Empire of the Sikhs

by Patwant Singh

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  Grewal, J.S. and Indu Banga, Early Nineteenth Century Panjab, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 1975

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  Griffin, Sir Lepel H., Rulers of India: Ranjit Singh [ 1911], S. Chand and Co., Delhi, 1967

  Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, 5 vols, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1991

  Gupta, Hari Ram, Later Mughal History of the Punjab, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1996

  Gupta, Hari Ram, Marathas and Panipat, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1961

  Gupta, Hari Ram, Punjab, Central Asia and the First Afghan War, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1987

  Gupta, Hari Ram, Punjab on the Eve of First Sikh War, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1956

  Hardinge, Viscount Charles, Rulers of India, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1900

  Hasrat, Bikrama Jit, Anglo-Sikh Relations, 1799-1849: A Reappraisal of the Rise and Fall of the Sikhs, V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1968

  Hasrat, Bikrama Jit, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism, V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1977

  Hasrat, Bikrama Jit, The Punjab Papers (1836-1849), V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1970

  Henry, G.A., Through the Sikh War [ 1921], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1970

  Honigberger, John Martin, Thirty-Five Years in the East [ 1852], Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi, 1995

  Hugel, Baron Charles, Kashmir and the Punjab [ 1845], Light and Life Publishers, Jammu, 1972

  Hugel, Baron Charles, Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh [1845], Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1984

  Hutchison, J. and J.P. Vogel, History of the Punjab Hill States [1933], 2 vols, Department of Language and Culture, Simla, 1982

  Ibbetson, Sir Denzil, A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province [ 1883], 3 vols, Panjab University (Languages Department), 1989

  Irvine, William, Later Mughals [ 1922], 2 vols, Oriental Books, New Delhi, 1971

  Johar, Surinder Singh, The Heritage of Amritsar, Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi, 1978

  Johar, Surinder Singh, The Secular Maharaja: A Biography of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Manas Publications, New Delhi, 1985

  Kapur, Prithpal Singh and Dharam Singh (eds), Maharaja Ranjit Singh Commemoration Volume, Panjabi University, Patiala, 2001

  Kaur, Madanjit, The Golden Temple, Past and Present, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 1983

  Khan, Ahmad Nabi, A History of the Saddozai Afghans of Multan, Research Society of Pakistan, Lahore, 1977

  Khan, Ahmad Nabi, Multan: History and Architecture, Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamabad, 1983

  Khan, F.A., The Princess Bamba Collection (Antiquities of the Sikh Period), catalogue, Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Karachi, 1961

  Khan, Khan Mohammad Waliullah, Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan, Ferozsons, Karachi, 1962

  Khullar, K.K., Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Prominent Printers, New Delhi, 1980

  Kiernan, Victor G., Metcalfe’s Mission to Lahore (1808-1809), Punjab Government Record Office, Monograph No. 1, Lahore, 1950

  Kirpa, Ram Diwan, Gulabnama: History of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, Light and Life Publishers, New Delhi, 1977

  Kohli, Sita Ram, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1967

  Kohli, Sita Ram, The Trial of Diwan Mulraj, Panjabi University (Languages Department), Patiala, 1971

  Lafont, Jean-Marie, French Administrators of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, National Book Shop, New Delhi, 1988

  Lafont, Jean-Marie, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2002

  Lal, Mohan, Travels in the Punjab, Afghanistan, and Turkistan [ 1834], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986

  Latif, Syad Mohammad, ‘The Early History of Multan’ [1891], Calcutta Review

  Latif, Syad Mohammad, History of the Panjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time [1891], Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 1989

  Latif, Syad Mohammad, Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities, [ 1892] Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1994

  Lawrence, Major H.M.L., Adventures of an Officer in the Punjab [1846], 2 vols, Panjabi University (Languages Department), Patiala, 1970

  Leigh, M.S., The Punjab and the War, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1997

  Login, E. Dalhousie, Lady Login’s Recollections: Court Life and Camp Life 1820-1904 [1916], Panjabi University (Languages Department), Patiala, 1970

  Login Lady, Sir John Login and Duleep Singh (1809-1886) [1889], Panjab University (Languages Department), Patiala, 1970

  Macauliffe, M.A., The Sikh Religion [ 1909], Vol. 6, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995

  Malcolm, Lieutenant Colonel, Sketch of the Sikhs [ 1812], Asian Educational Services, 1986

  Mulk Raj, Anand (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh as Patron of the Arts, Marg Publications, Bombay, 1981

  Masson, Charles, Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Punjab, 1826 to 1838 [1842], 3 vols, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1997

  McGregor, W.L., The History of the Sikhs [1846], Rupa, New Delhi, 2007

  Mehra, Parshotam, North-western Frontier and British India, 1839-42, 2 vols, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1982

  Moin, Major S., Chillianwala: Some Aspects of Leadership, National Publishing House, Lahore, n.d.

