Evil Genes

by Barbara Oakley

  21. Mason and Kreger, Eggshells, p. 36.

  22. Koenigsberg et al., “Interpersonal.”

  23. Mason and Kreger, Eggshells, p. 43.

  24. Ibid., pp. 44, 45.

  25. Ibid., p. 45.

  26. From an Amazon.com review of Stop Walking on Eggshells entitled “THIS BOOK SAVED MY VERY SANITY!!! A revelation . . . ,” October 8, 2005, by Christopher Francis.

  27. Theodore L. Dorpat, Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation, and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1996), p. 31.

  28. Victor Santoro, Gaslighting: How to Drive Your Enemies Crazy (Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics, 1994), p. 5.

  29. “Brain Structures ‘Tune In’ to Rhythms to Coordinate Activity,” MIT, 2005, http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/brain_structures_tune_in_to_rhythms_to_coordinate_activity_9405 (accessed December 3, 2005); Matthew W. Jones and Matthew A. Wilson, “Theta Rhythms Coordinate Hippocampal-Prefrontal Interactions in a Spatial Memory Task,” PLoS Biology 3, no. 12 (2005).

  30. R. A. Moore et al., “Theta Phase Locking across the Neocortex Reflects Cortico-Hippocampal Recursive Communication during Goal Conflict Resolution,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 60, no. 3 (2006): 260–73.

  31. T. G. Guthiel, “Suicide, Suicide Litigation, and Borderline Personality Disorder,” Journal of Personality Disorders 18 (2004): 248–56.

  32. Roberto Ceniceros, “Personality Disorder Presents Disability Challenge,” Crain's Detroit Business, 2005, http://www.crainsdetroit.com/cgi-bin/article.pl?articleId=27824 (accessed October 8, 2005).

  CHAPTER 7: SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC: THE BUTCHER OF THE BALKANS

  1. Jeffrey Fleishman, “Slobodan Milosevic 1941–2006,” Los Angeles Times, March 12, 2006.

  2. Adam LeBor, Milosevic: A Biography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), p. 111.

  3. Ibid., p. 249.

  4. Ibid., p. 43.

  5. Ibid., p. 41.

  6. Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Milosevic: Portrait of a Tyrant (New York: The Free Press, 1999), pp. 141, 142.

  7. Ibid., p. 26.

  8. Ibid., pp. 26, 42, 137, 138.

  9. Fleishman, “Slobodan Milosevic.”

  10. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 20.

  11. Friedel, Demystified, p. 15.

  12. Guy Lesser, “War Crime and Punishment: What the United States Could Learn from the Milosevic Trial,” Harper's Magazine, January 2004, pp. 37–52.

  13. T. Wilkinson-Ryan and D. Westen, “Identity Disturbance in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Empirical Investigation,” American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000): 528–41; Rebekah Bradley and Drew Westen, “The Psychodynamics of Borderline Personality Disorder: A View from Developmental Psychopathology,” Development and Psychopathology 17, no. 4 (2005): 927–57.

  14. S. Akhtar, “The Syndrome of Identity Diffusion,” American Journal of Psychiatry 141 (1984): 1381–85.

  15. Slavoljub Djukic, Milosevic and Marković, trans. Alex Dubinsky (London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001), p. 160.

  16. After K. Lieb et al., “Borderline Personality Disorder,” Lancet 364, no. 9432 (2004): 453–61. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000), p. 654.

  17. Djukic, Milosevic and Marković, p. 163.

  18. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 103.

  19. Djukic, Milosevic and Marković, p. 161.

  20. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 272.

  21. Ibid., p. 52.

  22. Djukic, Milosevic and Marković, p. 162.

  23. V. L. Willour et al., “Attempted Suicide in Bipolar Disorder Pedigrees: Evidence for Linkage to 2p12,” Biological Psychiatry 61, no. 5 (2007): 725–27.

  24. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 9.

  25. Djukic, Milosevic and Marković, p. 5.

  26. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 154.

  27. Ibid., pp. 137, 138.

  28. Djukic, Milosevic and Marković, p. 69.

  29. LeBor, Milosevic, p. 219.

  30. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, pp. 137, 138.

  31. “The Lesson of Slobodan Milosevic's Trial and Tribulation,” Economist, February 15, 2003, pp. 45–46.

