The Great Shame: And the Triumph of the Irish in the English-Speaking World

by Thomas Keneally

Mining of Four Courts: Hickey and Doherty, as above.

  Protest criminals: Rude, G., Protest and Punishment, Oxford, 1978.

  Hugh’s attack on Somerset House: Michael Larkin: Galway Weekly Advertiser, 3 August 1833; Galway Free Press, 31 July, 1 August 1833; Connaught Journal, 1 August 1833.

  Troops in Laurencetown: Referred to later in Outrage Papers (Galway), 1846, 1398, NAI.

  Hugh’s capture: Interview with Michael Larkin; and newspapers as for attack.

  Kilkenny assizes: Galway Free Press, 17 July 1833.

  Prisons: O Tuathaigh, as above; Hill, Matthew Davenport, A Paper on the Irish Convict Prisons, London, 1857; and for the better conditions of paying prisoners, see later history of O’Connell and Young Irelanders.

  Percentage Irish speakers: O Tuathaigh, as above.

  The Orange Order: Pakenham, Thomas, The Year of Liberty: The History of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798, London, 1969.

  July parades, 1833: TL, 3 July 1833; 18 and 19 July 1833.

  Coote Hill affray: TL, 22 July 1833.

  Lohan story: Michael Larkin; tale occasionally reiterated in Galway. Researched by author and comprehensively by Dublin researcher, Mark Duncan. Contemporary newspapers, and other sources of NLI, and reports and documents, NAI, yielded no confirmation of tale.

  Papal condemnation of secret societies: Ad Graviora, 1826, noted in O’Shea, James, Priests, Politics and Society in Post-Famine Ireland: A Study of County Tipperary 1850–1891, Dublin, 1981.

  Demand for Coercion Act to operate in Longford: Colonial Secretary’s Office, RP 1911, NAI.

  Graftings in oral history: O Gráda, Cormac, ‘The Great Famine in Folk Memory and in Song.’ Unpublished at time of writing, kindly provided by author.

  Turf: Mokyr, as above.

  Ribbon song: Montague, as above.

  Wakes, also animist mysteries, customs, mores, feast days: Doyle, Martin, Irish Cottagers, Dublin, 1833; Keenan, Desmond, The Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century, Dublin, 1983; Donnelly, as above.

  Hugh’s departure, Galway gaol: Galway Free Press, 24 August 1833.

  Esther remains in Lismany: Oral record confirmed by Returns of Applications, 1837–43, 4/4492, reel 700–1, 41/1333, AONSW.

  Cholera: Galway Weekly Advertiser, 20 July 1833.

  Strahanes and others: Ship’s Indent, Parmelia.

  Sodomy rare: Governor Sir George Gipps to Lord Stanley, 1843, quoted in O’Farrell, Patrick, The Irish in Australia, Sydney, 1986.

  Hugh’s scar: Ship’s Indent, Parmelia.

  Spike Island: Mitchel, John, Jail Journal, published with addenda and appendices from original text, Irish Citizen, New York, 1854.

  2 THE SHIPPING OF IRELAND, AND THE EXILE OF CHAINS

  Chapter heading: Bateson, Charles, The Convict Ships, 1787–1868, Sydney, 1983.

  Parmelia, Master Gilbert and career: Bateson, as above; Ship’s Indent, Parmelia.

  Major Anderson: Anderson, Joseph, Recollections of a Peninsular Veteran, London, 1913; Pike, Douglas (General Editor), ADB, 1788–1850, Volume 1, Melbourne, 1966–7.

  Lloyd’s classification of ships: Bateson, as above.

  Surgeon Donoghoe, and his management of convicts: Bateson, as above; Surgeon-Superintendent’s Journals, PRO 3206, 2/8272, reel 2426, AONSW.

  Ship numbers, convict management: As for previous note.

  Convict deck: Surgeon Peter Cunningham, quoted in Bateson, as above.

  Hugh’s details, and those of other prisoners: Ship’s Indent, Parmelia, 4/7076, AONSW.

  Hedge schools: O Tuathaigh, as above; Hickey and Doherty, as above.

  Proportion of Ribbon offences: Ship’s Indent, Parmelia, 4/7076, AONSW.