  Moorcroft, William and George Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Punjab in Ladakh and Kashmir; in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara, 1819-1825, John Murray, London, 1837

  Murray, W.M., History of the Punjab and of the Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of the Sect and Nation of the Sikhs [ 1846], 2 vols, Deepak, Gurgaon, 1993

  Narang, Sir Gokul Chand, Transformation of Sikhism, New Book Society, Lahore, 1912

  Nayyar, G.S., Life and Accomplishments of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa, Marshal of the Khalsa, Harinder Singh Khalsa Publishers, Amritsar, 1993

  Orlich, Captain Leopold von, Travels in India Including Sinde and the Punjab [ 1845], 2 vols, Usha Publications, New Delhi, 1985

  Osborne, W.G., The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, Henry Colburn, London, 1840

  Parshad, Dewan Ajudhia, Waqai Jang-I-Sikhan [Events of the (First) Anglo-Sikh War -1845-6], Punjab Itihas Prakashan, Chandigarh, 1975

  Payne, C.N., A Short History of the Sikhs, Thomas Nelson, London, 1915

  Pearse, Major Hugh, Memories of Alexander Gardner (Colonel of Artillery in the Service of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) [1898], Deepak, Gurgaon, 1993

  Political Diaries: Delhi Residency and Agency Records, 1807 to 57, Vol. 1, Pioneer Press, Allahabad, 1911

  Political Diaries: Ludhiana Agency Records, 1808 to 1815, Vol. 2, Pioneer Press, Allahabad, 19
11

  Political Diaries of the Resident at Lahore and His Assistants, 1846 to 1849, Vols 3-5 (Lahore Political Diaries), 1911

  Prinsep, Henry T., Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab and the Political Life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh [1834], Military Orphan Press, Calcutta, 1965

  Randhawa, T.S., The Sikhs: Images of a Heritage, Prakash Books, New Delhi, 2000

  Raza, Hanif M., Lahore Through Centuries, Colorpix, Islamabad, 1996

  Rehatsek E., ‘A Notice of the Zafarnama-I-Ranjit-Singh of Kanihayya Lal’, The Indian Antiquary (Bombay), 1887-8

  Rehmani, Dr Anjum, Masterpieces of Lahore Museum, Lahore Museum, Lahore, 1999

  Ross, David, The Land of the Five Rivers and Sindh, Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1970

  Saggar, Balraj, Who’s Who in the History of Punjab (1800-1849), National Book Organization, New Delhi, 1993

  Seetal, Sohan Lal, The Sikh Misals and the Punjab, Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana, 1981

  Sethi, R.R., Trial of Raja Lal Singh (The Lahore Minister), Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986

  Sidhu, Colonel Kuldip Singh, Ranjit Singh’s Khalsa Raj and Attariwala Sardars, National Book Shop, New Delhi, 1994

  Singh, Bhagat, A History of Sikh Misals, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1993

  Singh, Fauja, Maharaja Kharak Singh, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1977

  Singh, Fauja, Sirhind Through the Ages, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1984

  Singh, Fauja and A.C. Arora, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society and Economy, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1984

  Singh, Ganda, A Bibliography of the Punjab, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1966

  Singh, Ganda, History of the Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, from Its Origin to November 1935, self-published, Amritsar, 1935

  Singh, Ganda, Life of Banda Singh Bahadur, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1990

  Singh, Ganda, The Punjab: Past and Present, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1983

  Singh, Ganda, Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwlia, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1990

  Singh, Gopal, A History of the Sikh People, 1469-1978, World Sikh University Press, New Delhi, 1979

