Holy Warriors

by Jonathan Phillips

  11. J. Longnon, Les Compagnons de Villehardouin: Recherches sur les croisés de la quatrième croisade (Geneva, 1978).

  12. Madden, Enrico Dandolo, pp. 63–68, 90–116.

  13. Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. and tr. A. J. Andrea (Philadelphia, 1997), p. 97.

  14. See the comments on this figure by Smith in GV, “Conquest,” pp. 350–51, n. 14.

  15. GV, “Conquest,” p. 9.

  16. Ibid., p. 10.

  17. D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden, “Some Further Arguments in Defence of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade,” in Byzantion 62 (1992), pp. 433–73.

  18. GV, “Conquest,” pp. 9–11.

  19. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, p. 66.

  20. Ibid., pp. 67–72.

  21. GV, “Conquest,” p. 12.

  22. H. de Jubainville, Histoire des ducs et des comtes de Champagne, 8 vols. (Paris, 1859–69), 4.96.

  23. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 81–87.

  24. Ibid., pp. 90–95.

  25. Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, tr. E. H. McNeal (New York, 1936), p. 40.

  26. Madden, Enrico Dandolo, p. 16.

  27. GV, “Conquest,” p. 20.

  28. Robert of Clari, Constantinople, p. 42.

  29. GV, “Conquest,” p. 24.

  30. Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay (henceforth PVC), The History of the Albigensian Crusade, trs. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge, 1998), p. 58.

  31. Innocent III, Sources, pp. 41–45.

  32. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 120–23.

  33. GV, “Conquest,” p. 26.

  34. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 130–34.

  35. GV, “Conquest,” p. 27; Robert of Clari, Constantinople, p. 66.

  36. Innocent III, Sources, p. 48.

  37. GV, “Conquest,” p. 34.

  38. Ibid., p. 38.

  39. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 165–68.

  40. GV, “Conquest,” pp. 42–43.

  41. Ibid., p. 46.

  42. Letter of Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, p. 197.

  43. GV, “Conquest,” p. 48.

  44. Niketas Choniates, O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates, tr. H. J. Magoulias (Detroit, 1984), p. 299.

  45. GV, “Conquest,” p. 50.

  46. Letter of Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, pp. 187–89; Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 193–96.

  47. Ibid., p. 199.

  48. Ibid., pp. 199–200.

  49. Letter of Alexius IV to Innocent III, Sources, p. 79.

  50. Niketas Choniates, Annals, p. 302.

  51. GV, “Conquest,” p. 52.

  52. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 197–205.

  53. Ibid., pp. 206–10.

  54. GV, “Conquest,” p. 57.

  55. Robert of Clari, Constantinople, p. 84.

  56. GV, “Conquest,” p. 58.

  57. Niketas Choniates, Annals, p. 307.

  58. Robert of Clari, Constantinople, p. 89.

  59. Niketas Choniates, Annals, p. 312.

  60. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 233–36.

  61. Robert of Clari, Constantinople, pp. 91–92.

  62. Innocent III, Sources, pp. 140–44; Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 237–40.

  63. Ibid., pp. 240–47.

  64. GV, “Conquest,” p. 64.

  65. Robert of Clari, Constantinople, p. 95.

  66. Ibid., pp. 96–98.

  67. GV, “Conquest,” pp. 66–67.

  68. Letter of Baldwin of Flanders, Sources, p. 107.

  69. Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, p. 111.

  70. Ibid., pp. 122–28; “The Anonymous of Soissons,” Sources, pp. 230–38; “The Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt,” Sources, pp. 260–63.

  71. Nicholas Mesarites, translated in C. M. Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 1180–1204 (Cambridge, MA, 1968), p. 269.

  72. Niketas Choniates, Annals, p. 317.

  73. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. xi–xii, 270–75.

  74. Innocent III, Sources, p. 147.

  75. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 281–91; P. Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500 (Harlow, 1995); N. Chrissis, “Crusading in Romania: A Study of Byzantine-Western Relations and Attitudes,” Ph.D. thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2007.

  76. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 298–303.

