All Roads Lead to Ganga

by Ruskin Bond

  But as I pass along the deserted street under the shadow of the clock tower, I find a boy huddled in a recess, a thin shawl wrapped around his shoulders. He is wide awake and shivering.

  I pass by, my head down, my thoughts already on the warmth of my small cottage only a mile away. And then I stop. It is almost as though the bright moonlight has stopped me, holding my shadow in thrall.

  'If I am not for myself,

  who will be for me?

  And if I am not for others,

  what am I?

  And if not now, when?'

  The words of an ancient sage beat upon my mind. I walk back to the shadows where the boy crouches. He does not say anything, but he looks up at me, puzzled and apprehensive. All the warnings of well-wishers crowd in upon me—stories of crime by night, of assault and robber, 'ill met by moonlight'.

  But this is not northern Ireland or Lebanon or the streets of New York. This is Landour in the Garhwal Himalayas. And the boy is no criminal. I can tell from his features that he comes from the hills beyond Tehri. He has come here looking for work and has yet to find any.

  'Have you somewhere to stay?' I asked.

  He shakes his head; but something about my tone of voice has given him confidence, because now there is a glimmer of hope, a friendly appeal in his eyes.

  I have committed myself. I cannot pass on. A shelter for the night—that's the very least one human should be able to expect from another.

  'If you can walk some way,' I offer, 'I can give you a bed and blanket.'

  He gets up immediately, a thin boy, wearing only a shirt and part of an old track-suit. He follows me without any hesitation. I cannot now betray his trust. Nor can I fail to trust him.

  ————————

  * The Defence Institute of Work Study has been renamed the Institute of Technologic Managent

  Along the Mandakini

  TO SEE A RIVER FOR THE FIRST TIME AT ITS CONFLUENCE with another great river is, for me, a special moment in time. And so it was at Rudraprayag, where the waters of the Mandakini joined with the waters of the Alaknanda, the one having come from the glacial snows above Kedarnath, the other from the Himalayan heights beyond Badrinath. Both sacred rivers, both destined to become the holy Ganga further downstream.

  I fell in love with the Mandakini at first sight. Or was it the valley that I fell in love with? I am not sure, and it doesn't really matter. The valley is the river.

  While the Alaknanda valley, especially in its higher reaches, is a deep and narrow gorge where precipitous outcrops of rock hang threateningly over the traveller, the Mandakini valley is broader, gentler, the terraced fields wider, the banks of the river a green sward in many places. Somehow, one does not feel that one is at the mercy of the Mandakini, whereas one is always at the mercy of the Alaknanda with its sudden landslips and floods.

  Rudraprayag is hot. It is probably a pleasant spot in winter, but at the end of June it is decidedly hot. Perhaps its chief claim to fame is that it gave its name to the dreaded man-eating leopard of Rudraprayag who, in the course of seven years (1918-25), accounted for more than three hundred victims. It was finally shot by the fifty-one-year-old Jim Corbett, who recounted the saga of his long hunt for the killer in his fine book, The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag.

  The place at which the leopard was shot was the village of Gulabrai, two miles south of Rudraprayag. Under a large mango tree stands a memorial raised to Jim Corbett by officers and men of the Border Roads Organisation. It is a happy gesture to one who loved Garhwal and India. Unfortunately several buffaloes are tethered close by, and one has to wade through slush and buffalo dung to get to the memorial-stone. A board tacked on to the mango tree attracts the attention of motorists, who might pass without noticing the memorial which is off to one side.

  The killer leopard was noted for its direct method of attack on humans; and in spite of being poisoned, trapped in a cave, and shot at innumerable times, it did not lose its contempt for man. Two English sportsmen, covering both ends of the old suspension bridge over the Alaknanda, fired several times at the man-eater but to little effect.

  It was not long before the leopard acquired a reputation among the hill folk for being an evil spirit. A Sadhu was suspected of turning into the leopard by night, and was only saved from being lynched by the ingenuity of Philip Mason, then Deputy Commissioner of Garhwal. Mason kept the Sadhu in custody until the leopard made his next attack, thus proving the man innocent. Years later, when Mason turned novelist and (using the pen name Philip Woodruffe) wrote The Wild Sweet Witch, he had as a character a beautiful young woman who turns into a man-eating leopard by night.