  Singh, Harbans, The Heritage of the Sikhs, Manobar Publications, New Delhi, 1985

  Singh, Kapur, Parasharprasna or the Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh: An Exposition of Sikhism, Hind Publishers, Jullundur, 1959

  Singh, Khushwant, The Fall of the Kingdom of Punjab, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1962

  Singh, Khushwant, A History of the Sikhs, 2 vols, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1963

  Singh, Khushwant, Ranjit Singh: Maharajah of the Punjab, 1780-1839, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1962

  Singh, Mohinder and Rishi Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, UBS Publishers’ Distributors/National Institute of Panjab Studies, New Delhi, 2002

  Singh, Patwant, The Golden Temple, Times Books International, New Delhi, 1989

  Singh, Patwant, The Sikhs, John Murray, London, 1999

  Singh, Sohan, Life and Exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1915

  Singh, Teja (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial [1939], Deepak, Amritsar, 1993

  Smith, Bosworth R., Life of Lord Lawrence, 2 vols, Smith, Elder and Co., London, 1883

  Smyth Major G., A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore [1847], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1987

  Steinbach, Henry, The Country of the Sikhs [1846], KLM Book House, New Delhi, 1978

  Stronge, Susan, The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms, Victoria and Albert Museum Publications, London, 1999

  Suri, Lala Sohan Lal, Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh, Daftar III [1889], Parts 1-5, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, 1961

  Thackwell, Edward Joseph, Narrative of the Second Sikh War in 1848-49 [1851], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986

  Thorburn, S.S., Musalmans and Money Lenders in the Punjab, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 1983

  Thorburn, S.S., The Punjab in Peace and War [1883], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1989

  Vigne, G.T., Travels in Kashmir: Ladak, Iskardo [1842], 2 vols, Indus Publications, Karachi, 1987

  Waheeduddin, Fakir Syed, The Real Ranjit Singh, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1965

  DOCUMENTS ON THE PUNJAB, 1847-9

  Press Lists of Old Records in the Punjab Secretariat:

  Volume IX: Lahore Agency and Residency, 1846-47

  Volume X: Correspondence of the Resident to the Governor-General, 1848-49

  Volume XI: Board of Administrationnjab, 1849-53

  Volume XII: Board of Administration, Punjab, 1849-53

  Report on the Select Committees on Indian Territories, 1852

  Report on the Select Committees on Indian Territories, Vol. X

  General Report upon the Administration of the Punjab Proper, 1849-51

  ‘The Return of Ordnance’, in Despatches of Lord Hardinge, Lord Gough and Sir Harry Smith and Other Documents, Oliver and Ackerman, London, 1846

  BOOKS AND PAPERS ON SIKH NUMISMATICS

  British Parliamentary Papers, Accounts and Papers, Vol. XXXIX, 1865

  British Parliamentary Papers, Accounts and Papers, Vol. XLII, 1864

  British Parliamentary Papers, Accounts and Papers, Vol. XLIII, 1857-8

  British Parliamentary Papers, Accounts and Papers, Vol. XLV, 1856

  British Parliamentary Papers, Accounts and Papers, Vol. LXXI, 1870

  British Parliamentary Papers, Report Relating to a Gold Currency for India, 1865

  British Parliamentary Papers, Report of the Committee to Enquire into Indian Currency, London, 1899

  Herrli, Hans, The Coins of the Sikhs, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 2004

  Rai, Jyoti, ‘Unidentified Sikh Mints: Proof of the Existence of the Mint at Nimak’, Newsletter of the Oriental Numismatic Society (United Kingdom), No. 143, 1995

  Rai, Jyoti, ‘Rediscovering Sikh Mints: Peshawar, Dera, Rawalpindi’, Newsletter of the Oriental Numismatic Society (United Kingdom), No. 146, 1995

  Rodgers, C. J., Coins of Ahmad Shah Abdali, Vol. LIV, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1885

  Rodgers, C. J., On the Coins of the Sikhs, Vol. L, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1881

  Singh, Saran, ‘The First Coins of the Sikhs’, Newsletter of the Oriental Numismatic Society (United Kingdom), No. 144, 1995

  Thornton, Thomas, The East India Calculator, London, 1823

  Index

  For consistency and to preserve the general usage in the text, names of non-European historical personages are all indexed by the first element.

