35 Charles Baron Von Hugel, Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh [1845], Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1984, p. iv.
36 Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897-98, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1989, p. 65.
37 Ibid., p. 73.
38 Ahmad Hasan Dani, Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1995, p. 15.
CHAPTER 4: Campaigns, Conquests and Consolidation
1 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, pp. 387–8.
2 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs: From the Origins of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej [1849], S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1966, p. 153.
3 Sir Lepel Griffin, Rulers of India: Ranjit Singh, p. 127.
4 Ibid., p. 115.
5 Sir Lepel Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs [1890], Civil and Military Press, Lahore, Vol. 1, 1909, p. 260.
6 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, pp. 74, 75.
7 Sir Lepel Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs, Vol. 1, p. 296.
8 K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, pp. 39–40.
9 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p.185.
10 Ibid., p. 184.
11 R.R. Sethi, The Mighty and the Shrewd Maharaja, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, p. 136.
12 Henry T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, pp. 166, 167-8.
13 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 150.
14 Ibid., p. 168.
15 Teja Singh (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, p. 40.
16 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 262.
17 Henry T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, p. 183.
18 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 364.
19 Records of the Ludhiana Agency [1911], Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2006, pp. 279–82.
CHAPTER 5: The Unabashed Sensualist
1 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1981, p. 171.
2 Henry T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, pp. 84–5.
3 Baron Charles Hugel, Kashmir and the Punjab, p. 311.
4 Captain Leopold von Orlich, Travels in India Including Sinde and the Punjab, Vol. 1, p. 173.
5 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 159.
6 Ibid., p. 160.
7 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, pp. 170, 171, 172.
8 Ibid., p. 169.
9 Lala Sohan Lal Suri, Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh (Chronicle of the Reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) [1889], Daftar-III, Parts 1-5, S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1961, p. 99.
10 Syad Mohammad Latif, Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1892, pp. 249, 250.
11 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, pp. 96–7.
12 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, p. 175.
13 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, pp. 85–6.
14 Ibid., pp. 198, 199.
15 Henry Edward Fane, Five Years in India [1842], Deepak, Gurgaon, Vol. 1, 1989, p. 170.
16 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, pp. 537, 538.
17 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, p. 165.
18 Sir Lepel Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs, Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1890, p. 388.
19 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, Thomas Nelson and Sons, London, 1915, p. 99.
20 Syad Mohammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 423.
21 Ibid.
22 A gold coin then worth 15 rupees.
23 Lala Sohan Lal Suri, Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, pp. 331–2.
24 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 480.
25 Ibid., p. 481.
26 Harbans Singh (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (4 vols), Panjabi University, Patiala, Vol. 2, 1996, p. 9.
27 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 193.
28 K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, p. 151.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid., p. 154.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
CHAPTER 6: Patron of the Arts and Minter Extraordinary
1 W.G. Archer, Paintings of the Sikhs, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1966, pp. 19, 26.
2 Mulk Raj, Anand (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh as Patron of the Arts, Marg Publications, Bombay, 1981, p. 96.
3 Lieutenant William Barr, Journal of a March from Delhi to Cabul [1844], Panjabi University (Languages Department), Patiala, 1970, p. 57.
4 Mulk Raj, Anand (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh as Patron of the Arts, p. 54.
5 Patwant Singh, The Golden Temple, Time Books International, New Delhi, 1989, pp. 102–3.
6 Lala Sohan Lal Suri, Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh, Daftar-III, Parts 1-5 [1839], S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1961, p. 435.
7 T.S. Randhawa, The Sikhs: Images of a Heritage, Prakash Books, New Delhi, 2000, p. 23.
8 F.S. Aijazuddin, Sikh Portraits by European Artists, Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications, London, 1979, p. 21.
9 Lieutenant William Barr, Journal of a March from Delhi to Cabul, p. 65.
10 Ganda Singh, The Punjab in 1839-40, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1952, p. 17.
11 W.G. Archer, Paintings of the Sikhs, p. 9.
12 W.L. McGregor, The History of the Sikhs [1846], Rupa, New Delhi, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 223.
13 Baron Charles Hugel, Kashmir and the Punjab, pp. 302–3.
14 Ibid., p. 304.
15 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, December 1909, Vol. 5 (new series).
16 Syad Muhammad Latif, Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities, p. 224.
17 British Parliamentary Papers, Report Relating to a Gold Currency for India, Resolution No. 1325, Financial Department, Government of India, Simla, 12 July 1864 (published 1865).
18 What Major Edwards does not make clear in his covering note to the resident at Lahore is that Raja Sher Singh Attariwala did not desert to the enemy (the remnants of Ranjit Singh’s army were by no means ‘the enemy’) and that ‘the real interests’ of Maharaja Dalip Singh were hardly served by the British exiling him from the land of his birth and his heritage.
