When the King Took Flight

by Timothy Tackett

  34• AP 27: 24-26; Panon Desbassayns, 188; Chronique de Paris, no. 174, June 23; Rabaut Saint-Etienne, "Correspondance," 265; Gaultier de Biauzat, 2: 370-371-

  35. Lacroix, 49-50, too; Burstin, 257-258; Panon Desbassayns, 18q; McMan- ners, 2: 122-123.

  36. Lindet, 286; Chronique de Paris, no. 175, June 24; AP 27: 444; Thibaudeau, 150-151.

  37• AP 27: 448, 453-454; Reinhard, 119-120.

  38. AP 27: 453-454; Lindet, 286; Faulcon, 433; Thibaudeau, 149-151; Roland, 2: 309; Guittard de Floriban, 65; Journal de Perlet, no. 689, June 25; Oelsner, 21-22.

  39. Roland, 2: 309.

  40. Burstin, "Une revolution a l'oeuvre," 257.

  41. Ruault, 248.

  42. Aulard, Histoirepolitique, 84-89, Io5-111; Mathiez, 34-41; Morris, 2: 168; Hesse, 83-98; Pegg, 435; Louis-Philippe, 16.

  43. Roland, 2: 316; Ruault, 246-247; Panon Desbassayns, 186; Oelsner, 21; Lombard-Taradeau, 361; Linder, 293; Lacroix, 46; Chronique de Paris, no. 173, June 22.

  44. Roland, 2: 302.

  45. Le patriote francais, no. 683, June 22; Mathiez, 85-86; Pegg, 435-445; Whaley, 35-37; Bourdin, 245-248; Kates, 157-164; Baker, 304-305.

  46. Mathiez, 47.

  47. Mathiez, 48-50; Le babillard, nos. 19 and 21, June 23 and 25; Lacroix, 9697, 117; Bourdin, 241-242.

  48. Guittard de Floriban, 65; Bourdin, 259-260; Mathiez, 51, 53-54, 123-125; Le babillard, no. 21, June 25.

  49. Mathiez, 87; Roland, 2: 322, 325; Braesch, 193-195.

  50. Rude, 83; Mathiez, 86, 233, 328; Chronique de Paris, no. 18o, June 29; Le babillard, nos. 23 and 25-26, July 5 and 8-9; Journal de Perlet, no. 700, July 6; Guittard de Floriban, 68.

  51. Mathiez, 86-87; Bourdin, 260.

  52. Short, 20: 585; Bourdin, 260; Ruault, 250; Mathiez, 88; Roland, 2: 329; Chronique de Paris, no. 197, July 16; Gower, Io9.

  53. Mathiez, 9S, 96-97, too, 1o8.

  54. Ibid., Io9.

  55. Le babillard, no. 32, July 15; AP 27: 589-595; Lacroix, 285; Panon Desbassayns, 201; Journal de Perlet, no. 710, July 16.

  56. Lacroix, 309-310; Chronique de Paris, no. 195, July 14; Les Revolutions de Paris, July 13-14, 1791.

  57. Lacroix, 324-328, 344-345; Guittard de Floriban, 72; Panon Desbassayns, 201.

  58. Ruault, 251; Guittard de Floriban, 72; Gower, ,o6.

  59. Mathiez, Iio; Lacroix, 345-348; Roland, 2: 327n.

  6o. Lacroix, 350; Mathiez, 112-115.

  5. The Fathers of the Nation

  i. For this and the following paragraph, see Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary, chaps. I-4.

  2. Maupetit, 21 (1905): 213-214; Geoffroy, letter of June 19, 1791; Perisse Du Luc, letter of September 12, 1790; Vernier, letter of December 6, 1790; Tackett, "The Constituent Assembly," 162-169.

  3. Campmas, letter of August 24, 1790; Lafayette, 3: 175.

  4. Tackett, "The Constituent Assembly," 164; Michon, chap. 8.

  5. Basquiat de Mugriet, letter of May 31, 1791.

  6. Mousset, 255-256; Feuillet de Conches, 2: 48-49; Gower, 79; Michon, chap. 8.

  7. Thibaudeau, 143; Gaultier de Biauzat, 2: 367; AP 27: 358; Lombard- Taradeau, 360; Toulongeon, 2: 2n.

  8. AP 27: 369-372; Maupetit, 22 (1906): 475; Faulcon, 423. See also Carrot, 1: 73.

  9. Lafayette, 3: 75-76.

  to. AP 27: 359, esp. speech by Camus; Faulcon, 429-430; Levis, 5 (1929): 273.

  it. AP 27: 410-412; Geoffroy, letter of June 22; Toulongeon, 2: 2n and 8n; Thibaudeau, 146-147; Roland, 2: 307.