  32. Robert L. Spitzer and Jerome C. Wakefield, “DSM-IV Diagnostic Criterion for Clinical Significance: Does It Help Solve the False Positives Problem?” American Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 12 (1999): 1856–65. The phrase “clinically significant” was also included “to exclude from the DSM listing those disorders that clinicians were unlikely to see or treat”—a reason exposed by Spitzer and Wakefield as being inherently flawed. The DSM-IV itself notes the difficulty of deducing whether a diagnostic criterion is met, writing that it “is inherently a difficult clinical judgment.” Drew Westen and Laura Arkowitz-Westen, “Limitations of Axis II in Diagnosing Personality Pathology in Clinical Practice,” American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 12 (1998): 1767–72.

  33. B. J. Board and Katarina F. Fritzon, “Disordered Personalities at Work,” Psychology, Crime and Law 11 (2005): 17–32; Joshua Wolf Shenk, Lincoln's Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005), p. 24.

  34. Kreisman and Straus, Crazy, p. 9. For an interesting proposed solution to this problem, see Drew Westen, Jonathan Shedler, and Rebekah Bradley, “A Prototype Approach to Personality Disorder Diagnosis,” American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 5 (2006): 846–56.

  35. Friedel, Demystified, p. 2.

  36. Michael S. McCloskey, K. Luan Phan, and Emil F. Coccaro, “Neuroimaging and Personality Disorders,” Current Psychiatry Reports 7 (2005): 65–72.

  37. LeBor, Milosevic, p. 198.

  38. “That's What They Want You to Believe: Why Are Conspiracy Theories So Popular?” Economist, December 21, 2002, pp. 45–46.

  39. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 253.

  40. LeBor, Milosevic, p. 184.

  41. Ibid., p. 267.

  42. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, pp. 265, 261.

  43. M. C. Anderson et al., “Neural Systems Underlying the Suppression of Unwanted Memories,” Science 303, no. 5655 (2004): 232–35.

  44. Lenard Cohen, “Unravelling the Milosevic Mystery,” Simon Fraser University News, 2001, http://www.sfu.ca/mediapr/sfnews/2001/May17/cohen.html (accessed June 12, 2005).

  45. LeBor, Milosevic, p. 197.

  46. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 24.

  47. N. H. Donegan et al., “Amygdala Hyperreactivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: Implications for Emotional Dysregulation,” Biological Psychiatry 54, no. 11 (2003): 1284–93.

  48. Bohus, Schmahl, and Lieb, “New Developments.”

  49. Cohen, “Unravelling the Milosevic Mystery.”

  50. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 19.

  51. LeBor, Milosevic, p. 316.

  52. Ibid., p. 147.

  53. Ibid., pp. 270–71.

  54. David J. Cooke and Christine Michie, “Refining the Construct of Psychopathy: Towards a Hierarchical Model,” Psychological Assessment 13, no. 2 (2001): 171–88.

  55. Nicholas P. Swift and Harpal S. Nandhra, “‘Borderpath’ for Cluster B Personality Disorder?” Psychiatric Services 55 (2004): 193–94.

  56. H. Chabrol and F. Leichsenring, “Borderline Personality Organization and Psychopathic Traits in Nonclinical Adolescents,” Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 70, no. 2 (2006): 160–70; Falk Leichsenring, Heike Kunst, and Jürgen Hoyer, “Borderline Personality Organization in Violent Offenders,” Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 67, no. 4 (2003): 314–27; Jennifer L. Skeem et al., “Psychopathic Personality or Personalities?” Aggression & Violent Behavior 8, no. 5 (2003): 513–46.

  57. Skeem et al., “Psychopathic Personality or Personalities?”

  58. Hare, Cooke, and Hart, “Psychopathy.”

  59. “Interview: Ambassador William Walker,” PBS Frontline, http://www.pbs.org/wg
bh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/interviews/walker.html (accessed February 17, 2007).

  60. Doder and Branson, Milosevic, p. 250.

  61. Michael Leverson Meyer, “Dead Where They Lay,” Newsweek, June 24, 2002, p. 29.

  62. LeBor, Milosevic, p. 208.

  63. Ibid., p. 220.

  CHAPTER 8: LENSES, FRAMES, AND HOW BROKEN BRAINS WORK

  1. Barbara Oakley, Hair of the Dog: Tales from Aboard a Russian Trawler (Pullman, WA: WSU Press, 1996), p. 45.

  2. Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov, Poems and Problems (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970), pp. 158–59.