19 Papers Relating to the Punjab, 1847-9, Inclosure No. 1 in No. 39, p. 376, Harrison and Son, London.
20 R. Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, Smith, Elder and Co., London, Vol. 1, 1883, pp. 307–8.
21 Press lists of old records in the Punjab Secretariat Supplementary, 5 April 1849-10 February 1853.
CHAPTER 7: Flouting the Republican Tradition
1 Bhagat Singh, A History of the Sikh Misals, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1993, p. 81.
2 Henry Steinbach, The Country of the Sikhs [1846], KLM Book House, New Delhi, 1978, p. 14.
3 General Sir John J.H. Gordon, The Sikhs, pp. 116–17.
4 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, pp. 133–4.
5 Henry T. Prinsep, Origins of the Sikh Power, p. 214.
6 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 200.
7 Max Arthur Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors [1909], Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 5, 1995, pp. 243–4.
8 Kapur Singh, Parasaraprasna or the Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh: An Exposition of Sikhism, Hind Publishers, Jullundar, 1959, p. 366.
9 Kapur Singh, Parasaraprasna, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 1989, pp. 59–60.
10 Ibid., p. 43.
11 Translation of a verse attributed to the Sikh historian Bhai Rattan Singh Bhangu, author of Pracin Panth Prakas, 1841, quoted in Kapur Singh, Parasaraprasna, p. 41.
12 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, p. 148.
CHAPTER 8: The Decadent and Deceitful
1 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. 25.
2 For example, Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab [1891], p. 498.
3 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 217.<
br />
4 Fauja Singh, Maharaja Kharak Singh, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1977, p. xliv.
5 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. 36.
6 Ibid., p. 36.
7 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 209.
8 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 502.
9 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. 38.
10 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, pp. 505–6.
11 Ibid, p. 506.
12 Ganda Singh, The Punjab in 1839-40, p. 17.
13 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 507.
14 Hari Ram Gupta, Panjab on the Eve of the First Sikh War, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1956, p. 39.
15 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, p. 114.
16 Ibid., p. 144.
17 Emily Eden, Up the Country [1930], Curzon Press, London, 1978, p. 22.
18 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, pp. 223–4.
19 Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs, Manohar Publications, New Delhi, 1985, p. 199.
20 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 201.
21 Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand, Queen Victoria’s Maharajah: Duleep Singh 1838-93, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 2.
22 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, p. 146.
CHAPTER 9: Twilight of an Empire
1 S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 2.
2 Major Evans Bell, The Annexation of the Punjab and Maharajah Duleep Singh [1882], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986, pp. 9–10.
3 Barbara W. Tuchman, Sand Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-45, Macmillan, London, 1971, p. 436.
4 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet: The First Sikh War, London, Jarrolds, 1968, p. x.
5 Viscount Hardinge, Rulers of India, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1900, p. 28.
6 Ibid., pp. 49–50.
7 S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 4.
8 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 279.
9 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 251.
10 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations, 1799-1849, V.V. Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1968, p. 189.
11 Hari Ram Gupta, Punjab, Central Asia and the First Afghan War, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1943, p. 271.
12 Harbans Singh, Heritage of the Sikhs, p. 198.
13 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Punjab Papers (1836-1849), V.V. Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1970, p. 72.
14 Dewan Ajudhia Parshad, Waqai Jang-i-Sikhan [Events of the (First) Anglo-Sikh War – 1845-46], Punjab Itihas Prakashan, Chandigarh, 1975, pp. 11–12.
15 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, p. 153.
16 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, pp. 257–8.
17 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1967, p. 103, n. 2.
18 Ibid., p. 106.
19 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 292.
20 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 46.
21 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 265.
22 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, p. 106.
23 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 266.
24 Khushwant Singh, The Fall of the Kingdom of Punjab, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1962, p. 99.
25 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 267.
26 W.L. McGregor, The History of the Sikhs, Vol. 2, p. 120.
27 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 90.
28 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, p. 106.
29 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 101.
30 Quoted in Ian Heath, The Sikh Army 1799-1849, p. 13.
31 Quoted ibid., p. 22.
32 ‘The Return of Ordnance’, in Despatches of Lord Hardinge, Lord Gough and Sir Harry Smith and Other Documents, Oliver and Ackerman, London, 1846, p. 36.
33 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 99.
34 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. xxvi.
35 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 544.
36 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, p. 112.
37 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1949, p. 284.
38 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, pp. 134–45.
39 Ibid., p. 143.
40 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 284.
41 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, pp. 145–6.
42 Ibid., p. 146.
43 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 284.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid, p. 279.
46 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 153.
47 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 289.
48 E. Dalhousie Login, Lady Login’s Recollections: Court Life and Camp Life 1820-1904, Panjabi University (Languages Department) Patiala, 1970, p. 95.