  12. Thibaudeau, 153; AP 27: 359.

  13. AP 27: 363, 365-366, 369, 386, 521; Gower, 96.

  14. AP 27: 360, 423.

  15. AP 27: 478; Faulcon, 422; Maupetit, 22 (1906): 475; Rochambeau, 1: 380; Dumas, 1: 486-487; Geoffroy, letter of June 22; Basquiat de Mugriet, letter of June 24; Thibaudeau, 141.

  16. AP 27: 394-395, 400.

  17. AP 27: 362; Faulcon, 427; AP 27: 370; Fricaud, letter of June 24; Thibaudeau, 153; Levis, 5 (1929): 272; Ferrieres, 362.

  18. AP 27: 365, 386; Faulcon, 424.

  19. Basquiat de Mugriet, letter of June 24; Fricaud, letter of June 24; Lepoutre, 431, 487; Menard de La Groye, 395; Durand, letter of June 26; Gantheret, letter of June 24; Faulcon, 440-442; Petion, 191; Bouchette, 600-60, .

  20. Lafayette, 3:99; Ferrieres, 368; Lindet, 287; Durand, letter of July 3; Lafayette, 3: too.

  21. Ferrieres, 361; Gaultier de Biauzat, 2: 370; Rabaut Saint-Etienne, "Correspondance," 265; AP 27: 24-26.

  22. Legendre, 70-71.

  23. Gaultier de Biauzat, 2: 384; Gantheret, undated letter (July 1791); Thibaudeau,161-162.

  24. AP 27: 517, 538.

  25. AP 27: 520-521, 536-543, 617-618.

  26. Lindet, 289; AP 27: 543-544, 552-553; Lafayette, 3: 95.

  27. The Constitutional Committee and the Committees on Research, Reports, Military Affairs, Diplomatic Affairs, Criminal Affairs, and Constitutional Revision: AP 32: 545-570. These committees included most of the leaders of the moderates in the Assembly, but relatively few of the radicals.

  28. Legendre, letter of July 2; Morris, 2: 211; Roger, 74. The official judicial inquest began only on July it: Bimbenet, 3.

  29. Lindet, 293.

  30. AP 27: 602-660; Bouille, 252-253.

  31. AP 27: 565; AD Aisnes, L 12 and L 78.

  32. Irland de Bazoges, letter of June 29; Levis, 5 (1929): 276; Vaudreuil, letter to his constituency: AN D XXIX bis 36 (1), dos. 368; AP 28: 91-98.

  33• Walter, 97; Tackett, "Conspiracy Obsession," 704-706.

  34. Les revolutions de France et de Brabant, no. 82.

  35. Aulard, Jacobins, 2: 533-538; Bouchette, 599; Lafayette, 3: 84; Gaultier de Biauzat, 2: 369; also Faulcon, 430; and Roland, 2: 304.

  36. Aulard, Jacobins, 2: 554-626.

  37• See AP 28: 231-336.

  38. This and the following pages are based on the AP for July 13-16: 28: 231- 247,255-271,316-336,377-378.

  39. See AP 8: 642.

  40. AP 28: 245, 258; Arnaud, 241. Vadier had spoken only six times previously.

  41. AP 28: 326, 362.

  42. AP 28: 260-261, 317-318.

  43• AP 28: 330.

  44. See Gaultier's speech in Aulard, Jacobins, 3: 15.

  45. Thibaudeau, 167. Marie-Jeanne Roland thought that about forty deputies had opposed the committees' bill on July 15: Roland, 2: 32 8.

  46. See, for example, Gaultier de Biauzat, 2: 381-382; Basquiat de Mugriet, letters of July 9 and to; Roger, 75-76; Thibaudeau, 161-162; Dubois, 373375; Maupetit, 22 (1906): 480-482.

  47. Arriveur in Dubois, 373; Faulcon, 443-444.

  48. Faulcon, 443-444; Gantheret, undated letter (July 1791); also Durand, letter of July 17.

  49. Gantheret, undated letter (July 1791); Durand, letter of July 17; Lindet, 297-298.

  50. Le babillard, no. 34, July 17; Panon Desbassayns, 202; Ruault, 249. Also journal de Perlet, no. 711, July 17; Roland, 2: 331-332; Morris, 2: 219-220.

  51. Mathiez, 116-120; Lacroix, 386-387, 391; Aulard, Jacobins, 3: 16; Roland, 2: 331-332; Chronique de Paris, no. 197, July 15.