  Corbett's host at Gulabrai was one of the few who survived an encounter with the leopard. It left him with a hole in his throat. Apart from being a superb story-teller, Corbett displayed great compassion for people from all walks of life and is still a legend in Garhwal and Kumaon amongst people who have never read his books.

  In June one does not linger long in the steamy heat of Rudraprayag. But as one travels up the river, making a gradual ascent of the Mandakini valley, there is a cool breeze coming down from the snows, and the smell of rain is in the air.

  The thriving little township of Agastmuni spreads itself along the wide river banks, and further upstream, near a little place called Chandrapuri, we cannot resist breaking our journey to sprawl on the tender green grass that slopes gently down to the swift flowing river. A small rest house is in the making. Around it, banana fronds sway and poplar leaves dance in the breeze.

  This is no sluggish river of the plains, but a fast-moving current tumbling over rocks, turning and twisting in its efforts to discover the easiest way for its frothy snow-fed waters to escape the mountains. Escape is the word, for the constant plaint of many a Garhwali is that, while his hills abound in rivers, the water runs down and away and little, if any, reaches the fields and villages above it. Cultivation must depend on the rain and not on the river.

  The road climbs gradually, still keeping to the river. Just outside Guptakashi, my attention is drawn to a clump of huge trees sheltering a small but ancient temple. We stop here and enter the shade of the trees.

  The temple is deserted. It is a temple dedicated to Shiva, and in the courtyard are several river-rounded stone lingams on which leaves and blossoms have fallen. No one seems to come here, which is strange, since it is on the pilgrim route. Two boys from a neighbouring field leave their yoked bullocks to come and talk to me, but they cannot tell me much about the temple except to confirm that it is seldom visited. 'The buses do not stop here.' That seems explanation enough. For where the buses go, the pilgrims go; and where the pilgrims go, other pilgrims will follow. Thus far and no further.

  The trees seem to be magnolias. But I have never seen magnolia trees grow to such huge proportions. Perhaps they are something else. Never mind; let them remain a sweet-scented mystery.

  Guptakashi in the evening is all abustle. A coachload of pilgrims (headed for Kedarnath) has just arrived, and the tea-shops near the bus-stand are doing brisk business. Then the 'local' bus from Ukhimath, across the river, arrives and many of the passengers head for a tea-shop famed for its samosas. The local bus is called the Bhook-Hartal, the 'Hunger-strike' bus.

  'How did it get that name?' I asked one of the samosa-eaters.

  'Well, it's an interesting story. For a long time we had been asking the authorities to provide a bus service for the local people and for the villagers who live off the roads. All the buses came from Srinagar or Rishikesh and were taken up by pilgrims. The locals could't find room on them. But our pleas went unheard until the whole town, or most of it, anyway decided to go on hunger-strike. That worked! And so the bus is named after our successful hunger-strike.'

  'They nearly put me out of business too,' said the tea-shop owner cheerfully 'Nobody ate any samosas for two days!'

  There is no cinema or public place of entertainment at Guptakashi, and the town goes to sleep early and wakes early
.

  At six, the hillside, green from recent rain, sparkles in the morning sunshine. The snow-capped Chaukhamba (7140 metres) is dazzling. The air is clear; no smoke or dust up here. The climate, I am told, is mild all the year round, judging by the scent and shape of the flowers, and the boys call them Champa (Hindi for magnolia blossom). Ukhimath, on the other side of the river, lies in the shadow. It gets the sun at nine. In winter it must wait till afternoon. And yet it seems a bigger place, and by tradition the temple priests from Kedarnath winter there when the snows cover that distant shrine.

  Guptakashi has not yet been rendered ugly by the barrack type architecture that has come up in some growing hill towns. The old double-storeyed houses are built of stone, with grey slate roofs. They blend well with the hillside. Cobbled paths meander through the old bazaar.

  One of these takes up to the famed Guptakashi temple, tucked away above the old part of the town. Here, as in Benares, Shiva is worshipped as Vishwanath, and two underground streams representing the sacred Jumna and Bhagirathi rivers feed the pool sacred to the god. This temple gives the town its name—Gupta-Kashi, the 'Invisible Benares', just as Uttarkashi on the Bhagirathi is 'Upper Benares'.

