by S. C. Gwynne
Ringgold, Tex., 68
Rio Grande, 13, 30, 53, 55, 58, 128, 143, 227–28, 263
Rio Trampas, 58
Rivera y Villalón, Pedro de, 59–60
Roberson, G. W., 297
robes, buffalo, 80, 92, 175, 198, 199, 219, 239, 248, 262, 281
Rocky Mountains, 28, 40, 70, 201
Rogers, H. B., 181
Roosevelt, Theodore, 303, 311–13, 317
Rose, Victor, 117, 126, 142
Ross, Pease, 180
Ross, Sul, 170, 171, 174–77, 180–81, 208, 316
Runnels, Hardin, 166, 169
Sac and Fox Indians, 209–10
Salt Creek Massacre, 4, 19
Salt Fork, 111
San Angelo, Tex., 58, 204, 206, 240, 275
San Antonio, Tex., 38, 61, 62–63, 67, 78, 82–88, 93, 95, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143–44, 146, 157, 165, 201, 204, 263, 303, 305–6
San Antonio massacre (1840), 82–88
San Antonio de Bexar mission, 13
Sand Creek Massacre (1864), 219–21, 242
San Jacinto, Battle of, 13, 15, 25, 73–74, 75, 97, 131, 139
San Jose Mission, 87–88
San Saba Massacre (1758), 62–69, 82, 84, 85, 100, 112
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 13, 82
Santa Anna, Chief, 88, 93, 115, 328n
Santa Fe, N. Mex., 2, 6, 14, 30, 55, 61, 75, 89, 113, 122, 123, 204, 213–14
Santa Fe Trail, 5, 25–26, 40, 123, 129, 196, 212, 213–14, 224
Santee rebellion (1862), 211–12
Santee Sioux, 211–12, 216
Santiesteban, Padre, 66
Satanta, Chief, 226, 283
Sayre, Warren, 309
Schilz, Jodye and Thomas, 99–100
Scott, Hugh, 314–15
scouts, Indian, 1, 7, 9–10, 79, 80, 97, 108, 148, 167, 168, 169, 171, 216, 242, 244, 246–47, 252–54, 279–80, 282
Searchers, The, 120
Second Cavalry, U.S., 166, 170–71, 174–76, 208, 218
Second Connecticut Volunteer Artillery, 236–38
Seminoles, 5, 77, 209, 210, 211, 228
Senecas, 210
Shaking Hand, Chief, 251, 255, 278, 279, 283, 290, 339n
Sharpe, Florida, 306
Sharps rifles (“Big Fifties”), 5, 270–71
Shawnees, 5, 16, 75, 77, 122, 167, 169, 210, 314
Sheridan, Philip, 251, 257, 262, 275, 284, 286, 304, 305, 306
Sherman, Ezra, 156, 157
Sherman, Martha, 156, 157, 160, 173, 175
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 2, 3, 4, 215, 225, 228, 229, 242, 251, 273, 276, 305
Shiloh, Battle of, 83
Shoshone language, 24, 27, 117
Signal Station, 286
Sill, Fort, 249, 256–57, 273, 274, 275, 283, 284, 285–304, 305, 306–7
Sioux, 3, 14–15, 24, 27, 31, 44, 45, 50, 130, 159, 211–12, 238–39, 274, 299–300, 304–5, 312
Sitting Bull, Chief, 50
Sixth Cavalry, U.S., 275–76
Slater’s Creek, 192
slavery, 40–52, 55, 75, 104, 131, 157–58, 185, 189, 210–11, 261
Slidell, Alexander Mackenzie, 235
Slidell, John, 235
smallpox, 91, 92, 103, 112, 114, 126, 179
Smith, Clinton, 254, 256
Smith, John Jeremiah “Coho,” 187–89
Smithwick, Noah, 80, 85, 88
Snyder, Tex., 206, 283, 284
sod houses, 261, 269–70
Song of Solomon, 319
Sonora State, Mex., 63
Spanish empire, 2, 3–4, 10, 13–14, 19, 23–29, 38, 49, 53–72, 75–78, 82, 83, 89, 104, 115, 130, 131–32, 159, 160, 325n, 326n
Spencer repeating rifles, 233, 244–45
spirits, 45, 87, 198, 199, 281
Spirit Talker (Muguara or Mukewarrah), 84–86, 88, 89, 92
Springfield Arsenal Musketoon, Model 1842, 160
Stagg Prairie, 156
staked plains, see Llano Estacado
Stephens, James H., 312
Stockton, Fort, 115, 201–2
Sturm, Jacob J., 284–85, 286
Sun Dance, 27, 216, 259, 266