  Abbott, James, Captain, 255

  Abdus Samad Khan, governor, 53

  Abul Fazl, 122

  Adams, Robert, 22–4

  Adeena Beg Khan, 53

  Adi Granth see Guru Granth Sahib

  Afghan War (1839), 234–5

  Afghans/Afghanistan

  Anglo-Sikh invasion plans, 234–5

  conflicts with Sikhs, 20, 49–51, 52–3, 65–7, 72–3, 114–24

  Ranjit Singh’s dealings with, 88, 111–24, 130, 183, 205

  Ahmad Khan (Chatha leader), 58

  Ahmed Khan Chahanshibashi (Afghan general), 65, 66–7

  Ahmed Shah Abdali, 20, 49–51, 53, 56–7, 65, 66, 88, 114, 115, 183

  Ahmed Shah of Baltistan, 120

  Ajit Singh (son of Guru Gobind Singh), 42

  Akal Takht (‘Almighty’s Throne’ (seat of temporal power), 32, 157, 177

  Akali sect

  military activities, 81, 102–3, 115

  sentencing of Ranjit Singh, 157, 201–2

  Akbar, Emperor, 27, 30, 122

  Ala Singh, Raja of Patiala, 66

  Ala-ud-din Khilji, Sultan, 114

  Alberuni, A.D., 121

  Alexander I, Tsar, 103–4

  Alexander the Great, 15, 19–20, 74, 115, 258

  Ali Mardan Khan, 76

  Aliwal, Battle of (28 January 1846), 244

  Allard, Jean-François, General, 125, 12
6–9, 142, 176–7, 180

  Amar Das, Guru, 25–7, 73

  Amar Singh ‘Darhiwala,’ 174

  ‘Amazons’ (female army unit), 143, 158–60

  Amirs (of Sind), relations with British, 138–9, 146, 149–50

  amputation, as criminal punishment, 103, 135

  Amritsar see Golden Temple

  Anandpur, fortress of, 35, 84

  assaults on, 37–8, 41, 43

  siege/abandonment, 41–2

  Angad, Guru, 25

  Anglo-Sikh Wars see First Anglo-Sikh War; Second Anglo-Sikh War

  Archer, W.G., 174

  Arjan Dev, Guru, 27–31, 34, 86, 200–1

  Army see British Empire; Sikh army

  art, under Ranjit Singh’s rule, 173–9

  artillery, role in Sikh military strength, 102, 128, 241–2

  Ashburnham, Brigadier, 246

  Aso Sircar (wife of Ranjit Singh), 170

  Ata Mohammed, 112

  Attar Khan, 97

  Attar Singh Sandhanwalia, 215

  Attock, conflicts at/over, 112–13, 115, 148–9

  Auckland, George Eden, 1st Earl, Governor-General, 150–1, 160, 164, 178, 198, 221, 229, 234, 236, 258

  Aurangzeb, Emperor, 34–6, 37–8, 41–3, 52, 87

  Avitabile, Paolo di Batolomeo, General, 127–8, 135

  Azam, Prince (son of Aurangzeb), 43

  Azim Khan, governor, 109, 123

  Aziz-ud-din (Azizud-din), Fakir, 86, 133–4, 175, 198, 199

  Babur, Emperor, 114, 121–2

  Bahadur Shah (Muazzam), Emperor, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47

  Bahlol Khan, 22, 23

  Bairagi, Madho Dass see Banda Singh Bahadur

  Baksh, Imam, 85

  Bala (follower of Nanak), 175, 178

  Banda Singh Bahadur (Madho Dass Bairagi), 45–6, 53, 56

  coinage, 184–6, 187

  conversion, 43–4

  death, 46, 186, 187

  Barr, William, Lt, 176, 182

  Bashiran see Billo

  Basti Ram, Treasurer, 134

  Beli Ram, Treasurer, 134

  Bentinck, Lady, 157–8, 176

  Bentinck, Lord William, Governor-General, 128, 133, 136, 141, 142–3, 144–5, 157–8, 176, 180, 195

  Bhangi misl, 63–4, 73–4, 76–7, 169

  coinage, 187–8

  Bhawani Das, 131–2

  Bhim Singh, governor, 190

  Billo (Amazon favourite of Ranjit Singh), 160