  3. Associated Press, “Chinese, English Speakers Use Brains Differently to Tackle Math,” Fox News, June 27, 2006, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,201048,00.html (accessed January 25, 2007).

  4. P. Kochunov et al., “Localized Morphological Brain Differences between English-Speaking Caucasians and Chinese-Speaking Asians: New Evidence of Anatomical Plasticity,” NeuroReport 14, no. 7 (2003): 961–64.

  5. Hannah Faye Chua, Julie E. Boland, and Richard E. Nisbett, “Cultural Variation in Eye Movements during Scene Perception,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 35 (2005): 12629–33.

  6. Charles J. Fillmore, “Linguistics in the Morning Calm,” in Linguistics in the Morning Calm (Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Company, 1982). See also G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1999); C. Siewert, The Significance of Consciousness (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).

  7. K. Amunts et al., “Hand Skills Covary with the Size of Motor Cortex: A Macrostructural Adaptation,” Human Brain Mapping 5 (1997): 206–15; E. A. Maguire et al., “Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 8 (2000): 4398–4403; A. H. Watson, “What Can Studying Musicians Tell Us about Motor Control of the Hand?” Journal of Anatomy 4 (2006): 527–42.

  8. Oakley, Hair of the Dog, p. 139. Believing that other people and cultures share our perspectives is such a common misperception that it has earned its own name: “projection bias.” This bias is thought by the Central Intelligence Agency to be among our most fundamentally dangerous false beliefs. Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldman, Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth (New York: Free Press, 2006), p. 255.

  9. E. Bazanis et al., “Neurocognitive Deficits in Decision-Making and Planning of Patients with DSM-III-R Borderline Personality Disorder,” Psychological Medicine 32, no. 8 (2002): 1395–1405.

  10. Jules Lobel and George Loewenstein, “Emote Control: The Substitution of Symbol for Substance in Foreign Policy and International Law,” Chicago Kent Law Review 80 (2004): 1045–90.

  11. Douglas S. Massey, “A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life,” American Sociological Review 67, no. 1 (2002): 1–29.

  12. Lobel and Loewenstein, “Emote Control.”

  13. “The Roger Coleman Case: Did Virginia Execute an Innocent Man?” wbur.org Boston's NPR® News Source, http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/dna/thestories2.asp (accessed January 14, 2006).

  14. Maria Glod and Michael Shear, “DNA Tests Confirm Guilt of Executed Man,” Washington Post, January 13, 2006.

  15. Drew Westen et al., “The Neural Basis of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Political Judgment during the U.S. Presidential Election of 2004,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (2006): 1947–58.

  16. Bradley and Westen, “Psychodynamics.”

  17. Emory University Health Sciences Center, “Emory Study Lights Up the Political Brain,” EurekAlert! January 24, 2006, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-01/euhs-esl012406.php (accessed July 2, 2006).

  18. Ibid.

  19. Stanley A. Renshon, The Psychological Assessment of Presidential Candidates (New York: New York University Press, 1996), p. 36.

  20. This might be equated to the “dark side” of blink. Malcolm Gladwell, Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2005), p. 75.

  21. P. Brambilla et al., “Anatomical MRI Study of Borderline Personality Disorder Patients,” Psychiatry Research 131, no. 2 (2004): 125–33.

  22. K. M. Putnam and K. R. Silk, “Emotion Dysregulation and the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder,” Developmental Psychopathology 17, no. 4 (2005): 899–925.

  23. Donegan et al., “Amygdala.”

  24. Heather A. Berlin, Edmund T. Rolls, and Susan D. Iversen, “Borderline Personality Disorder, Impulsivity, and the Orbitofrontal Cortex,” American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (2005): 2360–73.

  25. Friedel, Demystified, p. 103.

  26. Johnson et al., “Understanding”; M. Leyton et al., “Brain Regional Alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan Trapping in Impulsive Subjects with Borderline Personality Disorder,” American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001): 775–82.

  27. Robert O. Friedel, “Dopamine Dysfunction in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Hypothesis,” Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004): 1029–39; Joel Paris et al., “Neurobiological Correlates of Diagnosis and Underlying Traits in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder Compared with Normal Controls,” Psychiatry Research 121 (2004): 239–52; Skodol et al., “Borderline Diagnosis II”; Andrew E. Skodol et al., “The Borderline Diagnosis I: Psychopathology, Comorbidity, and Personality Structure,” Biological Psychiatry 51, no. 12 (2002): 933–35.