  Guptakashi and its environs has so many lingams that the saying 'Jitne kankar utne Shankar'—'as many stones, so many Shivas'—has become a proverb to describe its holiness.

  From Guptakashi, pilgrims proceed north to Kedarnath, and the last stage of their journey—about a day's march— must be covered on foot or horseback. The temple of Kedarnath, situated at a height of 11,753 ft, is encircled by snow-capped peaks, and Atkinson has conjectured that 'the symbol of the linga may have arisen from the pointed peaks around his (God Shiva's) original home'.

  Kedarnath Temple

  The temple is dedicated to Sadashiva, the subterranean form of the god, who, 'fleeing from the Pandavas took refuge here in the form of a he-buffalo and finding himself hard-pressed, dived into the ground leaving the hinder parts on the surface, which continue to be the subject of adoration.'

  The other portions of the god are worshipped as follows: the arms at Tungnath, at a height of 13,000 ft; the face at Rudranath (12,000 ft); the belly at Madmaheshwar, eighteen miles north-east of Guptakashi; and the hair and head at Kalpeshwar, near Joshimath. These five sacred shrines form the Panch Kedars (five Kedars).

  We leave the Mandakini to visit Tungnath on the Chandrashila range. But I will return to this river. It has captured my mind and heart.

  The Magic of Tungnath

  THE MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS OF GARHWAL NEVER FAIL to spring surprises on the traveller in search of the picturesque. It is impossible to know every corner of the Himalayas, which means that there are always new corners to discover; forest or meadow, mountain stream or wayside shrine.

  The temple of Tungnath, at a little over 12,000 ft, is the highest shrine on the inner Himalayan range. It lies just below the Chandrashila peak. Some way off the main pilgrim routes it is less frequented than Kedarnath or Badrinath, although it forms a part of the Kedar temple establishment. The priest here is a local man, a Brahmin from the village of Maku; the other Kedar temples have South Indian priests, a tradition begun by Sankaracharya, the eighth century Hindu reformer and revivalist.

  Tungnath's lonely eminence gives it a magic of its own. To get there (or beyond it), one passes through some of the most delightful temperate forests in the Garhwal Himalayas. Pilgrim or trekker or just plain rambler, such as myself, one comes away a better man, forest-refreshed, and more aware of what the earth was really like before mankind began to strip it bare.

  Duiri Tal, a small lake, lies cradled on the hill above Ukhimath at a height of 8,000 ft. It was the favourite spot of one of Garhwal's earliest British Commissioners, J.H. Batten, whose administration continued for twenty years (1836-56). He wrote: 'The day I reached there it was snowing and young trees were laid prostrate under the weight of snow, the lake was frozen over to a depth of about two inches. There was no human habitation, and the place looked a veritable wilderness. The next morning when the sun appeared, the Chaukhamba and many other peaks extending as far as Kedarnath seemed covered with a new quilt of snow as if close at hand. The whole scene was so exquisite that one could not tire of gazing at it for hours. I think a person who has a subdued settled despair in his mind would all of a sudden feel a kind of bounding and exalting cheerfulness which will be imparted to his frame by the atmosphere of Duiri Tal.'

  This feeling of uplift can be experienced almost anywhere along the Tungnath range. Duiri Tal is still some way way off the beaten track, and anyone wishing to spend the night there should carry a tent; but further along this range, the road ascends to Dugalbeta (at about 9,000 ft) where a PWD rest house, gaily painted, has come up like some exotic orchid in the midst of a lush meadow topped by excelsia pines and pencil cedars. Many an official who has stayed here has rhapsodised on the charms of Dugalbeta; and if you are unofficial (and therefore not entitled to stay in the bungalow), you can move on to Chopta, lusher still, where there is accommodation of a sort for pilgrims and other hardy souls. Two or three little tea-shops provide mattresses and quilts. The Garhwal Mandai Vikas Nigam has put up a rest house. These tourist rest houses, scattered over the length and breadth of Garhwal, are a great boon to travellers; but during the pilgrims season (May/June), they are filled to overflowing, and if you turn up unexpectedly, you might have to take your pick of tea-shop or 'dharamsala', something of a lucky dip, since they vary a good deal in comfort and cleanliness.