supply trains, 25–26, 69, 97, 99, 110–11, 132, 134, 213–14, 218, 242–43, 249, 252–56, 276, 280
surveyors, 83, 139, 140
syphilis, 112, 306
taibos (soldiers), 96–97, 100, 109, 114, 151, 208, 241, 265, 268, 281, 292, 294
Tamaulipas State, Mex., 115
Tannap, 205
Taos, N. Mex., 30, 35, 55, 58, 61
Tarahumare, 54
Tarrant County, Tex., 183
Tatum, Lawrie, 241, 242, 257
Tawakonis, 16, 59, 77, 209
Taylor, Alfred A., 225
Taylor, Mrs., 124
Taylor, Zachary, 123, 148, 149
Tekwashana, 105, 106
Ten Bears, Chief (Paruasemena), 214, 218, 227–28, 229, 298–99
Tennawish, 109, 111, 116, 209
Tenth Cavalry, U.S., 263, 275, 292–93
Terreros, Don Pedro Romero de, 63
Terreros, Father Alonso Giraldo de, 63, 64–65, 66
Teton Sioux, 50
Texas:
Anglo-Texan culture of, 6, 25–26, 60, 92, 93, 122–23
Comanche conflicts in, 6, 25–26, 57–68, 73–78, 82–88, 91–111, 113, 115, 130, 131–50, 202–4, 228, 241, 250–53, 267–72, 295
Texas (cont.)
as Confederate state, 185, 188, 191, 207–8, 209
congress of, 75, 76
constitution of, 165
East, 75–77, 120, 188–90
frontier conditions in, 1–11, 12, 19, 23–25, 41, 42, 49, 50, 52, 56–66, 75–78, 113, 153, 180
independence of, 13, 25, 82
militias of, 136, 160, 208, 222
panhandle of, 7, 9, 153, 180, 214, 251, 261, 263, 274–75, 277, 294
political situation in, 13, 26, 74–75, 83, 90–91, 119, 120, 126–27, 145, 154, 157, 165, 170, 174, 185, 233–34, 240–41, 298–99
population of, 157–58
Reconstruction period of, 223
republic of, 13, 14, 73–77, 120, 130–31, 140, 145, 148
slavery in, 131, 157–58, 185
as Spanish territory, 19, 23–25, 49, 57–66, 75–78
U.S. annexation of, 129
West, 2, 8, 10, 58, 75, 77–78, 196, 262
see also specific settlements and towns
Texas Rangers, 6, 8, 15, 80, 81, 92–94, 98, 99, 100, 119, 130, 131–50, 154–55, 158, 159–60, 161, 165–70, 174, 180, 182, 185, 208
Texola, Tex., 266
Thomas, Robert B., 311, 312–13
Thompson, W. A., 254
“Thou Idol of My Soul” (Lamar), 73
tintypes, 92, 183, 186, 190–91, 199, 300, 316, 318
Tlascaltecans, 64
tobacco, 226, 265–66, 267
Tohausan, Chief, 201–2, 218
tomahawks, 17, 132
To-nar-cy, 318
Tonkawas, 1, 7, 9–10, 19, 43–44, 59, 77, 79, 97–98, 100, 167, 169, 209, 211, 224, 242, 244, 246–47, 254, 255, 256, 267, 279–80
To-pay, 318
Tosawa, Chief (Silver Brooch), 226–27, 229
“trail of tears,” 77, 230
treaties, peace, 6, 24, 49, 59, 62–66, 69, 71–72, 74, 75–77, 82–88, 107, 114–15, 133, 159–65, 170–71, 209, 222–34, 240–41, 283, 295–96, 309
Tucumcari, Tex., 253
Tule Canyon, 278–79, 280, 282
Tumlinson, John J., 96–97, 98
Twiggs, David, 170
Tyler, Tex., 189, 192
Ulibarri, Juan De, 35
Utah, 128, 170
Utes, 21, 28, 35, 45, 59, 69, 71, 104, 215, 216–17, 218, 224
Uvalde Canyon, 144
Valentine, R. G., 303
Van Dorn, Earl, 170–72, 174, 208, 238
Van Zandt County, Tex., 189
Vicksburg, Battle of, 207
Victoria, Tex., raid (1840), 94–96, 100, 101, 327n<
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villages, Indian, 74–78, 92, 100–101, 111, 117, 142, 152–53, 159, 167–70, 174–76, 202, 215–21, 242–49, 254–57, 276–77, 280–82
Virginia, 1, 13, 140, 163
Wacos, 16, 59, 75, 77, 85, 89
Waggoner, Daniel, 301, 303, 312
Walker, Samuel, 145–50, 161
Walker’s Creek, Battle of, 146–50, 172