  77. Innocent III, Sources, p. 114.

  78. Ibid., p. 135.

  79. Ibid., p. 166.

  80. Ibid., p. 173.

  81. Ibid., p. 176.

  8. From “Little Foxes in the Vines” and the Children’s Crusade to the Greatest Church Council of the Age

  1. Several excellent books on this subject exist: R. I. Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy (London, 1975); M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy, third edition (Oxford, 2002). On the Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade more broadly, see M. Barber, The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages (Harlow, 2000); M. G. Pegg, A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (Oxford, 2008); M. Costen, The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade (Manchester, 1997); L. W. Marvin, The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218 (Cambridge, 2008); J. Sumption, The Albigensian

  2. R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society, second edition (Oxford, 2007).

  3. William of Tudela in The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade, tr. J. Shirley (Aldershot, 1996), p. 13.

  4. Barber, Cathars, pp. 71–106.

  5. Decrees of the Third Lateran Council, 1179, in Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, ed. N. Tanner, 2 vols. (Washington, 1990), 1.224–25.

  6. Henry of Marcy, abbot of Clairvaux, mission to Languedoc 1178, translated in Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy, pp. 116–22.

  7. Pegg, Most Holy War, pp. 59–60.

  8. William of Tudela, Song, p. 12.

  9. There is an account of the murder in PVC, pp. 31–34.

  10. William of Tudela, Song, p. 14.

  11. Innocent III to French provinces, in PVC, pp. 303–4.

  12. Ibid., p. 45.

  13. Ibid., p. 24.

  14. Innocent III to Raymond VI of Toulouse, May 1207, in PVC, pp. 304–5.

  15. Ibid., p. 24.

  16. William of Tudela, Song, p. 123.

  17. C. F. O’Meara, The Iconography of the Façade of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard (New York, 1977).

  18. William of Tudela, Song, pp. 15–16; PVC, pp. 42–45.

  19. For accounts of the siege see Song of the Cathar Wars, pp. 19–23; PVC, pp. 47–51; Marvin, Occitan War, pp. 37–45.

  20. William of Tudela, Song, p. 20.

  21. For a discussion of this evidence see PVC, Appendix B, pp. 289–93. It should be noted that the source for this comment was not present at the siege. Even if, however, it is not accurate, the sentiment conveyed shows the Church attitude toward the Cathars.

  22. PVC, pp. 56–57; Marvin, Occitan War, pp. 45–62.

  23. William of Tudela, Song, p. 74.

  24. PVC, pp. 78–79.

  25. William of Tudela, Song, p. 116.

  26. Ibid., p. 172.

  27. Ibid., p. 176.

  28. R. Kay, The Council of Bourges, 1225: A Documentary History (Aldershot, 2002).

  29. Barber, Cathars, pp. 139–44.

  30. B. Hamilton, The Medieval Inquisition (London, 1981); J. B. Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline and Resistance in Languedoc (Ithaca, 1997); W. L. Wakefield, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100–1250 (London, 1974); Barber, Cathars, pp. 144–52, 169–75; Costen, Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade, pp. 161–74.

  31. William of Puylaurens, Chronicle: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath, tr. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 82–86.

  32. The Manual for Inquisitors is translated in Wakefield, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, pp. 250–58. See also William of Puylaurens, Chronicle, pp. 91–98.

  33. Good accounts of the siege are in Cos
ten, Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade, pp. 159–60; Sumption, Albigensian Crusade, pp. 236–41.

  34. William of Puylaurens, Chronicle, p. 108.

  35. G. Dickson, The Children’s Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory (Basingstoke, 2007).

  36. Ibid., pp. 131–57.

  37. Ibid., p. 126.

  38. Translation in ibid., p. 55.

  39. “Laon Anonymous,” translation in ibid., p. 76.

  40. Innocent III, Quia maior, translated in Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 118–24.

  41. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain, pp. 50–77; D. J. Smith, Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon: The Limits of Papal Authority (Aldershot, 2004).

  42. Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal, pp. 200–36.

  43. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain, pp. 61, 63, 142, 179–83; Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal, pp. 244–47.

  44. Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal, pp. 249–56.

  45. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain, pp. 72–73, 142–43.

  46. The letter is translated in The Crusades: A Reader, eds. S. J. Allen and E. Amt (Peterborough, Ontario, 2003), pp. 309–13.

