1938: Hitler's Gamble
Page 35
166 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 228.
167 Roos, Polen und Europa, 301, 305, 307–8.
168 Roos, Polen und Europa, 319.
169 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 222.
170 Printed in Schmidt, 1938 . . . und was dann?, 296.
171 Haas, ‘Anschluss’, in Talos et al., NS-Herrschaft, 46.
172 Liebmann, Innitzer, 76, 78, 93–4.
173 Cesarani, Eichmann, 63.
174 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 34, 37.
175 Safrian, Eichmann, 37.
176 Engel, ‘Archive des Grauens’.
177 Mang, Mein Name ist Huber, 21.
178 Tina Walzer and Stephan Templ, Unser Wien: ‘Arisierung auf Oesterreichisch, Berlin 2001, 30.
179 Wolfgang Neugebauer, ‘Der NS-Terrorapparat’, in Talos et al., NS-Herrschaft, 730.
180 Troller, fidele Grab, 224.
181 Engel, ‘Archive des Grauens’.
182 Botz, Nationalsozialismus, 316.
183 Tooze, Wages, 246.
184 Walzer and Templ, Unser Wien, 38.
185 Irving, Göring, 218.
186 Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 3rd edn, I, 100–1.
187 Hilberg, Destruction, 3rd edn, I, 118–19.
188 Walzer and Templ, Unser Wien, 39–40.
189 Walzer and Templ, Unser Wien, 40.
190 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 40–1.
191 Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 201.
192 Gerhard Botz, ‘Beseitigung der Arbeitslosigkeit in Wien 1938/1939’, in Stadt Wien, Wien 1938, 190.
193 Botz, Nationalsozialismus, 172.
194 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 254.
195 Schuschnigg, Requiem, 62–3.
196 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 238.
197 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 159.
198 Kley, Hitler, Ribbentrop, 72, 79.
199 Roberts, Holy Fox, 93.
200 Lang, Wolff , 101.
201 Kordt, Nicht aus den Akten, 207.
202 Conwell-Evans, None So Blind, 135.
203 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 221, 237.
204 Quoted in Roger Moorhouse, Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots against the Führer, London 2006, 68.
205 Klemens von Klemperer, German Resistance against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938–1945, Oxford 1992, 24–5.
206 Meehan, The Unnecessary War, 36.
207 Klemperer, German Resistance, 20.
208 Meehan, Unnecessary War, 121–2.
209 Schwerin, junge Generation, 147.
210 Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets: A Berlin Diary 1930–1938, New York 1990, 267.
211 Bodo Scheurig, Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin, ein Konservativer gegen Hitler, Frankfurt am Main 1994, 153.
212 Klemperer, German Resistance, 97–8.
213 Ian Kershaw, Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution, New Haven and London 2008, 55.
214 Hilberg, Destruction, I, 138–42.
215 Reichsgesetzblatt, I, 1938, 338.
216BBD, C11A/7, 6 April 1938.
217 Clare, Last Waltz, 199.
218 PRO TI 5833 580 14 December 1938 607–9.
219 Clare, Last Waltz, 206.
220 Clare, Last Waltz, 205.
221 Safrian, Eichmann, 35.
222 Clare, Last Waltz, 211.
223 Safrian, Eichmann, 44–5.
224 Louise London, Whitehall and the Jews 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy and the Holocaust, Cambridge 2000, 60.
225 London, Whitehall, 66.
226 PRO T1 5833 580, 17 December, 624–5.
227 Safrian, Eichmann, 15.
228 Venus and Wenck, Die Entziehung jüdischen Vermögens, 16.
229 Safrian, Eichmann, 24–5.
230Florian Freund and Hans Safrian, ‘Die Verfolgung der österreichischen Juden’, in Talos et al., NS-Herrschaft, 769.
231 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 108-9.
232 Wolfgang von Weisl, ‘Illegale Transporte’, in Josef Fraenkel, ed., The Jews of Austria, London 1967, 169-70.
233 BBD, Acc 3121 C11/12/2, Norman Bentwich, Report 17 August 1939.
234 BBD, Acc 3121 C11/12/2, Norman Bentwich, Report 17 August 1939.
235 B4/I/34 BBD, Acc/3121/CO2/01/006, 23 March, 3 May, 4 July 1938.
236 BBD, Acc 3121/c11/12/2/1938.
237 PRO W1 6579/3 Extracts from the House of Lords Debate, 14 December 1938, 40-1.
238 Smith, Foley, 106, quoting an interview with Benton made shortly before his death. Interview generously communicated to the author by Michael Smith.