Wallace, “Bigfoot,” 138, 160
Wallace, Ernest, 45, 49, 134, 162, 205, 254, 314, 328n, 337n
Wampanoags, 4–5
War of 1812, 185
Washington, George “Dummie,” 311
Washita, Battle of the, 239–40, 242, 282
Washita Mountains, 195–96
Watts, H. O., 95
Watts, Mrs. H. O., 95, 99
Wayne, John, 120
Weatherford, Tex., 153, 155, 156, 173, 183
Webb, Walter Prescott, 38, 159–60
Webster, Booker, 87, 88
Weckeah, 205–6, 289, 302
Wells, Lysander, 88
Western Sioux, 3, 24
Western Trail, 296–97
West Point Military Academy, 2, 236, 237, 238
Wheeler, Ben, 192
White Man, The, 155
White Oaks, N. Mex., 270
White Wolf, Chief, 298
Whitney, Eli, 149
Wichita, Kans., 38, 224
Wichita Falls, Tex., 153, 164
Wichita Mountains, 13, 117, 195–96, 198, 214, 229, 293, 302, 313
Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, 313
Wichita Reservation, 210
Wichitas, 14, 28, 59, 66, 68, 77, 89, 92, 108, 164, 170–71, 209, 210, 231, 294, 314
Wichita Village, Battle of the, 170–71, 208
Wilbarger, J. W., 143
Wild Horse, Chief, 243, 279, 283, 290
Williams, Leonard H., 107–9, 111, 116, 126, 127
Williams, Robert H., 334n
Winchester, Battle of, 237, 238
wolves, 80, 104, 264, 312, 313
Wood, Natalie, 120
Worth, Fort, 1, 68, 153, 154, 183, 190, 203, 241, 251, 311
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890), 299
Wrinkled Hand Chase, 277
Wyandottes, 210
Wyoming, 27, 28, 31, 59, 238–39, 242, 266
Yamparika Comanches, 49, 89, 90, 93, 109, 122, 158, 203, 209, 214, 218, 227–28, 229, 241, 251, 256, 267, 290
Yellow Bear, Chief, 311
Yellow Horse, Chief, 267
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
S. C. Gwynne is an award-winning journalist whose work has appeared extensively in Time, for which he worked as bureau chief, national correspondent, and senior editor from 1988 to 2000, and in Texas Monthly, where he was an executive editor. His work has also appeared in The New York Times, Harper’s, the Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe, the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, and California magazine. He attended Princeton and Johns Hopkins and lives in Austin, Texas, with his wife, Katie, and daughter, Maisie. This is his third book.
Parker’s Fort: The site of the famous 1836 Indian massacre that resulted in the kidnapping of Cynthia Ann Parker and other family members. This fort was a replica of the original, built in the 1930s. It was rebuilt again and exists today in the town of Grosbeck, Texas.
Jack Hays: He was the greatest Texas Ranger, the one the Comanches and Mexicans feared most, the source of countless legends of the Old West. It was said that before Hays, Americans came into the West on foot carrying long rifles, and that after Hays, everybody was mounted and carrying a six-shooter.
Cynthia Ann Parker and her daughter, Prairie Flower: Taken at A. F. Corning’s studio in Fort Worth, probably in 1862, the photo became famous on the frontier and beyond. Note her large, muscular hands and wrists.
Comanche warriors: Famed photographer William Soule took this photograph in the early 1870s at Fort Sill in southwestern Oklahoma, where the Comanches were brought after their surrender.
