1938: Hitler's Gamble
Page 37
47 Roos, Polen und Europa, 371.
48Ciano’s Diary, 113.
49 Roos, Polen und Europa, 356.
50 Quoted in Read, Devil’s Disciples, 507.
51 Moseley, Mussolini s Shadow, 45; Ciano’s Diary, 185.
52 Hans-Jürgen Döscher, Reichskristallnacht – Die Novemberpogrome, Frankfurt/Main and Berlin 1988, 51.
53 Klepper, Tagebücher, 669.
54 Marcel Reich-Ranicki, The Author of Himself, London 2000, 107–8.
55 See Trude Maurer, ‘Abschiebung und Attentat: die Ausweisung der polnischen Juden und der Vorwand für die “Kristallnacht”’, in Walter Pehle, ed., Der Judenpogrom – von der ‘Reichskristallnacht’ zum Völkermord, Frankfurt/Main 1988.
56 Der Stürmer 44, November 1938.
57 Groscurth, Tagebücher, 158–9.
CHAPTER 11: NOVEMBER
1 Ciano’s Diary, 188.
2 Klepper, Tagebücher, 673.
3 Irving, Göring, 230–1.
4 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 174.
5 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 166.
6 Grunberger, Social History, 518.
7 Döscher, Reichskristallnacht, 58–64.
8 Kate Connolly, ‘Historian Says Jewish Boy Killed His Nazi Lover’, in the Guardian, 31 October 2001.
9Elisabethe Klamper, ‘Herschel’, in Historisches Museum, Judenpogrom, 58.
10 George Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers, The Czech Conspiracy, London 1938, 13.
11Wolfgang Benz, ‘Der Ruckfall in der Barbarei’, in Pehle, ed., Judenpogrom, 15.
12 Quoted in Padfield, Himmler, 238–9.
13 See Giles MacDonogh, After the Reich – From the Fall of Vienna to the Berlin Airlift, London 2007.
14 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 178.
15 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 180.
16 Lang, Wolff, 104, 106.
17 Hamann, Winifred Wagner, 298.
18 Lang, Wolff, 105.
19 Lang, Wolff, 105.
20 Uwe Dietrich Adam, ‘Wie spontan war der Pogrom?’, in Pehle, ed., Judenpogrom, 79; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, I, 38–9.
21 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 180.
22 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 181.
23 Benz in Pehle, ed., Judenpogrom, 22.
24 Hassell, Diaries, 20.
25 Benz in Pehle, ed., Judenpogrom, 40.
26 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 31.
27 Manchester Guardian, 11 November 1938.
28 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 182.
29 Adam in Pehle, ed., Judenpogrom, 78.
30 Burleigh, Third Reich, 332.
31 Hamann, Winifred Wagner, 297.
32 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 109.
33 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 94–5.
34 Engelmann, Hitler’s Germany, 121.
35 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 42.
36 Quoted in Giles MacDonogh, Berlin, London 1997, 433.
37 Gay, German Question, 134–5.
38 Beck, Underground Life, 36–7.
39 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 46.
40 Gräfin von Maltzan, Memoirs, 57.
41 Beck, Underground Life, 36.
42 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 44, 48–9.
43 Jonny Moser, ‘Die “Reichskristallnacht” in Wien’, in Historisches Museum, Judenpogrom, 61.
44 Erika Weinzierl, Nur wenig Gerechte, 65.
45 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 64–5.
46 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 161–2.
47 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 159.
48 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 182.
49 Burleigh, Third Reich, 326, quoting Hassell, Diaries, 28.
50 Hilberg, Destruction, I, 39.
51 Bloch, Ribbentrop, 222.
52 Manvell and Fraenkel, Doctor Goebbels, 157.
53 Hilberg, Destruction, I, 40.
54 Walzer and Templ, Unser Wien, 32; Moser, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, in Historisches Museum, Judenpogrom, 62.
55 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 118.
56 See Benz in Pehle, ed., Judenpogrom.
57 Benz in Pehle, ed., Judenpogrom, 47.
58 Heilig, Men Crucified, 154; Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 26.
59 Safrian, Eichmann, 23.
60 Tooze, Wages, 277.
61 Quoted in Bankier, in Historisches Museum, Judenpogrom, 79.
62 Hilberg, Destruction, I, 45.
63 Bankier, in Historisches Museum, Judenpogrom, 81.
64 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 198.