  Lord Lieutenant’s warrant, Parmelia: Musters and Papers, 2/8272, reel 2426, AONSW.

  Convict sodomy: O’Farrell, as above.

  Irish immigrants to North America, 1825–45: Miller, Kerby A., Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America, New York, 1985.

  Immigrants, London, Upper Canada: Houston, Cecil J. and Smith, William J., Irish Emigration and Canadian Settlement, Toronto, 1990.

  Irish immigrants to Britain, and Marx quotation: Davis, Graham, The Irish in Britain 1815–1914, Dublin, 1991.

  Irish immigration to Australia: O’Farrell, as above.

  Journey of Parmelia: Surgeon-Superintendent Donoghoe’s Journal, 2/8272, AONSW.

  Length of journey: Bateson, as above.

  3 ASSIGNING IRELAND

  Chapter heading: BPP, Volume XX, 1822, quoted in Robson, L. L., The Convict Settlers of Australia, Melbourne, 1965.

  Parmelia anchors down-harbour: Sydney Gazette, 6 March 1834.

  Fairlie: Bateson, as above; Sydney Herald, Sydney Gazette, Sydney Monitor,6 March 1834.

  Colonists’ questions about convict behaviour aboard ship: Mudie, James, The Felonry of New South Wales, London, 1837.

  Early landing of troops: Sydney Gazette, 8 March 1834.

  Landing before 25 March 1834: Parmelia convicts no longer mentioned, Sydney Gazette, Sydney Monitor, Sydney Herald of that date.

  Defenders and United Irishmen: Pakenham, O’Farrell, as above; Whitaker, Anne-Maree, Unfinished Revolution, Sydney, 1994; Kiernan, T. J., The Irish Exiles in Australia, Dublin, 1954; O’Donnell, Ruan, ‘General Joseph Holt,’ in Reece, Bob (ed.), Exiles from Erin, Dublin, 1991; Holt, Joseph, A Rum Story: The Adventures of Joseph Holt, Thirteen Years in Australia, ed. P. O. O’Shaughnessy, Sydney, 1988.

  Australian Vinegar Hill, 1804: Whitaker, as above; Clark, C. M. H., A History of Australia, Volume 1, Melbourne, 1962.

  Sir Richard Bourke: Clark, as above; ADB, Volume 1.

  John Hubert Plunkett: O’Farrell, as above; ADB, Volume 2.

  Roger Therry: ADB, Volume 2; Therry, Roger, Reminiscences of Thirty years’ Residence in New South Wales and Victoria, London, 1863.

  Disrepute of convict women: Sydney Herald, 10 March 1834.

  Eliza Burns tale: Sydney Herald, 3 March 1834.

  Sydney and its society: Mudie, as above; Roberts, Stephen H., The Squatting Age in Australia, 1835–1847, Melbourne, 1935; Harris, Alexander, Settlers and Convicts: Recollections of Sixteen years’ Labour in the Australian Backwoods, by an Emigrant Mechanic, Melbourne, 1969.

  The barracks and E. A. Slade: ADB, Volume 2; Return of Corporal Punishment inflicted by sentence of the Sydney Police bench, from the 4th to 30th September, in the presence of E. A. Slade, JP, Superintendent, Hyde Park Barracks, BPP, Volume VI; Reports from Select Committee on Transportation, BPP, Volume XIX, E. A. Slade evidence, Sessions 1837; Hirst, John, Convict Society and Its Enemies, North Sydney, 1983.

  Ullathorne’s observations: Ullathorne, William, The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People, Dublin, 1838, quoted in Hughes, Robert, The Fatal Shore, New York, 1987; ADB, Volume 2.

  John Lhotsky: Heney, H. M. E., In a Dark Glass: The Story of Paul Edmund Strzelecki, Sydney, 1961.

  New South Wales floggings: Hirst, as above.

  Demand for labour, 1834; Roberts, as above.

  Study of protest criminals: Rude, as above.

  The Assignment system, Wakefield’s tract: Hirst, as above; HRNSW, Volume 1, Part 2; Volume 5; Select Committee on Transportation, BPP, Volume XIX, 1837.

  Assignment of Larkin and others: Memoranda Book, 1829–37, 2/8208, reel 2664, AONSW; 1837 Muster, HO 10/30, reel 70, AONSW.