  52. Aulard, Jacobins, 3: 15-18; Mathiez, 122-128, 340-343; Lacroix, 392, 394395; Bourdin, 277; Braesch, 142 (1923): 201-202, 143 (1923): 10-13; Roland, 2: 333-334; Revolutions de Paris, no. 113.

  53. Thibaudeau, 162; Gaultier de Biauzat, 2: 386; Legendre, letters of July 16 and 18; Gouvion to Bailly, July 15: BN Ms. Fr. 11697.

  54• AP, 28: 363-364, 372; Lacroix, 367.

  55. Mathiez, 125-127, 129-130, 344-345; Le babillard, no. 35, July 18; Roland, 2: 334-

  56. Lacroix, 399; Le babillard, no. 35, July 18; Roland, 2: 334.

  57. Mathiez, 136-144, 269-270, 345-347; Guittard de Floriban, 73-74; Ruault, 258; Chronique de Paris, no. 199, July 17; AN F7 36881 (Seine).

  58. Mathiez, 131-136; Lacroix, 431-432.

  59. Braesch, 143 (1923): 36-39; Lacroix, 432; Mathiez, 136-138; Rude, 90-91.

  6o. AP, 28: 380; Lacroix, 402; Mathiez, 138.

  61. AT, 28: 399-401.

  62.
Lacroix, 403-407; AP, 28: 399-401; Mathiez, 274, 279-281, 350.

  63. Guittard de Floriban, 73-74; Alexandre, 140-141; Ruault, 253-54; AP 28: 399-401; Lacroix, 407; Mathiez, 144-148, 274-282.

  64. Guittard de Floriban, 74; AP 28: 401; Lacroix, 432; Ruault, 253-254; Roland, 2: 337, 339; Carrot, 1: 82; Mathiez, 148, 269-270; Burstin, "Une Revolution a l'oeuvre," 258.

  65. Guittard de Floriban, 74.

  6. Fear and Repression in the Provinces

  i. Lindet, 290.

  2. AP 27: 359; also AD Marne, i L 329.

  3. AD Ardennes, L 78; AD Aube, L 315; AD Aisne, L 6o5; AN D XXIX his 36 (2), dos. 378.

  4. AD Meuse, L 2188*; AD Aisne, L 605; AD Ardennes, L 12; AD Vosges, L 479; Fischbach, Iio-III; AP 27: 662-663; David, 25.

  5. Most of what follows is based on AN C 124-131, AN D XXIX bis 33-38, and a variety of local monographs. See also Reinhard, 81-82, 432; and Arbellot and Lepetit, 71.

  6. AN C 126 (2) (Huningues). The news traveled the 312 miles from Paris to Lyon in about fifty-eight hours, or 5.4 miles per hour.

  7. AN C 124 (2), dos. 4o4B (Aumont).

  8. For example, the town of Dole: AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 366.

  9. AN C 124 (2), dos. 4o4B (Auxerre); Gaugain, 1: 239-240; Roux, 443-445.

  to. Bregail, 97-98; Baumont, 74; AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 368 and 370; Bruneau, 16o-i6i.

  it. Schneider, 19. See also Wahl, 381-382; AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 369 (Beauvais); D XXIX his 35, dos. 361 (Argentan).

  12. See Legendre, letter of June 13, 1791; and Bouchette, 632.

  13. AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 366; D XXIX his 36, dos. 374.

  14. AC Saint-Quentin, I D 3; Baumont, 74-75; Lecesne, 1: 160; Fischbach, 67.

  15. AN C 126 (2).

  16. AN D XXIX his 36 (2), dos. 378; C 130 (1) (Tours), C 126 (2) (Greves-de- Tallon); Sol, 2: 82-83.

  17. Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary, 147-148, 152-154, 277; Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class, 21, 27; Langlois, 2: 389-393.

  18. AP 27: 359.

  19. AC Mezieres, BB 23, deliberations of June 22; AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 366.

  20. Fischbach, 124; Vidal, 1: 204-205, 214; Rouviere, 360-361; AD Gironde, 3 L to; AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 366; D XXIX his 36, dos. 377; F7 368218 (Morbihan).

  21. For example, Biernawski, 146; AN D XXIX his 36 (2), dos. 373.

  22. See the reports of the commissioners Dresch and L'Enfant, sent by the department of Meuse to inspect the frontier fortresses: AD Meuse, L 386.