  The trek from Chopta to Tungnath is only three and a half miles, but in that distance one ascends about 3,000 ft and the pilgrim may be forgiven for feeling that at places he is on a perpendicular path. Like a ladder to heaven, I couldn't help thinking.

  In spite of its steepness, my companion, the redoubtable climber Ganesh Saili, insisted that we take a short cut. After clawing our way up tufts of alpine grass, which formed the rungs of our ladder, we were stuck and had to inch our way down again, so that the ascent of Tungnath began to resemble a game of Snakes and Ladders.

  Tungnath Temple

  A tiny guardian-temple dedicated to Lord Ganesh surprised on top. Nor was I really fatigued; for the cold fresher air and the verdant greenery surrounding us was like an intoxicant. Myriads of wild flowers grew on the open slopes—buttercups, anemones, wild strawberries, forget-me-nots, rock-cross, enough to rival Bhyunders' Valley of Flowers at this time of the year.

  But before reaching these alpine meadows, we climb through a rhododendron forest, and here one finds at least three species of this flower: the red-flowering tree rhododendron (found throughout the Himalayas between 6,000 ft and 10,000 ft); a second variety, the Almatta, with flowers that are light red or rosy in colour; and the third, Chimul or white variety, found at heights ranging between 10,000 ft and 13,000 ft. The Chimul is a brushwood, seldom more than twelve feet high and growing slantingly due to the heavy burden of snow it has to carry for almost six months in a year.

  The brushwood rhododendrons are the last trees on our ascent, for as we approach Tungnath, the treeline ends and there is nothing between the earth and the sky except grass and rock and tiny flowers. Above us, a couple of crows dive-bomb a hawk, who does his best to escape their attentions. Crows are the world's great survivors. They are capable of living at any height and in any climate; as much at home in the back streets of Delhi as on the heights of Tungnath.

  Another surviver, up here at any rate, is the Pika, a sort of mouse-hare, who looks neither like a mouse nor a hare but rather like a tiny guinea-pig; small ears, no tail, grey-brown fur, and chubby feet. They emerge from their holes under the rock to forage for grasses on which to feed. Their simple diet and thick fur enable them to live in extreme cold, and they have been found at 16,000 ft, which is higher than where any mammal lives. The Garhwalis call this little creature the Runda—at any rate, that's what the temple priest called it, adding that it was not averse to entering houses and helping itself to grain and other delicacie
s. So perhaps there's more in it of mouse than of hare.

  These little Rundas were with us all the way from Chopta to Tungnath, peering out from their rocks or scampering about on the hillside, seemingly unconcerned by our presence. At Tungnath they live beneath the temple flagstones. The priest's grandchildren were having a game discovering their burrows; the Rundas would go in at one hole and pop at another; they must have had a system of underground passages.

  When we arrived, clouds had gathered over Tungnath, as they do almost every afternoon. The temple looked austere in the gathering gloom.

  To some, the name 'tung' indicates 'lofty', from the position of the temple on the highest peak outside the main chain of the Himalayas; others derive it from the word 'tangna'—' to be suspended'—in allusion to the form under which the deity is worshipped here. The form is the Swayambhu Ling; and on Shivratri or the night of Shiva, the true believer may, 'with the eye of faith', see the lingam increase in size; but 'to the evil-minded no such favour is granted'.

  The temple, though not very large, is certainly impressive, mainly because of its setting and the solid slabs of grey granite from which it is built. The whole place somehow reminds me of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights—bleak, wind-swept, open to the skies. And as you look down from the temple at the little half-deserted hamlet that serves it in summer, the eye is met by grey slate roofs and piles of stones, with just a few hardy souls in residence, for the majority of pilgrims new prefer to spend the night down at Chopta.

  Even the temple priest, attended by his son and grandsons, complains bitterly of cold. To spend every day barefoot on those cold flagstones must indeed be a hardship. I wince after five minutes of it, made worse by stepping into a puddle of icy water. I shall never make a good pilgrim; no reward for me in this world or the next. But the pandit's feet are literally thick-skinned, and the children seem oblivious to the cold. Still, in October they must be happy to descend to Maku, their home village on the slopes below Dugalbeta.