  The Nineteen Counties: Roberts, as above.

  William Bradley: ADB, Volume 3; Brodribb, W. A., Recollections of an Australian Squatter, Sydney, 1883; Hancock, W. H., Discovering Monaro, Cambridge, 1972

  Convict muster 1837: As above.

  Convict wages: Butts of Tickets of Private Employment, 1841–42, 4/4287, reel 592, AONSW; also reel 2664, AONSW.

  ‘On the Plains of Emu,’ in Reece, Exiles from Erin, Appendix 1, as above.

  Convict system seen as national disgrace: Hirst, as above; Shaw, A. G. L., Convicts and the Colonies, London, 1966; Select Committee on Transportation, BPP, 1837. />
  Norfolk Island mutiny: Anderson, as above.

  Foster Fyans: Hughes, as above; ADB, Volume 1.

  Anderson on Norfolk Island: Anderson, Hughes, as above.

  Private employment tickets: Examples exist at 4/4287, reel 592, AONSW.

  Absconders: New South Wales Government Gazette, 5 March 1834.

  Hunter River desperadoes: Sydney Herald, same date.

  Bold Jack Donahue (also Donohoe): Hughes, as above; Ward, Russell, The Australian Legend, Melbourne, 1958.

  Brodribb in Monaro: Brodribb, as above; ADB, Volume 3.

  View of Aborigines: Ward, as above.

  Squatter pastoralists and their shepherds: Roberts, Ward, Harris, as above.

  Shepherds and hut-keepers: Roberts, Harris, Mudie, Ward, as above.

  Mudie’s assigned convicts: Therry, Hirst, as above.

  Currency lads and patriotism: Clark, C. M. H., A Short History of Australia, Melbourne, 1993.

  4 THE LIMITS OF LOCATION

  Chapter heading: Ingleton, Geoffrey Chapman (ed.), True Patriots All, or News from Early Australia, Sydney, 1952.

  Commissioners of Crown lands: Roberts, as above.

  Conditions of wool marketing: Roberts, as above.

  Ned Ryan, Ribbonman squatter: Barnett, M., King of Galong Castle, Sydney, 1978, quoted in Robertson, Sir Rutherford, The Three Societies Lecture: Penal Settlement to High Technology and the Future, 1988; Brennan, Niamh, ‘The Ballagh Rioters Barracks “Rioters,” ’ in Reece, Exiles from Erin, as above.

  Ngarigo tribe: Hancock, as above.

  Early contact, terms used, cohabitation: Byrne, J. C., Twelve years’ Wanderings in the British Colonies from 1835 to 1847, 2 volumes, London, 1848, quoted in Ward, as above; Select Committee on Transportation, BPP, Volume XIX, evidence of Mudie and others, 1837.

  Protectors of Aborigines: Roberts, Ward, as above.

  Governor Gipps: Roberts, as above; ADB, Volume 1.

  5 IRELAND AND THE WHITBY WOMEN

  Chapter heading: Robinson, Portia, The Women of Botany Bay, Sydney, 1993.

  O’Connell’s doldrums: Dublin Protestant Guardian, reproduced in TL, 3 October 1838.

  Mary Shields’s crime and those of co-condemned: Limerick Chronicle, 9 January 1839.

  Mary Shields’s wedding: Marriage records of the parish of St John’s, Limerick, 2 May 1834, Entry No. 593.

  Baptismal records: St Michael’s, Limerick. Michael, 10 May 1835; Bridget, 12 May 1837. 60 Pipe or dudeen-smoking: Harris, as above.

  Children sharing prison with mothers: List of children on Whitby, 2/8282, reel 2428, AONSW.

  Criminal records of Irish women convicts: Robinson, as above.

  Summer seasonal hunger: Report of the Commissioners Appointed to take the Census of Ireland for the year 1841, BPP, Volume XXIV, 1843. And apart from early mentioned works, Crawford, Margaret (ed.), Famine: The Irish Experience, 900–1900, Subsistence Crises and Famines in Ireland, Edinburgh, 1989; the chapter by Margaret Crawford, ‘Subsistence Crises and Famines in Ireland: A Nutritionist’s View,’ in her Famine: The Irish Experience, 900–1900, as above.