65 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 185.
66 Safrian, Eichmann, 47–8.
67 Walzer and Templ, Unser Wien, 57.
68 Engel, ‘Archive des Grauens’.
69 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 179.
70 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 183.
71 Klepper, Tagebücher, 688.
72 Kautsky, Teufel und Verdamte, 29.
73 Moser, Juden Verfolgung, 9.
74 Erwin Stein, ed., Arnold Schoenberg – Letters, London 1964, 205.
75 Klemperer, Tagebücher, 435.
76 Giles MacDonogh, The Last Kaiser: William the Impetuous, London 2000, 456.
77 Ciano’s Diary, 193.
78 Daily Herald, 9 November 1938.
79 Der Stürmer 46, November 1938.
80 Der Stürmer 45, November 1938.
81 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 143.
82 Gilbert, Kristallnacht, 172.
83 Chandler, ‘Church of England’, 237.
84 See, for example, Ulrich Heinemann, Ein konservativer Rebell: Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenberg und der 20 Juli, Berlin 1990, 93–4.
85 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 189.
86 Burleigh, Third Reich, 333.
87 Jamie Bulloch and Katharina Bielenberg, Peter Bielenberg, privately printed memoir, c. 2001, 80–1.
88 Groscurth, Tagebücher, 157.
89 Groscurth, Tagebücher, 162.
90 Klepper, Tagebücher, 682.
91 MacDonogh, Good German, 118–19.
92 Meehan, Unnecessary War, 55–6.
93 Stephenson, Home Front, 144. 94Kershaw, Final Solution, 175.
95 Grunberger, Social History, 138–9.
96 Gilbert, Reichskristallnacht, 151–2.
97 Hilberg, Destruction, 134–5.
98 Tooze, Wages, 277–9.
99 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 219.
100 Mendelsohn and Detwiler, Holocaust, VI, London 1982, 5; McClure, Rublee, 260.
101 McClure, Rublee, 262.
102 McClure, Rublee, 266–7.
103 Mendelsohn and Detwiler, Holocaust, V, 149.
104 Meehan, Unnecessary War, 98–9.
105 Meehan, Unnecessary War, 99.
106 Daily Express, 7 November 1938.
107 FLA Germany Files GE9.
108 BBD, E3/282.
109 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 181.
110 Naomi Shepherd, Wilfred Israel, London 1984, 146–7, 149.
111 Diana Hopkinson, The Incense Tree, London 1968, 163.
112 Hopkinson, Incense Tree, 163.
113 BBD, Acc 3121 C2/2/4/1, Ruth Horowitz to Dr B. Homa, 21 July 1950.
114 Hilberg, Destruction, 127.
115 Gräfin von Maltzan, Memoirs, 58; MacDonogh, Berlin, 380.
116 Stephenson, Home Front, 145.
117 Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38/224. Daily Telegraph, 26 November 1938.
118 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 167.
119 Smith, Foley, 133.
120 Engelmann, Hitler’s Germany, 128–31.
121 The Times, 27 October 1938.
122Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38/255, Bell to Alan Don, 30 November 1938. Mrs Baker’s letter is missing.
123 Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38/260, Alan Don to Batty, 5 December 1938.
1244Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38/264, 265, 266, 6–7 December 1938.
125 Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38/311, 313, 322.
CHAPTER 12: DECEMBER
1 FLA Yarnall, Factual Notes, in FSC/GE/5.
2 Darton, Friends Committee, 50–1.
3 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 182.
4 FLA Germany Files, GE9, Ethel Houghton to Bernard Lawson, 4 February 1939.
5 Hilberg, Destruction, 125–6.
6 Conwell-Evans, None So Blind, 116.
7 Bloch, Ribbentrop, 229.
8 DGFP, D IV, 481.
9 Mendelsohn and Detwiler, Holocaust, VI, 22; DGFP, D IV, 351.
10 Sir Frederick Leith-Ross, Money Talks: Fifty Years of International Finance, London 1958, 254.
11 McClure, Rublee, 269–74.
12PRO W16643, 17 December 1938. Hoare to Josiah Wedgwood; Bulletin of the Co-ordinating Committee for Refugees, February 1939.
