in opposition to Napoleon 29
and Paris Commune 241, 243
and socialism 258
in Third Republic 300, 307–8
Jaluzot, Jules, storeowner 324
Jarry, Alfred, writer 401
Jasset, Victorin, film-maker 408
Jaurès, Jean, socialist leader
early career of 268
and democratic socialism 12, 268, 281, 282–3, 284, 288, 302
and Dreyfus Affair 274, 275
and antimilitarism 287
and patriotism 427, 434
assassination of (1914) 435
Jefferson, Thomas, American president 211, 212
Jena, battle of (1806) 33, 186
Jesuits
expelled (1828) 133
expelled (1880) 342
and education 136, 331, 332, 341, 342, 351, 361
under attack 136
Jews
of Alsace-Lorraine 125–7
Sephardic 113, 350
emancipation of 126
eastern European 319, 349–50
See also anti-Semitism, Dreyfus Affair
Joan of Arc
statue of 1872 414
statue of 1874 338, 341, 415
declared Venerable (1894) 352–3
beatifi ed (1909) 363, 429
in Great War 436, 438, 439, 443
Joanne, Paul, publisher 308–9
Joffre, Marshal Joseph 332, 431, 437, 438
Joinville, Prince de 239
Joubert, General Barthélemy 25
Jouhaux, Léon, labour leader 434, 436
Jourdan, General 21, 24, 25, 29
Loi Jourdan (1798) 21–2
Jugan, Jeanne, nun 149–50
Jullien, Louis-Antoine, musician 180–81
July Monarchy
as political system 51, 53–4, 74
and art 186–7
and women 161
June Days (1848) 8, 9, 10, 56, 82, 85, 100, 137, 240
Kahn, Zadoc, Grand Rabbi 349
Kahnweiler, Daniel-Henry, art dealer 400
Kauffmann, Caroline, feminist 386
Kellermann, General François 32, 35
Kergomard, Pauline, nursery-school reformer 376, 383
Kestner family 256
Ketteler, Wilhelm von, bishop of Mainz 352
Keufer, Auguste, printers’ leader 375
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, Lord 422, 423
La Borderie, Arthur de, historian 88
Labori, Fernand, lawyer 371
Laboulaye, Édouard, politician 251
labour movement 266–70, 282, 284–5, 320–23, 326
Lacombe, Claire, revolutionary 158
Lachaud, Georges, politician 263
Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste-Henri, Dominican 134–5, 137, 194
Lafayette, Marquis de
and American War of Independence 4
and French Revolution 4, 212
and Napoleon 36, 212
US tour of (1824–5) 212
and 1830 Revolution 46–8
Lafargue, Paul, socialist 259, 263, 267
Laffi tte, Jacques, banker and politician 46, 116
Laforgue, Jules, poet 394
Laguerre, Georges, politician 383
Lamarque, General Louis-Gabriel 52
Lamartine, Alphonse de, writer and politician 54, 88, 145, 169, 171, 220–21, 222, 225
Lamber, Juliette see Adam, Juliette
Lamennais, Félicité de, radical priest 8, 132–5, 136, 137, 139, 350
La Messine, Juliette see Adam, Juliette
Lamoignan, Marquis de 114
Langlois, Charles, historian 306, 307
languages, minority 297–8, 304–5
Languedoc 316–17, 318
Lannes, Marshal Jean 32, 34
La Rochejacquelein, Louis de 72
La Rochejacquelein, Marquise de 72–3, 74, 75, 116
La Rochelle, mutiny of (1822) 48
La Salette, shrine 338, 362, 363
Launay, Vicomte de see Girardin, Delphine de
Lavigerie, Cardinal Charles 351
La Villemarqué, Théodore Hersent de, regionalist 75
Lavisse, Ernest, historian 11, 215, 306, 307, 313–14, 423
Lazare, Bernard, anarchist 273, 356
League for Human Regeneration (1898) 368
Le Bail, Georges, politician 359
Leblanc, Maurice, writer 404
Leblois, Louis, lawyer 273
Le Braz, Anatole, regionalist 301
Lebrun, Charles-François, consul 28
Le Chambon-Feugerolles 319–20