  Poor Laws and workhouses, George Nicholls, Thackeray: O’Connor, as above.

  Roslin Castle surgeon, Neva: Bateson, as above.

  Shields in Kilmainham: might equally have been Newgate, but Kilmainham suggested by proximity to the Grand Canal.

  People and articles shipped on Whitby: Ship’s Indent, 2/8282, reel 2428, AONSW (also on Microfiche 739); Lord Lieutenant’s Warrant, Whitby, 4/7078, AONSW; O’Connor, as above.

  John Kidd and health of convicts: Surgeon’s Log, Whitby, PRO 3212, reel 2428, AONSW.

  Surgeon Cunningham: Bateson, Robinson, as above.

  New Rules, Surgeon’s behaviour: BPP, Volume XLVII, 1834.

  Special disadvantages of Irish convict women: Robinson, as above.

  Children’s clothing: As above, 2/8282, AONSW.

  Whitby’s children: As above, 2/8282, AONSW.

  Names of women’s relatives in NSW: As above, 2/8282, AONSW.

  Inferior victualling: Sir George Gipps to Glenelg, 25 May 1838, HRA, Volume XIX.

  Whitby meets Freak: Sydney Gazette, 25 June 1839.

  6 THE LASS FROM THE FEMALE FACTORY

  Chapter heading: Mudie’s evidence, Select Committee, BPP, Volume XIX, 1837.

  Whitby’s cargo: Sydney Gazette, 26 June 1839.

  Attacks on female assignment: Hirst, as above; Report of Select Committee on Transportation, BPP, Volume XXII, 1838.

  Opinion of Colonial Secretary: 25 September 1841, Colonial Secretary’s Correspondence, Female Factory, Female Factory Papers, 4/3691, reel 1053, AONSW.

  Labourers to Valparaiso: Roberts, as above.

  Landing of Whitby women and children: Sydney Monitor, 2 July 1839.

  Landing of women described: Mudie, as above.

  Sisters of Charity in Sydney: Reid, Richard and Mongan, Cheryl, A Decent Set of Girls, Yass, NSW, 1996.

  Taking women upriver: Salt, Annette, These Outcast Women—The Parramatta Female Factory, 1821–1848, Sydney, 1984; Colonial Secretary’s Memoranda Book, 1829–37, 13 August 1829, 2/8208, reel 2664, AONSW.

  Female Factory: Salt, as above; Returns of Female Factory, 4/7327, reel 702, and Colonial Secretary’s file, 4/2610–1, AONSW.

  ‘The Lass from the Female Factory’: Ingleton, as above.

  Mudie’s view of Factory: Select Committee on Transportation, BPP, Volume XIX, 1837.

  Governor and Lady Gipps: Salt; ADB, Volume 1, as above.

  Factory needlework: Government Gazette, 18 June 1839.

  Orphanages: Salt, Therry, as above.

  Meagher family history, and character, Thomas Meagher senior: Gavan Duffy manuscript collection, MS 12, Royal Irish Academy; Duffy, Charles Gavan, Four Years of Irish History, 1845–1849, Melbourne, 1883.

  P. J. Smyth on Meagher: Smyth, P. J., The Life and Times of Thomas Francis Meagher, ed. J. C. Waters, Dublin, 1867.

  Thomas Francis Meagher, early life: narrated by Meagher in Irish American, 5 January 1856; Cavanagh, Michael, The Memoirs of General Thomas Francis Meagher, Worcester, MA, 1892.

  William Smith O’Brien: Smith O’Brien’s Retrospect, 1848, MS 464, NLI; O’Brien, William Smith, To Solitude Consigned: The Tasmanian Journal of William Smith O’Brien, 1849–1853, ed. Richard Davis (General Editor), Sydney, 1995; O’Brien, Grania, These My Friends and Forebears: The O’Briens of Dromoland, Whitegate, Co. Clare, 1991; Adam-Smith, Patsy, Heart of Exile, Melbourne, 1986; Davis, Richard, The Young Ireland Movement, Dublin, 1987.

  Smith O’Brien’s mistress: Weir, Hugh W. I., ‘William Smith O’Brien’s Other Family,’ The Other Clare, Volume 20, April 1996.