13 PRO 371, House of Lords Debates, 14 December 1938.
14 PRO W16614/48, 16 December 1938.
15 PRO W16580 45.
16 PRO T15833 580 635, 7 December 1938.
17 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 186.
18 PRO W1 6645/94, 17 December 1938.
19 PRO W1 6645, 17 December 1938.
20 Jeremy Noakes, ‘Social Outcasts in the Third Reich’, in Richard Bessel, ed., Life in the Third Reich, Oxford 1987, 90.
21 Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wipperman, The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945, Cambridge 1991, 120–1.
22 Der Stürmer 50, December 1938.
23 Klemperer, Tagebücher, 448.
24 Groscurth, Tagebücher, 164.
25 Reich, Zweier Zeugen Mund, 253–5.
26 Schuschnigg, Requiem, 85.
27 Groscurth, Tagebücher, 163.
28 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 226.
CONCLUSION
1 Conversation with the late Peter Bielenberg, summer 1988.
2 MacDonogh, Good German, 122–3.
3 Rosenkranz, Verfolgung, 169–70.
4 Döw – Akten 20000/R244. Judgment of the Volksgericht, Berlin, 15 September 1939: 1 J 172/38g; Auschwitz Sterbe-Index Nr 10163/1943.
5 Judith Fels-Margulies, ‘Anmerkungen’, in an otherwise untitled and undated document.
6 Tooze, Wages, 283.
7 Goebbels, Tagebücher I, VI, 245.
8 Kershaw, Final Solution, 109.
9Breker, Strahlungsfeld, 93, 98; Ruldolf Wolters, Neue deutsche Baukunst, Prague 1943, 12.
10 Eberle and Uhl, Hitler Book, 36.
EPILOGUE
1 Kaus, Und was für ein Leben, 184.
2 Information from Gisela Müller.
3 See my article ‘Otto Horcher, Caterer to the Third Reich’ in Gastronomica, Winter 2007. Also The Reichsmarschall’s Table’, BBC Radio 4, first broadcast 14 March 2005.
4 Laura Wärndorfer, Meine einhundertzwanzig Jahre, MS autobiography, n.d., 50.
5 Walzer and Templ, Unser Wien, 42–3.
INDEX
Aachen ref1, ref2
Abendroth, Hermann ref1
Abwehr
Canaris attends meeting ref1
penetrates British Secret Service ref1
Abyssinia: Mussolini invades ref1
Academic Society for Research into Jewry ref1
Adam, Colonel Walter ref1
Adam, General Wilhelm ref1
Aden ref1
Adenauer, Konrad ref1
Adler, Melanie ref1
Agudas Jisroel ref1
Ahnenerbe ref1
Albania ref1
Albert, Eugen d’: Tiefland ref1
Alexander, Richard ref1
Andrews, L.Y. ref1
Anglican Church
attitude to Jewish persecution ref1
baptizes Jews in Vienna ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
opposes Nazi Germany after Reichskristallnacht ref1
Angriff (newspaper) ref1
Anschluss
annexes Austria to Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Archbishop Lang on ref1
and Austrian socialists ref1
effect on Austrian Jews ref1
see also Austria
Arendt, Benno von ref1
Argentine: and Jewish immigration ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
army (Wehrmacht)
and Blomberg-Fritsch affair ref1
near mutiny ref1
swears personal oath of allegiance to Hitler ref1
art: exhibitions ref1, ref2
Asch, Czechoslovakia ref1
Atonement Contribution ref1
Attlee, Clement (later 1st Earl) ref1, ref2
Attolico, Bernardo ref1, ref2
Attrato (ship) ref1
Auernheimer, Raoul ref1
August Wilhelm, Prince (‘Auwi’) ref1
Australia
bans Jewish immigration ref1
immigrant quotas and admissions ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Austria
agreement with Germany (1936) ref1
anti-Nazis purged ref1
Catholics persecuted ref1
Church dignitaries repressed ref1, ref2
Church properties appropriated ref1
as Corporate State ref1, ref2, ref3
economy aligned with Germany ref1
emigration procedures for Jews ref1
emigration tax ref1, ref2
financial weakness ref1
German behaviour in ref1
Göring covets Jewish finances ref1
Hitler visits ref1
Hitler’s demands on ref1, ref2
Hitler’s obsession with ref1, ref2
Hitler’s policy on administration ref1, ref2
invaded and annexed by Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Jewish businesses taken over ref1
Jewish doctors ref1