49 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 359.
50 The Tribune, 25 October 1893.
51 W.L. McGregor, The History of the Sikhs, Vol. 2, p. 256.
52 Papers relating to the Punjab, 1847-9, Inclosure No. 32 in No. 38, Harrison and Son, London.
53 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 323.
54 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, pp. 168–9.
55 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 328.
56 Ibid., p. 332.
57 Ibid., pp. 335–7.
58 S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 142.
59 Ibid., pp. 139–40.
60 Press lists of old records in the Punjab Secretariat: ‘From the Secretary to the Government of India to the Board of Administration for the affairs of the Punjab’, p. 277 (11 June 1851).
61 Ibid., p. 223.
62 Ibid., ‘From Captain J.M. Drake, to P. Melvill, Secretary to the Board of Administration, Punjab’, p. 130 (24 May 1849).
63 Ibid., Vol. XII, ‘Board of Administration, Punjab, 5 April 1849 to 10 February 1853’, p. 31.
64 Ibid., Vol. 11, ‘From the Secretary to the Board of Administration, Punjab, to the Secretary to the Government of India’, p. 180 (19 July 1850).
65 Lady Login, Sir John Login and Duleep Singh (1809-1886) [1889], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1970, pp. 179–83.
66 Ibid., p. 548.
67 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, p. 176.
Further Reading
BOOKS, GAZETTEERS AND ARTICLES
Ahluwalia, M.L., Life and Times of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1989
Ahuja, Roshan Lal, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab Writers’ Cooperative Society, New Delhi, 1983
Aijazuddin, F.S., Historical Images of Pakistan, Ferozsons, Lahore, 1992
Aijazuddin, F.S., Lahore: Illustrated Views of the Nineteenth Century, Mappin, Ahmedabad, 1988
Aijazuddin, F.S., Lahore Recollected – an Album, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2003
Aijazuddin, F.S., Sikh Portraits by European Artists, Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications, London, 1979
Alexander, Michael and Sushila Anand, Queen Victoria’s Maharajah Duleep Singh 1838-93, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980
Ali, Shahamat, The Sikhs and Afghans [1849], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
Allan, J.M.A., The Cambridge Shorter History of India, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, 1964
Archer, W.G., Paintings of the Sikhs, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1966
Baillie, F. Alexander, Kurrachee: Past, Present and Future, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997
Baqir, M., Lahore: Past and Present [1952], Low Price Publications, Delhi, 1993
Barr, Lieutenant William, Journal of a March from Delhi to Cabul [1844], Panjabi University (Langua
ges Department), Patiala, 1970
Bell, Major Evans, The Annexation of the Punjaub and Maharajah Duleep Singh [1882], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
Bhatia, H.S., Rare Documents on Sikhs and Their Rule in the Punjab, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1992
Burnes, Sir Alexander, Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in That City, the Years 1836-1838 [1841], Indus Publications, Karachi, 1986
Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad, Lahore Fort: A Witness to History, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1999
Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad (ed.), The Maharaja Duleep Singh and the Government: A Narrative, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1999
Cole, John Jones, A Sketch of the Siege of Mooltan [ 1849], Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1999
Cotton, J.S., Rulers of India: Mountstuart Elphinstone [1896], Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1896
Court, Henry, History of the Sikhs [1888], Longmans, Calcutta, 1959
Cunningham, Alexander, The Ancient Geography of India [1871], Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1979
Cunningham, Joseph Davey, A History of the Sikhs: From the Origins of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej [1849], S. Chand and Co., Delhi, 1966
Dani, Ahmad Hasan, Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1995
Data, Piara Singh, The Sikh Empire, National Book Shop, Delhi, 1986
Douie, Sir James, The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir [1916], Low Price Publications, Delhi, 1994
Duggal, K.S., Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1989
Elliott, Captain A.C., The Chronicles of Gujrat [1902], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
Fane, Henry Edward, Five Years in India [1842], 2 vols, Deepak, Gurgaon, 1989
Featherstone, Donald, At Them with the Bayonet: The First Sikh War, London, Jarrolds, 1968
Garrett, H.L.O., The Punjab a Hundred Years Ago, Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
Garrett, H.L.O. and G.L. Chopra, Events at the Court of Ranjeet Singh 1810-1817 [1935], Amar Prakashan, New Delhi, 1979
Gazetteer of the Amritsar District, 1883-84 [1892], Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1892
Gazetteer of the Dera Ghazi Khan District, 1893-97 [1898], Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1898
Gazetteer of the Dera Ismail Khan District, 1883-84 [ 1884], Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1884
Gazetteer of the Hazara Khan District, 1883-84 [ 1884], Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1884
Empire of the Sikhs Page 27
