Blowback, Second Edition: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire
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15. Newsweek, September 8, 1997.
16. New York Times, August 17, 1998.
17. Selig S. Harrison, “The Korean Showdown That Shouldn’t Happen,” Washington Post, November 22, 1998; Executive Intelligence Review, January 1, 1999, p. 46. Evidence of unauthorized disclosure of highly classified intelligence information for political purposes can be found in Bill Gertz, Betrayal: How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1999). Gertz, an avowed enemy of President Clinton, is the defense reporter for the Washington Times, one of the primary vehicles for disseminating leaked C.I.A. and D.I.A. documents. This book includes photocopies of highly classified documents published without U.S. government permission (pp. 219–84).
18. C. Kenneth Quinones, “North Korea’s ‘New’ Nuclear Site—Fact or Fiction?” Northeast Asia Peace and Security Network, Special Report, Policy Forum On-Line, no. 21, October 5, 1998, available from NAPSNet@nautilus.org or on-line at http://www.nautilus.org/napsnet/fora/21A_Quinones.html.
19. Pacific Stars and Stripes, February 27, 1999.
20. Philip Shenon, “Suspected North Korean Atom Site Is Empty, U.S. Finds,” New York Times, May 28, 1999.
6: China: The State of the Revolution
1. “Transcript: President Clinton’s Remarks at Beijing University,” June 29, 1998, at http://www.usconsulate.org.hk/uscn/wh/1998/0629e.htm.
2. The New York Review of Books, August 8, 1996.
3. Andrew C. Janos, “Modernization or Militarization: Germany and Russia as Great Powers,” German Politics and Society 14.1 (Spring 1996); “What Was Communism? A Retrospective in Comparative Analysis,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29.1 (March 1996).
4. See Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
5. Los Angeles Times, May 28, 1994.
6. See Chalmers Johnson, “Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan,” in Frederic C. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), pp. 136–64.
7. Gerard D. Postiglione and Grace L. Mak, eds., Asian Higher Education: An International Handbook and Reference Guide (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997), p. 41 (on China) and p. 349 (on Taiwan).
8. For a good description of this aspect of Taiwan’s political economy, see Karl J. Fields, “KMT, Inc.: Party Capitalism in a Developmental State,” Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper, no. 47, June 1998.
7: China: Foreign Policy, Human Rights, and Trade
1. Los Angeles ‘Times, February 11, 1999.
2. Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1999.
3. Free China Journal, March 5, 1999, p. 2.
4. New York Times, March 24, 1999.
5. See “The Rumsfeld Report: How Soon Might the U.S. Homeland Face a Threat from Ballistic Missile Proliferation?” Proliferation Roundtable at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 17, 1998, on-line at http://www.ceip.org/programs/npp/rumsfeld.htm.
6. Los Angeles Times, March 3, 1999.
7. I am indebted to participants in the Conference on International Issues in the South China Sea, sponsored by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo, September 20, 1995, for many of these points. See also Victor Prescott, “The Spratly Islands,” Quadrant, October 1995, pp. 58–63.
8. Jim Mann, “CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in ’60s, Files Show,” Los Angeles Times, September 15, 1998; Jonathan Mirsky. “The Dalai Lama on Succession and on the CIA,” New York Review of Books, June 10, 1999. For further details on Tibet’s status, see Dawa Norbu, Red Star over Tibet (London: Collins, 1974); Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama (New York: HarperCollins, 1990); A. Tom Grunfeld, The Making of Modern Tibet (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1987); John Kenneth Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival (New York: Public Affairs, 1999).
9. Rone Tempest, “China Installs Its Pick for Panchen Lama,” Los Angeles Times, December 9, 1995.
10. Foreword, in Abdul Aziz Said, ed., Human Rights and World Order (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1978), pp. vii—viii.
11. See, e.g., Wendell L. Willkie II, “Why Does MFN Dominate America’s China Policy?” Heritage Lectures, no. 486, March 29, 1994.
12. Lee Kuan Yew, “America’s Model for Social Order Doesn’t Work Anymore,” Los Angeles Times, October 6, 1995.
13. New York Times, March 16, 1999.
14. See Christopher Lingle, Singapore’s Authoritarian Capitalism: Asian Values, Free Mdrket Illusions and Political Dependency (Fairfax, Va.: Locke Institute, 1996), pp. 117–18.
15. New York Times, March 16, 1999.
16. “Interview: Dalai Lama,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 1994.
17. November 10, 1994.
18. See Greg Mastel, Trading with the Middle Kingdom (Washington, D.C.: Economic Strategy Institute, 1995).
8: Japan and the Economies of the American Empire
1. Even though American archives on this period remain secret, the main details have leaked out and are discussed by Michael Schaller in Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); and Walter LaFeber in The Clash: U.S. Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).