239 PRO FO 371 329, 335–6.
240 Paul Bartop, False Havens: The British Empire and the Holocaust, London 1995, 7–8, 13.
241 Professor Lucian Meysels, note to Christopher Wentworth-Stanley, 2 March 2003.
242 Smith, Foley, 108.
243 Damien McElroy, ‘Family Fights to Clear Stigma that Haunted China’s “Schindler”’, Sunday Telegraph, 10 April 2001.
244 BBD, LMA, B4/1/5; BBD, C11/7/1/4, 21 June 1939.
245 Walter Gardner in Schmidt, 1938 . . . und was dann?, 41.
246 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.
247 BBD, LMA, B4/1/5.
248 BBD, Acc 3121/12/2/1938.
249 Paul Bartop, Australia and the Holocaust 1933–45, 1992, 44, 56, 85.
250 PRO FO 336.
251 PRO FO 371 323, 14 December 1938.
252 Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers 35/144–5.
253 Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers, Church of England Committee for Non-Aryan Christians, Annual Report 1937–38.
254 Lambeth Palace, Headlam Papers 58, to Dowson, 27 October 1933.
255 Lambeth Palace, Headlam Papers 60, 29 October 1935.
256 Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38/1, 12 March 1933.
257 Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers 38, 14–15, 31 March 1933.
258 Quoted in Klemperer, German Resistance, 40.
259 Lambeth Palace, Headlam Papers, Batty to Headlam, 27 November 1935.
260 Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38, 152, 22 March 1938.
261 Quoted in Chandler, ‘Church of England’, 228.
262 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 239.
263 Chandler, ‘Church of England’, 228–9.
264 Chandler, ‘Church of England’, 233; Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38, 178, Batty to Lang, 21 July 1938.
265 Der Stürmer 52, December 1938.
266 Sheila Spielhofer, Dark Tide, 115–16.
267 Lawrence Darton, An Account of the Work of the Friends’ Committee for Refugees and Aliens, First Known as the Germany Committee of the Society of Friends, London (?) 1954, 46–7; FLA, Germany Files, GE9.
268 Catchpool Papers, letter to Sir Robert Vansittart, 16 May 1938.
269 HNN to Emma Cadbury, FLA, Germany Files GE9.
270 Venus and Wenck, Die Entziehung jüdischen Vermögens, 122–3.
271 Catchpool Papers, letter to Lotte Leonhardt, 26 August 1938.
272 Peter Berger, ‘The Gildemeester Organisation for Assistance to Emigrants and the Expulsion of the Jews from Vienna, 1938–1942’, in Terry Gourvish, ed., Business and Politics in Europe: Essays in Honour of Alice Teichova, Cambridge 2003, 215.
273 Venus and Wenck, Die Entziehung jüdischen Vermögens, 124–5.
274 William R. Perl, Operation Action, New York 1983, 45.
275 BBD, C11/12/2 Letter from Prof. Dr D. Cohen, 31 May 1938.
276 Henry Friedlander and Sybil Milton, eds, Archives of the Holocaust, New York and London 1990, 300, 346.
277 Norman Bentwich, The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Austria’, in Josef Fraenkel, ed., The Jews of Austria, London 1967, 469.
278 Gertrude Scholz in ‘Schmidt, 1938 . . . und was dann?, 199.
279 FLA, Germany Files, GE9, Friends’ House; idem, B.G. Lawson to Alec Marsh in Vienna, 14 December 1938. See also Berger in Gourvish, Business and Politics, 217.
280 Perl, Operation Action, 43.
281 Berger in Gouvish, Business and Politics, 225.
282 Berg
er in Gouvish, Business and Politics, 221.
283 Berger in Gouvish, Business and Politics, 227–8, 230–1.
284 Moseley, Mussolinis Shadow, 46.
285 Douglas Reed, Disgrace Abounding, London 1939, 228–9.
286 Reed, Disgrace, 234–5.
287 Der Stürmer 7, February 1938.
288 Scholz and Heinisch, Wiener Pfarrer, 65.
289 Reed, Disgrace, 235–6.
290 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 51–2.
291 Burleigh, Third Reich, 276–7.
292 See, for example, Bernt Engelmann, In Hitler’s Germany – Everyday Life in the Third Reich, trans. Krishna Winton, London 1988, 109.
293 Botz, Nationalsozialismus, 186–7.
294 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 245.
