 171
travels in France 66–7, 308
younger writers and 189, 190
Huysmans, Joris-Karl, writer 392, 394, 396, 406
Ibsen, Henrik, Norwegian playwright 396
Impressionists 197, 392–3, 395
India 20
Indo-China 13, 418, 425
industry
automobile 319, 334
clothing 156–7, 373–4
coal 94, 114, 317–18, 320, 322, 372
female labour in 155–7, 374–5
iron and steel 315–21
mechanization of 319–20
printing 320, 375
textile 94, 15–7, 319, 320, 373
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, artist 183, 185, 186, 187
instituteurs see teachers, primary
International Antimilitarist Association (1904) 426–7
International, Second Socialist (1889) 267, 434
International Workers’ Association (1866)
under Second Empire 10, 101
in 1870–71 234, 239, 243
banned (1872) 248
anti-authoritarian 258
Italy
French rule in 5, 20, 34, 199–201
under Austrian rule (1814–59) 201–2
French support for Papacy (1849) 138
French support for national unifi cation 138, 202–3, 231
French views of 199–203
migrants from 318–19, 321
Jacobin dictatorship (1793–4) 5
Jacobins
in opposition to Directory 21, 22–5, 27
Children of the Revolution Page 65