2. John Hunter Boyle, Modern Japan: The American Nexus (Forth Worth, Tex.: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1993), p. 352.
3. The best critique of modernization theory applied to Japan is John Dower’s hundred-page introduction in Dower, ed., Origins of the Modern Japanese State: Selected Writings of E. H. Norman (New York: Pantheon, 1975).
4. Business Week, August 7, 1989.
5. Foreign Service Journal, December 1989.
6. Newsweek, October 9, 1989.
7. Washington Post, December 10, 1990.
8. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982).
9. New York Times, August 15, 1993.
10. Wall Street Journal, January 8, 1986.
11. Wall Street Journal, January 31, 1997.
9: Meltdown
1. Rich Roesler, “Dying for Sex,” Pacific Stars and Stripes, August 30, 1998.
2. Judith Stein, Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 4.
3. William Greider, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 221.
4. Quoted by David Friedman, “How Wall Street’s Moral Hubris Condones Social Inequality,” Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1998. For Oxfam and its policy papers, see its Web site at http://www.oneworld.org/oxfam/index.html.
5. John Ralston Saul, “Paper Games and Monetary Chaos,” New York Times, October 9, 1992.
6. Peter Hartcher and Andrew Comell, “Mr. Yen, the Man Who Started the Asian Crisis,” Australian Financial Review Magazine, July 1999, pp. 34–40. Also see Klaus Engelen, “How Bill Clinton Really Won,” European, November 14–20, 1996.
7. Ron Bevacqua, “Whither the Japanese Model? The Asian Economic Crisis and the Continuation of Cold War Politics in the Pacific Rim,” Review of International Political Economy 5.3 (Autumn 1998), pp. 410–23. See also Andrew Z. Szamosszegi, “How Asia Went from Boom to Gloom,” World and 1, May 1998, pp. 52–59.
8. David D. Hale, “The IMF After the Asia Crisis,” Zurich Insurance Group (interrnal paper), February 13, 1998.
9. San Diego Union-Tribune, September 20, 1998. See also George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (New York: Public Affairs, 1998).
10. Jagdish Bhagwati, “The Capital Myth: The Difference Between Trade in Widgets and Dollars,” Foreign Affairs 77.3 (May—June 1998), pp. 7–12.
11. New York Times, editorial, November 25, 1997. See also Peter Truell, “A
n Alchemist Who Turned Gold into Lead,” New York Times, September 25, 1998; “Crony Capitalism,” Nation, October 19, 1998; Timothy L. O’Brien and Laura M. Holson, “Hedge Fund’s Star Power Lulled Big Financiers into Complacency,” New York Times, October 23, 1998; Gretchen Morgenson and Michael M. Weinstein, “Two Nobel Economists Get a Lesson in Real Economics,” New York Times, November 14, 1998; “On Regulating Derivatives,” New York Times, December 15, 1998; and Leon Levy and Jeff Madrick, “Hedge Fund Mysteries,” New York Review of Books, December 17, 1998.
12. Martin Mayer, “Bailing Out the Billion-Bettors,” Los Angeles Times, October 5, 1998.
13. Evelyn Iritani, “Trade Meeting Opens with a Spat,” Los Angeles Times, November 14, 1998; Mark Landler, “Gore, in Malaysia, Says Its Leaders Suppress Freedom,” New York Times, November 17, 1998; Bob Drogin, “Gore Gets Scolding from APEC, Business Leaders,” Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1998; and Tom Plate, “Gore’s Inept Criticism of the Malaysian President Has Hurt the U.S. All Over Asia,” Los Angeles Times, November 24, 1998.
14. Robert Kuttner, “Shock Treatment for Korea Is Playing with Fire,” Boston Globe, January 4, 1998.
15. Jeffrey Sachs, “The IMF and the Asian Flu,” American Prospect, March—April 1998, pp. 16–21. Also see Sachs, “The ‘Rescuer’ Created the Crisis,” Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1998.
16. David Holley, “Asian Nations Plan to Set Up Money Fund,” Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1997; Edward A. Gargan, “Asian Nations Affirm I.M.F. as Primary Provider of Aid,” New York Times, November 20, 1997; and Art Pine, “Summers a Hot Commodity in Asian Crisis,” Los Angeles Times, January 16, 1998.
17. David Hale, “Will Indonesia’s Stock Market Track Berlin in 1923?” Zurich Insurance Group (internal paper), March 9, 1998.
18. Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1998.