The young Sul Ross: This is the way he looked when he killed Comanche war chief Peta Nocona at the Battle of Pease River and recaptured Nocona’s wife, who turned out to be Cynthia Ann Parker. Ross later became governor of Texas.
Ranald S. Mackenzie during the Civil War, 1863 or 1864: The man who would destroy the Comanches and become America’s greatest Indian fighter graduated first in his class at West Point in 1862 at the age of twenty-one and by August he was serving in the army in the Second Battle of Manassas. By the end of the war—at the advanced age of twenty-four—he had been promoted to brevet brigadier general.
Quanah in 1877: The earliest known photo of him, two years after his surrender. Though he is fully clad in traditional leather and fringe, one can still see how massive his forearms and upper body were. He was considered the most formidable fighter of his generation of Comanches.
The onslaught of the hide men: In the 1870s the pursuit of the buffalo became less like hunting and more like extermination. In 1873 a hunter named Tom Nixon killed 3,200 in 35 days. In the winter of 1872 a single hide fetched $3.50. This “rick” of hides awaits shipment from Dodge City.
Kotsoteka Comanche chief Shaking Hand (Mow-way): On September 29, 1872, Mackenzie destroyed his village in the Texas Panhandle at the Battle of the North Fork of the Red River (or McClellan Creek). Ironically, Shaking Hand at the time was en route to Washington to talk peace with the Great Father.
Isa-tai in middle age: Part medicine man, part con man, and part showman, Isa-tai appeared in 1874 as the Comanches’ great savior and messiah. His magic went disastrously wrong at the Battle of Adobe Walls. He later became Quanah’s rival in the reservation years.
Scalped buffalo hunter, 1868: The Indians hated buffalo hunters and understood that they, more than the bluecoated federal soldiers, were destroying their way of life on the plains. This hunter, photographed by William Soule near Fort Dodge, met the same fate as hundreds of others like him.
Quanah and one of his wives: He had eight of them, seven during the reservation period—an unusually high number. Most were quite attractive and not always happy to share their husband.
The formal Quanah: Though he refused to give up his long hair, his multiple wives, or his peyote, he happily wore white man’s clothes when he traveled or went to town.
Star House: Quanah built his magnificent ten-room house in 1890. It boasted a formal dining room and ten-foot ceilings, and was located on a splendid piece of high ground in the shadow of the Wichita Mountains north of Cache, Oklahoma.
Quanah and family, ca. 1908: The aging chief and twenty members of his family on the porch at Star House. He had seven wives and twenty-three children during the reservation period, all of whom lived at the house. One of his wives said later that his greatest achievement was managing his own household.
Quanah in his bedroom, ca. 1897: A clash of old and new. Note the framed portrait of his mother, Cynthia Ann, and his sister, Prairie Flower, on his left. It was his most cherished possession.
Quanah entertaining dinner guests, ca. 1900: In Star House’s formal dining room, Quanah entertained guests from Geronimo to General Nelson Miles to Teddy Roosevelt. This room, and the house, still exist in Cache, Oklahoma.
Quanah at fifty-eight: While his wealth waned in his later years, his stature in the tribe, and in American society, grew. This shows him at the height of his power, influence, and popularity in 1906.
Table of Contents
One NEW KIND OF WAR
Two A LETHAL PARADISE
Three WORLDS IN COLLISION
Four HIGH LONESOME
Five THE WOLF’S HOWL
Six BLOOD AND SMOKE
Seven DREAM VISIONS AND APOCALYPSE
Eight WHITE SQUAW
Nine CHASING THE WIND
Ten DEATH’S INNOCENT FACE
Eleven WAR TO THE KNIFE
Twelve WHITE QUEEN OF THE COMANCHES
Thirteen THE RISE OF QUANAH
Fourteen UNCIVIL WARS
Fifteen PEACE, AND OTHER HORRORS
&n
bsp; Sixteen THE ANTI-CUSTER
Seventeen MACKENZIE UNBOUND
Eighteen THE HIDE MEN AND THE MESSIAH
Nineteen THE RED RIVER WAR
Twenty FORWARD, IN DEFEAT
Twenty-one THIS WAS A MAN
Twenty-two RESTING HERE UNTIL DAY BREAKS
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