Jewish emigrants refused by European countries ref1
Jews flee from ref1, ref2
Jews listed by German SS ref1
Jews mocked in Der Stürmer ref1
Jews persecuted ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
local Nazis excluded from administration ref1
Mussolini and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Nazi harassment ref1, ref2
Nazi-style emblems ref1_note
Nazis reinstated ref1
non-Jewish elite persecuted ref1
plebiscite postponed ref1
plebiscite revived (10 April 1938) ref1
pogroms banned ref1
position of Jews in ref1, ref2, ref3
post-World War I settlement ref1
power transferred to Reichsführer SS ref1
racial law ref1
reconstituted and administered as province of Reich ref1
Schuschnigg calls plebiscite on independence ref1, ref2
secularization ref1
as source of raw materials and finance ref1, ref2, ref3
steel production ref1
suicides ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
unemployment reduced by Nazis ref1
view of Hitler ref1
see also Vienna
Austrian Legion: mutiny ref1
Averbruch, Mosche ref1
Baarova, Lida ref1, ref2
Bacon, John Henry ref1
Bad Godesberg
Chamberlain visits ref1, ref2, ref3
Hitler retires to ref1
Bader, Helmut ref1
Baerwald, Rabbi Leo ref1
Baker, Mrs: on baptism of Jews ref1
Balfour Declaration ref1
Balner, Karl Josef ref1
Barb, Alphons Adolf ref1
Barbados ref1
Barlach, Ernst ref1
Barrow, Florence ref1
Barth, Pomerania ref1
Batty, Basil Staunton, Bishop of Fulham ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Bauer, Otto ref1
Baumgarten, Paul ref1
Bayreuth Festival ref1
Bearsted, Walter Horace Samuel, 2nd Viscount ref1
Beck, Gerhard ref1, ref2
Beck, Colonel Jozef ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Beck, Colonel General Ludwig
absent from Barth meeting ref1
in Anschluss crisis ref
1
calls for resignation of senior officers ref1
Canaris and ref1
declines appointment as Head of Army ref1
and Hossbach Memorandum ref1
opposes invasion of Czechoslovakia ref1, ref2
in opposition to Hitler ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
resigns ref1, ref2
sends message to Britain ref1
Becker, Hans von ref1
Belgium
calls up reserves ref1
illegal immigrants ref1, ref2
and Jews in transit ref1
and Kindertransporte ref1
proposes accepting baptized Jews ref1
Bell, George Kennedy Allen, Bishop of Chichester ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Benazky, Ralph ref1
Beneš, Edvard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Benton, Kenneth ref1, ref2, ref3
Benton, Peggie ref1
Bentwich, Norman ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Berchtesgaden: Chamberlain visits ref1, ref2, ref3
Berghof: Hitler at ref1, ref2
Bergner, Elisabeth ref1
Berlin
apathy over impending war ref1
city planning and remodelling ref1
condition of Jews in ref1
Jews expelled to Poland ref1
Jews’ movements curtailed ref1
kindness to Jews ref1
new Chancellery ref1, ref1
Olympic Games (1936) ref1, ref2, ref3 & note
Opposition activities in ref1
purge of Jews ref1, ref2
Viennese and provincial Jews move to ref1, ref2
Berlin Philharmonic orchestra ref1
Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung ref1
Best, Werner ref1, ref2
Bethlenfalva, Erös and Renée von (née Zirner) ref1
Bettelheim, Margaret ref1
Bichlmair, Father Georg ref1, ref2
Bielenberg, Peter and Christabel ref1, ref2
Bismarck, Prince Otto von ref1
Blitz, Wilhelm ref1
Bloch, Dr Eduard ref1
Blomberg, Eva von (née Gruhn): marriage ref1, ref2
Blomberg, Field Marshal Werner von
on Fritsch ref1
and Fritsch crisis ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and Hitler’s vision for Germany ref1
marriage ref1, ref2
retires ref1, ref2, ref3
Blumenthal, Ferdinand ref1
B’nai B’rith (Zionist organization) ref1
Bock, General Fedor von ref1, ref2
Bock, Fritz ref1
Bohemia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4