CHAPTER 4: APRIL
1 Neugebauer in Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 16.
2 The full list is printed in Stadt Wien, Wien 1938, 16–17.
3 Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 66.
4 Fritz Bock in Stadt Wien, 1938, 12–13.
5 Neugebauer in Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 21.
6 Heilig, Men Crucified, 78.
7 Fritz Bock in Stadt Wien, 1938, 12.
8 Moser, Juden Verfolgung, 6.
9 Neugebauer in Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 20.
10 Kautsky, Teufel und Verdamte, 193.
11 Neugebauer in Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 20.
12 Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 96.
13 Neugebauer in Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 24.
14 Gedye, Fallen Bastions, 169.
15 Wolfgang Neugebauer, ‘Der NS-Terrorapparat’, in Talos et al., NS-Herrschaft, 725.
16 Catchpool Papers, to W. Arnold Foster, 1 January 1938.
17 Catchpool Papers, to Dr Margery Fry, 7 February 1938.
18 Catchpool Papers, to Dr Margery Fry, 7 February 1938.
19 Benedikt Kautsky, Teufel und Verdamte: Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse aus siebenJahren in deutschen Konzentrationslagern, Zurich 1946, 27.
20 Burleigh, Third Reich, 375–6.
21 Peter Gay, My German Question: Growing Up in Nazi Berlin, New Haven and London 1998, 120–1.
22 Gad Beck with Frank Heibert, An Underground Life, trans. Allison Brown, Madison and London 1999, 32.
23 Der Stürmer 13, April 1938.
24 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 56–7.
25 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 59.
26 Liebmann, Innitzer, 136, 139.
27 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 248.
28 Liebmann, Innitzer, 142.
29 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 254–6.
30 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 258.
31 Botz, Nationalsozialismus, 236.
32 Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen, Diary of a Man in Despair, London 2000, 76.
33 Klemperer, Tagebücher, 401, 403.
34 Ernst Wiechert, Der Totenwald, Erlangen 1946, 23.
35 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 280; Jill Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front - Württemberg under the Nazis, London and New York 2006, 60–1.
36 Reck-Malleczewen, Diary, 67.
37 Lillie, Was einmal war, 292.
38 John Weitz, Hitler’s Diplomat, with an introduction by Tom Wolfe, London 1992, 152.
39 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Wiesl to Waldman, 2 June 1938.
40 Hilberg, Destruction, I, 133.
41 London, Whitehall, 80–1.
42 Walzer and Templ, Unser Wien, 11.
43Communication from Professor Hans Schneider, 11 September 2003.
44 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 65.
45 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 66.
46 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 30.
47 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 128.
48 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 130–1.
49 Communication from Professor Hans Schneider, 11 September 2003.
50 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 260.
51 Klemperer, Tagebücher, 401.
52 Peter Adam, The Arts of the Third Reich, London 1992, 263.
53 Geismar, Jackboot, 331; Klepper, Tagebücher, 583; Der Stürmer 16, April 1938.
54 Keitel, Mein Leben, 222.
55 Klepper, Tagebücher, 585.
56 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 276.
57 Kershaw, Nemesis, 83.
58 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 269–70.
59 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 277.
60 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 43; Berkley, Vienna and Its Jews, 260.
61 Lambeth Palace, LR 1, reports from Czech Consul-General and The Sack of Vienna’.
62 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 86.
63 Erika Weinzierl, Zu wenig Gerechte: Österreich und Judenverfolgung 1938–1945, Graz, Vienna, Cologne 1969, 34.
64 BBD, Acc 3121/c11/12/2/1938.
65 Leo Lauterbach, The Jewish Situation in Austria’, BBD, Acc 3121/c 11/12/2/1938.
66 Letter from Lorli Rudov to the author, 20 October 2001.
67 8 July 1938, FLA Germany Files, GE9.
68 Darton, Friends’ Committee, 48.
69 E-mail from and telephone conversation with George Clare, 16 January 2001.
70 PRO T15833 580 of 14 December 1938.
71 Bartop, False Havens, 5–6.
72 Bartop, False Havens, xi.
73 Bartop, False Havens, 189; see also Anne Beaglehole, Jewish Refugee Immigration to New Zealand 1933–52; Karl Popper, Unended Quest, 105.
74 Conversation with George Clare, 16 January 2001.
CHAPTER 5: MAY
1 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 282–3.
2 Spitzy, So haben wir das Reich verspielt, 260.
3 Kordt, Nicht aus den Akten, 210.
4 Paul Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, London 1950, 80.
5 Schmidt, Interpreter, 82.
6 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 286.