19. “Brazil Sacrifices Rain-Forest Funds to Appease IMF on Spending Cuts,” San Diego Union-Tribune, January 1, 1999. For details on the environmental consequences of the crisis in East Asia, see Deanna Donovan, “Strapped for Cash, Asians Plunder Their Forests and Endanger Their Future,” Analysis from the East-West Center, no. 39 (April 1999).
20. For Greenspan’s remarks, see David E. Sanger, “Greenspan Sees Asian Crisis Moving World to Western Capitalism,” New York Times, February 13, 1998. For Asian reactions, see Takashi Kawachi, “A New Backlash Against American Influence,” Japan Echo, April 1998, pp. 44–47; and Philip Courtenay, “Versions of Capitalism Vie for Ascendancy in Asia,” Free China Journal, March 19, 1999, p. 7.
21. Richard N. Haass and Robert E. Litan, “Globalization and Its Discontents, Navigating the Dangers of a Tangled World,” Foreign Affairs 77.3 (May–June 1998), pp. 2–6.
10: The Consequences of Empire
1. Los Angeles Times, November 24, 1998. See also Jim Mann, “Foreign Policy of the Cruise Missile,” Los Angeles Times, December 23, 1998.
2. Charles Maechling Jr., “Erratic U.S. ‘Leadership’ on Display in Iraq Crisis,” International Herald Tribune, March 23, 1998.
3. Mark Yost, “Tragedy Shouldn’t Drive U.S. from Okinawa,” Asian Wall Street Journal, December 18, 1995.
4. Quoted in Andrew J. Bacevich and Lawrence F. Kaplan, “Battle Wary,” New Republic, May 25, 1998, p. 20.
5. Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1998.
6. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, 1988, p. 513.
7. Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1937), p. 11.
8. David P. Calleo, Beyond American Hegemony: The Future of the Western Alliance (New York: Basic Books, 1987), p. 142.
9. Ashok K. Nath, “A Crisis That Has a Beginning, but No End,” Asia 21, (April 1999), pp. 29–32.
10. “Nike to Raise Entry-Level Wages for Indonesian Workers,” Dow Jones Newswires, March 23, 1999. See also Mark Gibney, “Treat Overseas Workers Fairly—by Law, Not Whim,” Los Angeles Times, May 25, 1998.
11. Los Angeles Times, February 2, 1999.
12. Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1998.
13. Jacob Margolies, “Bad Loans a Great Opportunity for Investment Adviser,” Daily Yomiuri, August 4, 1998.
14. Dean Calbreath, “Thai Buys: San Diego Investors Join Land Rush Started by Asia’s Fiscal Woes,” San Diego Union-Tribune, December 9, 1998.
15. James Flanigan, “Steel’s Protest on Imports Warns of Dangers to All,” Los Angeles Times, November 8, 1998; and Leslie Wayne, “American Steel at the Barricades,” New York Times, December 10, 1998.
16. Mark Magnier, “Japan’s Change in Rice Policy Could Hurt State’s Exports,” Los Angeles Times, December 18, 1998.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook . Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
ABRI (Indonesian armed forces)
Aceh “military operational zone”
Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation
Afghanistan
Soviet invasion of
AIDS
Air Force, U.S.
special forces
Albania
Albright, Madeleine
Algeria
Allen, Richard
Allende, Salvador
American empire
coming crisis in
consequences of
created during Cold War
defined
and dictators
and economic crisis of 1997
economic drain of
and economic policy
future of
and human rights abuses
Japan and economics of
militarism and
and oil
and Soviet Union
Anderson, Jon Lee
Anderson, Perry
Angola
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Aquino, Corazon
Argentina
Arias, Oscar
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Arms Export Control Act
arms race
arms sales
and Indonesia
and Japan
and private contractors
and Taiwan
and Turkey
Army, U.S.
Special Forces Command
Aron, Raymond
Arrighi, Giovanni
Asahi bank
Asahi newspaper
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC)
Asia-Pacific summit (1993)
“Asian values”
Asian Wall Street Journal
Asia Properties
Asiaweek
Atlantic Council
Atsugi base
Aung San Suu Kyi
Australia
Austria
authoritarianism, and development
B–2 bombers
B–52 bombers
Baltimore Sun
Bámaca Velásquez, Efraín
Bankers Trust
banking system
and crisis of 1997
Indonesian
Japanese
Bank of Tokyo
Benes, Edvard
Berger, Sandy
Berlin Wall
Bhagwati, Jagdish
bin Laden, Osama
bipolar confrontation
Birdwell, Billy
Blair, Dennis C.
“blowback”
and American workers
and arms sales
defined
and Indonesia
and international consequences
and Japan
and militarism