  First Irish Poor Law: O’Connor, John, The Workhouses of Ireland—The Fate of Ireland’s Poor, Dublin, 1995; MacDonagh, as above; Kinealy, as above; O’Brien, Grania, as above.

  TFM, Stonyhurst and Belgium: Smyth, as above; Irish American, 5 January 1856.

  Factory women’s grievances: Gipps to Lord Stanley, 20 May 1843, HRA, Series 1, Volume XXII.

  Factory women’s insurgency: Therry, as above.

  Women protect Corcoran: BPP, Volume XXII, 1843.

  Scandal at Factory: Deputy Commissary-General Miller to the Colonial Secretary, 20 October 1843, BPP, Volume XIX.

  Trevelyan’s orders for Female Factory: BPP, Volume XX, 1843.

  Assignment of well-conducted women: 30 June 1843, Colonial Secretary’s Correspondence, Female Factory, 4/3691, reel 1053, AONSW.

  80–1 Women leaving Factory: Gipps to Stanley, 20 May 1843, HRA, Volume XXII.

  Children travelling with mothers: Salt, as above, quoting Rules and Regulations of Female Factory, drawn up by Governor Darling.

  Descriptions of Shields, Carthy and Conelly: Tickets-of-Leave, 4/4178, reel 949, AONSW; Conelly (spelled Connelly here) 43/1821; Carthy 43/1826; Shields 43/1816. The side of Shields’s ticket is marked ‘Per the Gov. Minute on a Ticket on the Matron of the FF Parramatta R No 43/7214.’


  General nature of travel in New South Wales: Harris, Roberts, Ward, as above.

  The emancipists’ bank and Samuel Terry: ADB, Volume 2.

  Depression: Brodribb, Roberts, Hancock, as above.

  Tallow: Roberts, as above.

  Bradley’s interests: Brodribb, Hancock, as above; ADB, Volume 3.

  Brodribb’s manner of life (and planned marriage): Brodribb; ADB, Volume 3.

  Hugh’s application, and others noted: Returns of applications, 1837–43, 4/4492, reel 700–1, AONSW. In Hugh’s case 41/1333, 21 December 1841.

  Other applications: 4/4492, reel 700–1, AONSW.

  Men approved for family reunion: Minute of Colonial Secretary, 5 May 1842, copies of letters sent re: convicts, 4/3689, reel 1053, AONSW.

  Order-in-Council ending transportation, and plans to revive it: Hirst, as above.

  Hugh’s ticket-of-leave: 4/4163, reel 944, 42/1457, AONSW.

  Brodribb’s and Hugh’s adventures: Brodribb, as above.

  7 IRELAND YOUNG AND OLD

  Chapter heading: From The Irish Sketch Book, Thackeray, quoted in O’Faolain, as above.

  TFM and Inns of Court: Smyth, MacDonagh, as above; Molony, John N., A Soul Came into Ireland: Thomas Davis 1814–1845, Dublin, 1995.

  Dublin of the period: McCall, Seamus, Irish Mitchel, Dublin, 1938.

  Repeal and O’Connell: MacDonagh, O’Faolain, as above, and for all subsequent O’Connell references unless otherwise noted.

  O’Connell and slavery: Ignatiev, Noel, How the Irish Became White, New York, 1995.

  Maintenance of Repeal rent amongst peasants: O Tuathaigh, as above.

  Founding the Nation: Molony, as above; Doheny, Michael, The Felon’s Track, Dublin, 1920; Davis, Richard, The Young Ireland Movement, Dublin, 1987; Pearl, Cyril, The Three Lives of Gavan Duffy, Kensington, NSW, 1979.

  First edition, Nation: N, 15 October 1842.

  ‘Faugh-a-Ballagh’: N, 29 October 1842.

  Davis verses: The Poems of Thomas Davis, ed. Thomas Wallace, Dublin, 1848.

  Farmer-Agitator dialogue: N, 7 January 1843.

  Monster meetings: Apart from O’Connell sources above, N, passim, summer 1843; Davis, Richard, Young Ireland; Owens, Garry, ‘Hedge Schools of Politics: O’Connell’s Monster Meetings,’ History Ireland, Volume 2, Number 1, 1994.