Le Chapelier law (1791) 98
Lecomte, General Claude 240
Le Creusot
ironworks in 96
strike (1870) 101
commune in (1871) 242, 289
local government in 303
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, politician 54, 55, 58, 164, 253
Lefebvre, Marshal François Joseph 32–4
Lefebvre, Raymond, socialist 287
Léger, Fernand, artist 400
Legien, Karl, German labour leader 434
Legitimists
in July Monarchy 74–5, 84, 107, 169
in Second Republic 59, 85
in Second Empire 62
in Third Republic 246, 247, 248–50, 251, 257
Lemaître, Frédéric, actor 178
Lemaître, Jules, writer and politician 277, 356, 398, 402
Lemire, Abbé Jules Auguste 355, 366
Leo XIII, Pope (1878–1903) 344, 351, 352
Léon, Léonie, Gambetta’s mistress 256, 412
Léon, Pauline, revolutionary 185
Leroux, Pierre, socialist 108
Leroyer de Chantepie, Mlle 190
Lescure, Louis-Marie, Marquis de, Vendean leader 72
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, diplomat and promoter 225–6, 265
Lesseps, Mathieu de, diplomat 221
Lévy, Calmann 191, 349
Lévy, Michel 191
Lévy, Simon 191
liberals
at the Restoration 46–7, 48–50
in the July Monarchy 51
under the Second Empire 62–5
Lieven, Princesse 53
Ligue de l’Enseignement (1867) 140, 340
Ligue de la Patrie Française (1899) 276–7, 280, 283, 356
Ligue des Droits de l’Homme (1898) 275, 357, 437
Ligue des Patriotes (1882) 261, 262, 264, 276, 417, 418, 422
Ligue du Midi (1870) 234, 289
Ligue Nationale de la Décentralisation (1895) 300
Ligue Patriotique des Françaises (1902) 385
Ligue Syndicale du Travail, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (1888) 324
Lille
industry in 320
politics in 267
Limoges 347
Limousin 95, 102, 124
masons from 95
Linder, Max, film star 408
Liszt, Franz, composer 62, 147, 148
Littré, Émile, lexicographer 192
Lockroy, Édouard, politician 224
Lodi, battle of (1796) 20, 202
Longuet, Charles, socialist 301
Looten, Camille, regionalist 301
Lorraine, ironfi elds in 321
Loti, Pierre, writer 397, 398
Loubet, Émile, president of the Republic (1899–1906) 278, 279, 292, 359
Louis XIV, king of France (1643–1715) 71, 298
Louis XV, king of France (1715–74) 35
Louis XVI, king of France (1774–92) 2
Louis XVIII, king of France (1814–24) 24, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 47, 107
Louis-Philippe, king of the French (1830– 48) 50, 53, 59, 106, 171, 221, 238
Louis, Paul, socialist 426
Lourdes, shrine 130–31, 361
Loynes, Comtesse de 158, 398
Lugné-Poë, Aurélien, theatre director 396
Lumière brothers, cinema pioneers 407
Luynes, Duc de 36
Lyautey, General Hubert 13, 416, 421, 422, 423, 425, 430, 431
Lyon
transport to 76
silk industry 98
silkworkers’ revolts (1831, 1834) 99–100, 113
industrialization 319
rebuilding of 87
in 1870–71 234, 242, 290
local government in 289, 290, 292, 303–4
Macdonald, Marshal Étienne 21, 34, 40
MacMahon, Patrice, president of the Republic (1873–9) 248, 250, 252, 253, 341, 411
Macé, Jean, education reformer 140
Mackau, Baron Armand de, politician 257, 261, 263
Maeterlinck, Maurice, playwright 396, 399
Magne, Pierre, politician 87
Malet, General, conspirator 38
Mallarmé, Stéphane, poet 393–4
Malon, Benoît, socialist 241, 353, 397
Manet, Édouard, artist 188, 197, 198
Mangin, General Charles 13
Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward 252