7 Ciano’s Diary, 113.
8 Moseley, Mussolinis Shadow, 42; Ciano’s Diary, 113.
9 Klemperer, Tagebücher, 412.
10 See Klepper, Tagebücher, 589.
11 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 285.
12 Schmidt, Interpreter, 81.
13 Ciano’s Diary, 96.
14 Kordt, Nicht aus den Akten, 211.
15 Ciano’s Diary, 112.
16 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 287.
17 Kordt, Nicht aus den Akten, 218.
18 Schmidt, Interpreter, 82.
19 Brigitte Hamann, Winifred Wagner: A Life at the Heart of Hitler’s Bayreuth, London 2005, 284.
20 Spitzy, So haben wir das Reich verspielt, 271.
21 Ciano’s Diary, 112.
22 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 288–91.
23 Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy – A Political History, New Haven and London 1997, 396.
24 BBD, B4/WE/24 May 11 1938.
25 Der Stürmer 18, May 1938.
26 Hilberg, Destruction, I, 98–100.
27 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 75.
28 The Attorney-General of the Government of Israel v. Adolf Eichmann, Minutes of Session No. 18, Jerusalem 1961.
29 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 71.
30 Safrian, Eichmann, 44.
31 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.
32 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.
33 ‘News from Austria and Germany’, in BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.
34 Office of the Chief Rabbi, report March 1944, BBD, 3121 C2/2/4/1.
35 FLA, Germany Files, GE9, Corder Catchpool to Alice Nike, 18 May 1938.
36 Kershaw, Nemesis, 92.
37 Quoted in Alan Bullock, Hitler, A Study in Tyranny, Harmondsworth 1962, 446.
38 Klemperer, Tagebücher, 409.
39 Quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 449.
40 Kershaw, Nemesis, 98.
41 Tooze, Wages, 249–53.
42 Tooze, Wages, 264.
43 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 345; I, VI, 41.
44 Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance 1939–45, 77.
45 Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 91–2.
46 Heilig, Men Crucified, 90.
47 Heilig, Men Crucified, 93.
48 Goebbels, Tage
bücher I, V, 323.
49 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 87.
50 Moser, Juden Verfolgung, 7–8.
51 Schuschnigg, Requiem, 77.
52 Schuschnigg, Requiem, 75.
53 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 305, 308, 323.
CHAPTER 6: JUNE
1 Schwerin, junge Generation, 166; information from Angela Bohrer, Schulenburg’s daughter. Her mother witnessed the telephone call.
2 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 329.
3 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 331.
4 Klemperer, Tagebücher, 417; Der Stürmer 29, July 1938.
5 Overy, Goering, 73.
6 Fromm, Diary, 272.
7 Emmy Goering [sic], My Life with Goering, London 1972, 81.
8 Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich, A New History, London 2000, 230–1.
9 Grunberger, Social History, 108.
10 Der Stürmer 20, June 1938.
11 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Wiesl to Waldman, 2 June 1938.
12 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Wiesl to Waldman, 2 June 1938.
13 Perl, Operation Action, 75.
14 Mendelsohn and Detwiler, Holocaust, V, 222–5.
15 Hilberg, Destruction, I, 123.
16 Communication from Professor Hans Schneider, 11 September 2003.
17 Communication from Professor Hans Schneider, 11 September 2003.
18 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 339.
19 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 337, 342–3.
20 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 344.
21 Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers, 428/27 of 22 October 1935.
22 Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers, 428/118.
23 Baptismal Register in the Anglican Chaplaincy in Vienna.
24 E-mail from Peter Henried, 14 October 2002.
25 E-mail to Celia Male from E. Randol Schoenberg, 18 June 2002. Zeisl had recorded a tape of the escape story in 1975.
26 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Wiesl to Waldman, 15 June 1938.
27 BBD, C11A/8.
28 Clare, Last Waltz, 230.
29 BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Unsigned undated document in German.
30 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 352.
31 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 366.
32 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 333, 335.
33 John Exshaw, obituary for Max Schmeling, Independent, 5 February 2005; Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 306, 358.
34 Reck-Malleczewen, Diary, 72.
35 Fromm, Diary, 274–5.
36 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 358.
37 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 67.
CHAPTER 7: JULY
1 Prager Presse, 22 July 1938.
2 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 372.
3 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, V, 366.
4 Daily Telegraph, 1 July 1938.
5 Daily Telegraph, 2 July 1938.