  23. AN C 130 (Sedan); also AP 27: 662; AD Meuse, L 386; AD Meurthe-et- Moselle, L 212; AD Ardennes, L 78.

  24. See, notably, the fears of Varennes itself: Lesort, 12.

  25. Bimbenet, 240-248; also Bouille, 258; and Bouille fils, 122-129.

  26. AD Meuse, L 385-386 and E Depot 407, I B i; Fournel, 336-337; Pionnier, 111-112.

  27. AD Meuse, L 385-386; Lesort, 15, 17; AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 368 (Baudonvilliers).

  28. AD Marne, i L 329; Buirette, 552-554.

  29. AD Marne, i L 329; and inquest into the riot, AD Marne, 1o L 220.

  30. AD Marne, i L 329; AD Haute-Marne, L 274; AD Ardennes, L 78; AD Aube, L 315; AD Aisne, L 605; Pionnier, ITo; Fischbach, 113-114.

  P. Letter from deputies Le Carlier and L'Eleu, June 25: AD Aisne, L 6o5.

  32. Gower, 104; AD Gironde, 12 L 13; AP 27: 686; AN C 127 (1) (Mont-de- Marsans), C 128 (2) (Orthez and Pau), C 129 (2) (Saint-Sever).

  33. AN C 128 (2), dos. 433 (Noirmoutier); Biernawski, 148; AN F7 368218 (Morbihan).

  34. Binet, 119-120; Gower, 103; AP 27: 663; AN F7 368218 (Morbihan); Panon Desbassayns, 195; AD Gironde, 12 L 13; AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 366 (Mayenne).

  35. AD Aisne, L 605; AD Meuse, L 385; also the reactions in Troyes and Nancy: AD Aube, L 315; and AD Meurthe-et-Moselle, L 1239.

  36. Kaplan, The Famine Plot Persuasion, 1-2, 62; Tackett, "Conspiracy Obsession," 695-699.

  37. Gauville, 46.

  38. See, notably, AN D XXIX his 37, dos. 382.

  39. See esp. AN D XXIX his 33, dos. 345.

  40. AD Aisne, L 604 and L 198; Tackett, Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture, 276-279.

  41. AN C 130 (2), dos. 455 (Vienne).

  42. Bregail, 97-98; also Millot, zoo; and AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 369 (Beauvais).

  43• AP 27: 362.

  44. For example, Bouvier, Too-101; Gaugain, 2: 239-240; AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 361 (Argentan).

  45. Sol, 2: 8o-81; Fischbach, 200-204.

  46. AN F7 368218 (Morbihan); Binet, 116.

  47. Pastoors, I: 91; also Fischbach, 67, 73-74, 121-122; AD Meuse, L 385; AD Ardennes, L 78; Rochambeau, 1: 383; Fougeray Du Coudrey, III; David, 25.

  48. Wahl, 395; David, 25; AN C 125 (2) (Cuxac).

  49. For example, deliberations of Sezanne, AD Marne, i L 329.

  50. See, for example, AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 365.

  51. Dupuy, 200-205; also AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 367 (Landerneau) and dos. 369-370 (Rochefort).

  52. AN D XXIX his 34, dos. 349 (Cahors).

  53. AP 8: 273-275, 278-279; 17: 695-696. See also Shapiro, 48-55.

  54. Deliberations of June 25, AC Pont-a-Mousson, i D 4.

  55• AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 366 (Boiscommun); also D XXIX his 35, dos. 365 (Longwy); D XXIX his 38, dos. 389 (Geneva); D XXIX his 35, dos. 361 (Auxonne) and dos. 362 (Boulogne-sur-Mer).

  56. AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 364 and 367 (Cahors); AD Aisne, L 605; AN D XXIX his 36 (2), dos. 376 (Senlis) and 373 (Painbeuf).

  57. Rouviere, 367-369; AD Aisne, L 604 (Soissons, June 24); AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 367; AD Meuse, L 386; Louis-Philippe, 43-47; Henwood and Monange, 102.

  58. AN D XXIX his 36 (2), dos. 375 (Neufchatel); D XXIX his 33, dos. 344 (Neuf-Brisach).

  59. AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 363; and D XXIX his 36 (2), dos. 373 (Saint- Cyr-sur-Char). Also the inspection of a chateau near Fuligny: AD Aube, L 315.

  6o. AN F7 36827 (Marne); and AP 29: 587.

  61. Wahl, 387-392; AN D XXIX his 36 (2), dos. 374; AP 29: 422; and Viola, 129-148.

  62. Also killed were de Patrys in Brest, the count de Tralong in Brittany, and the count de Dampierre outside Sainte-Menehould. On the last, see Lefebvre, "Le meurtre du comte de Dampierre."

  63. AN D XXIX 81 (Varennes).

  64. AN C 125 (2) (Chalonne); D XXIX his 35, dos. 361 (Argentan); D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 367 (Landerneau); Binet, Io6-1o7.