Marat, Jean-Paul, revolutionary 7, 52
Marchand, Major Jean-Baptiste 277, 422, 423
Maréchal, Sylvain, revolutionary 159
Marengo, battle of (1800) 202
Maret, Abbé Henri 136–7
Margerie, Pierre de, diplomat 332
Marie-Antoinette, queen of France 36, 158
Marie-Louise, empress of the French 37, 159
Maritain, Jacques, Catholic militant 362, 363
Maritain, Raïssa, Catholic militant 362, 363
Marmont, Marshal Auguste 44
Marne, battle of the (1914) 14, 437–8
Mars, Mlle, actress 177, 178
Marseille
transport to 76
commune of (1871) 273, 242, 289, 290
local government in 290, 302–3
Martel de Janville, Comtesse de see Gyp
Marx, Karl 208, 235, 243, 259
Masséna, Marshal André 21, 32, 34
Massis, Henri 363, 433
Mathilde, Princesse 197, 391, 392, 401
Matisse, Henri, artist 400–401
Maugeret, Marie, Catholic feminist 385
Maupassant, Guy de, writer 392, 397, 406
Maurras, Charles
and regionalism 12, 298–9
and nationalism 13, 277, 429
and monarchism 277, 429
and religion 356, 363
and Barrès 269
see also Action Française
Mauté, Mathilde 393
May Day 267, 268
Mazières-en-Gâtine 312–13, 324–25
Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt 221
Méliès, Georges, film-maker 407–8
Méline, Jules, politician 256, 271, 272, 274, 278, 281
Mercet, Émile, banker 334–5
Mercier, General Auguste 274–5
Mérimée, Prosper, writer 78, 147, 172, 391
Metz, surrender of (1870) 231, 233, 237
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, composer 181
Michel, Louise, revolutionary 10, 259, 382, 397
Michelet, Jules, historian 9
tours France 77
History of France 77–8, 138
and Jesuits 138
and Joan of Arc 414
Michelin, André and Édouard, manufacturers 309, 310, 333–4
Midi, disorder in 73–4
Mignet, François, historian 7
Milan 20, 21, 33, 199, 200, 201, 202
Millaud, Polydore, newspaperman 192
Millerand, Alexandre, politician
early career 12, 13, 260, 261, 267, 419
and socialism 268, 383
and Dreyfus Affair 274
Millerand Affair 278, 281, 283, 284, 285
minister of war 286, 287, 288, 431, 432, 438
Minck, Paule, socialist 346–7
Mirecourt, Eugène de, writer 172
Mistral, Frédéric, poet and regionalist 88, 297–9, 300
modernism 390, 393, 396, 397, 399–402
Molé, Mathieu-Louis, politician 35–6
Mommsen, Theodor, historian 412
Monet, Claude, artist 393
Monnier, Henri, dramatist 178–9
Monod, Sarah, philanthropist 385
Montagne, the (1849) 59, 85, 234
Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de, liberal Catholic 89, 125, 134–9, 350
Montcalm, Marquise de, salon hostess 116
Montceau-les-Mines 345–6
Montépin, Xavier de, writer 404
Montesquiou, Robert de, dilettante 336, 401
Montluçon 302
Montpellier 284
Montulé, Édouard de, traveller 209, 210, 216
Moréas, Jean, writer 395
Moreau, General Jean-Victor 21, 30, 31, 32, 38
Morès, Antoine, Marquis de 265
Morny, Charles, Duc de 60, 61, 87–8, 116, 187, 192
Morocco crises (1905) 425–6, (1911–12), 430–31
Moscow, retreat from (1812) 6, 37, 39, 71, 214–15
Motte, Eugène, industrialist and politician 303
Moulin de la Galette 407
Moulin Rouge 407
Mun, Albert de, Catholic politician
and Catholic party 280, 285, 335, 351, 360
and Republic 351, 352
and Dreyfus Affair 272, 274
and Catholic youth 361
Murat, Joachim, marshal and king of Naples 9, 32, 33, 37
Musard, Philippe, musician 180
music
ballet 400
café-concerts 193–4, 406–7
Children of the Revolution Page 66