  28. Koenigsberg et al., “Interpersonal.”

  29. F. D. Juengling et al., “Positron Emission Tomography in Female Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 37 (2003): 109–15.

  30. A. S. New et al., “Blunted Prefrontal Cortical 18fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Response to Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in Impulsive Aggression,” Archives of General Psychiatry 59, no. 7 (2002): 621–29; P. H. Soloff et al., “A Fenfluramine-Activated FDG-PET Study of Borderline Personality Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 47 (2000): 540–47.

  31. Eva Irle, Claudia Lange, and Ulrich Sachsse, “Reduced Size and Abnormal Asymmetry of Parietal Cortex in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 57 (2005): 173–82.

  32. Leanne M. Williams et al., “‘Missing Links’ in Borderline Personality Disorder: Loss of Neural Synchrony Relates to Lack of Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 31, no. 3 (2006): 181–88.

  33. Irle, Lange, and Sachsse, “Reduced Size.”

  34. M. I. Posner et al., “An Approach to the Psychobiology of Personality Disorders,” Development and Psychopathology 15, no. 4 (2003): 1093–1106. M. I. Posner et al., “Attentional Mechanisms of Borderline Personality Disorder,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 25 (2002): 16366–70.

  35. Posner et al., “Psychobiology,” citing Jin Fan et al., “Assessing the Heritability of Attentional Networks,” BioMed Central Neuroscience 2, no. 14 (2001): Online (open access) at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/1472/1414; H. H. Goldsmith et al., “Genetic Analyses of Focal Aspects of Infant Temperament,” Developmental Psychology 35, no. 4 (1999): 972–85.

  36. Posner et al., “Psychobiology.”

  37. Bechara et al., “Insensitivity”; Bechara et al., “Different Contributions”; A. Bechara et al., “Deciding Advantageously before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy,” Science 275 (1997): 1293–95; Fellows and Farah, “Different Underlying Impairments.”

  38. Marc D. Hauser, Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong (New York: Ecco, 2006), pp. 231–32. M. Koenigs et al., “Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex Increases Utilitarian Moral Judgements,” Nature 446, no. 7138 (2007): 908–11.

  39. Gary R. Brendel, Emily Stern, and David A. Silbersweig, “Defining the Neurocircuitry of Borderline Personality Disorder: Functional Neuroimaging Approaches,” Development and Psychopathology 17 (2005):
1197–1206.

  40. Norbert Bromberg and Verna Volz Small, Hitler's Psychopathology (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), p. 181.

  41. Bradley and Westen, “Psychodynamics.”

  42. E. D. London et al., “Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging,” Cerebral Cortex 10 (2000): 334–42.

  43. Bazanis et al., “Neurocognitive Deficits.”

  44. Bohus, Schmahl, and Lieb, “New Developments”; M. Driessen et al., “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volumes of the Hippocampus and the Amygdala in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder and Early Traumatization,” Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000): 1115–22; N. Rüsch et al., “A Voxel-Based Morphometric MRI Study in Female Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder,” NeuroImage 20, no. 1 (2003): 385–92; C. G. Schmahl et al., “Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hippocampal and Amygdala Volume in Women with Childhood Abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder,” Psychiatry Research 122 (2003): 193–98; L. Tebartz van Elst et al., “Frontolimbic Brain Abnormalities in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study,” Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003): 163–71.

  45. Paul M. Thompson et al., “Mapping Adolescent Brain Change Reveals Dynamic Wave of Accelerated Gray Matter Loss in Very Early-Onset Schizophrenia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 20 (2001): 11650–55.

  46. E. A. Hazlett et al., “Reduced Anterior and Posterior Cingulate Gray Matter in Borderline Personality Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 58, no. 8 (2005): 614–23.

  47. L. Tebartz van Elst et al., “Subtle Prefrontal Neuropathology in a Pilot Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 13 (2001): 511–14. Alessandro Bertolino et al., “Common Pattern of Cortical Pathology in Childhood-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia as Identified by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging,” American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 10 (1998): 1376–84.

  48. John F. Clarkin and Michael I. Posner, “Defining Mechanisms of Borderline Personality Disorder,” Psychopathology 38 (2005): 56–63; A. C. Ruocco, “The Neuropsychology of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Meta-Analysis and Review,” Psychiatry Research 137, no. 3 (2005): 191–202.