  65. Tackett, Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture, 276-279; AD Gironde, 12 L 13 (July 2).

  66. Bruneau, 161-163; Wahl, 385-386.

  67. Dupuy, 200-205; Binet, 116-118; AN D XXIX his 35, dos. 365 (La Roche- Derrien); F7 368218 (Morbihan).

  68. Dupuy, 201-205; Binet, 116-17; AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 369-370; F7 368218 (Morbihan); and D XXIX his 35, dos. 365.

  69. AN D XXIX his 36 (1), dos. 367.

  7. To Judge a King

  i. See, for example, Legendre, 71; Geoffroy, letter of June 22.

  2. Thelander, 472-475; Goubert, 27-30; Bloch, 224-226.

  3. Goubert, 3o; Hunt, Family Romance, chap. 2.

  4. Markoff, 370-375; and AP vols. 1-8.

  5. Egret, 39o-395; Gottschalk and Maddox, 114, 205-206.

  6. AN C 104 (1) (Troyes). There are many similar statements in this dossier.

  7. Kennedy, 26o-261, 266-267; AN C 125 (2) (Coudray).

  8. AN C 125 (1) (Chateaurenard); Bruneau, 164; Dubois, 330; Gaugain, I: 239; Gower, 69. Thanksgiving ceremonies for Louis' recovery are mentioned in virtually every local monograph on the Revolutionary period.

  9. 1 have analyzed only statements drafted in the name of collective bodies. Letters by individuals have been excluded. Such statements were signed by as few as three or four or as many as several hundred individuals. Most such statements were found in AN C 124-130 (filed in alphabetical order by town or department). This corpus was supplemented by documents identified in selected departmental archives and in printed local studies. The corpus contains a total of 662 statements from 392 communities. The AN series has also been
examined by Paul Girault de Coursac in a strongly promonarchist study, "L'opinion publique apres Varennes." Girault de Coursac's figures and conclusions are different from mine.

  to. Of 72 statements sent during this period, 22 (31 percent) were primarily sympathetic toward the king, 21 (29 percent) were primarily critical of him, 26 (36 percent) made no mention of him, and 3 (4 percent) were ambiguous.

  it. AN C 124-130, letters of Privas, Montrichard, Chateauroux, Arras, and Limoges; Ville de Rouen, 33. See also AD Haute-Marne, L 274 (Saint- Dizier).

  12. AN C 130 (2), dos. 454 (Vendome).

  13. AN C 130 (2) (Toulon); Labroue, 147.

  14. Boutier and Boutry, i6 and passim.

  15. Miles, 1: 250; Labroue, 152; AD Meuse, L 2188*; AD Gironde, 12 L 13.

  i6. Connac, 64-65; AN C 130 (1), dos. 449 (Tours).

  17. A total of 265 letters were received during this period, of which 116 (44 percent) were sent by Jacobin clubs. Of the 265, 44 (17 percent) revealed sympathy for Louis; 3 (1 percent) were ambiguous.

  i8. Labroue, 27-28; AN C 125 (1), dos. 406 (Brioude).

  19. A total of 155 (58.5 percent) of the 265. Of these, 88 (56 percent) were from Jacobins.

  zo. AN C 124-130, letters of Lauzun, Vesoul, Condom, Nevers, Dole, Mirambeau, Fecamp, and Le Puy.

  21. AN C 124-130, letters of Montfort-l'Amaury, Ales, Toulouse, Niort; Pommeret, 140-141.

  22. AN C 129 (2) (Saint-Paul-les-Trois-Chateaux) and C 128 (2) (Nantes).

  23. A total of 63 (24 percent) of the 265, of whom 18 (29 percent) were from Jacobin clubs.

  24. AN C 124-130, letters of Aix-en-Provence, Marennes, Colmar, Col- longues, Castelnaudary, and Crevy.

  25. AN C 124-130, letters of La Bassee, Besancon, Mirambeau, ibid.; Millot, 205.

  26. Kennedy, 274; AN C 124-130, letters of Le Puy and Ales.

  27. A total of 62 (23.5 percent) of the 265 letters. Our list of such radical addresses is certainly incomplete. Michael Kennedy, who examined local Jacobin archives throughout the country, found over 6o asking that the king be deposed: Kennedy, 273. However, most of the locations are not mentioned by the author, and they have not been counted here.

  28. A total of 32 (52 percent) of the 62.

  29. AN C 128 (1), dos. 431 (Montauban); Fray-Fournier, 39-40; AN C 128 (2), dos. 433 (Nantes).