  47. D. J. Smith, “‘Soli Hispani?’ Innocent III and Las Navas de Tolosa,” in Hispania Sacra 51 (1999), pp. 487–513.

  48. The best discussions of crusading in northern Europe are I. Fonnesberg-Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147–1254 (Leiden, 2007); Christiansen, Northern Crusades; Jerusalem in the North: Denmark and the Baltic Crusades, 1100–1522, eds. A. Bysted, C. S. Jensen, and K. Villads Jensen (Turnhout, 2009).

  49. From Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Baltic Crusades, p. 93.

  50. Ibid., pp. 133–86.

  51. Morton, Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land.

  52. W. L. Urban, The Baltic Crusade, second edition (Chicago, 1994).

  53. Housley, “Crusades Against Christians,” p. 30.

  54. Translated in Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 118–24. See also P. J. Cole, The Preaching of Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, MA, 1991), pp. 104–9.

  55. Moore, Pope Innocent III, pp. 228–52; S. Kuttner and A. García y García, “A New Eyewitness Account of the Fourth Lateran Council,” in Traditio 20 (1964), pp. 115–78; translated in C. Fasolt, in Readings in Western Civilisation: Medieval Europe, eds. J. Kishner and K. F. Morison (Chicago, 1986), pp. 369–76.

  56. This decree of the Fourth Lateran Council is translated in Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 124–29. The full set of these decrees is edited and translated in Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 1.227–71.

  57. James of Vitry, see: Jacques de Vitry, Lettres, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, new edition (Turnhout, 2000), pp. 551–52.

  58. Comment observed by Moore, Pope Innocent III, p. 289.

  9. “Stupor Mundi”—The Wonder of the World: Frederick II, the Fifth Crusade, and the Recovery of Jerusalem

  1. Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 275.

  2. D. Abulafia, Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor (London, 1988).

  3. J. Johns, Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Diwan (Cambridge, 2002).

  4. The best monograph on the Fifth Crusade is J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986).

  5. C. N. Johns, Pilgrims’ Castle (Atlit), David’s Tower (Jerusalem) and Qal’at ar-Rabad (Ajlun) (Aldershot, 1997).

  6. Oliver of Paderborn, “Capture of Damietta,” in Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229, tr. E. Peters (Philadelphia, 1971), pp. 63–69.

  7. Letter of Robert Aboland, in R. Röhricht, Testimonia minora de Quinto bello sacro (Geneva, 1882), p. 83.

  8. James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 510.

  9. For a striking analysis of this famous meeting and its consequences, see J. V. Tolan, Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian–Muslim Encounter (Oxford, 2009).

  10. James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 576.

  11. B. Hamilton, “Continental Drift: Prester John’s Progress Through the Indies,” in Prester John, the Mongols and the Ten Lost Tribes, eds. C. F. Beckingham and B. Hamilton (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 237–69.

  12. Ibid., pp. 243–46.

  13. Metcalf, Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East, pp. 80–86.

  14. Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period, Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyubids After Saladin and the Mongol Menace, tr. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2008), p. 179.

  15. James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 633–44.

  16. D. O. Morgan, The Mongols, second edition (Oxford, 2007), pp. 60–62.

  17. Oliver of Paderborn gives the dates of the Nile flood, “Capture of Damietta,” p. 85.

  18. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 3, p. 180.

  19. Ibid.

  20. William the Clerk, Le bezant de Dieu, translated in P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade: A Study of Public Opinion and Crusade Propaganda (Amsterdam, 1940), p. 32.

  21. S. C. Aston, Peirol, Troubadour of Auvergne (Cambridge, 1953), p. 163.

  22. J. H. Pryor, “The Crusade of Emperor Frederick II, 1220–1229: The Implications of the Maritime Evidence,” in The American Neptune 52 (1992), pp. 123–27.

  23. On this issue, see T. C. Van Cleve, The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi (Oxford, 1972), pp. 165–67.

  24. N. E. Morton, Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land (Woodbridge, 2009).

  25. Roger of Wendover, Flowers of History, 2.499.

  26. Ibid., 2.507.

  27. Ibid., 2.493.

  28. Ibid., 2.511.

  29. Ibn Wasil, Arab Historians of the Crusades, pp. 268–69.

  30. Pryor, “Crusade of Emperor Frederick II,” pp. 131–32.

  31. Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab Historians of the Crusades, pp. 273–74.

  32. Ibn Wasil, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 272.

  33. Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 275.

  34. Abulafia, Frederick II, pp. 186–88.

  35. Frederick II to Henry III of England, from Roger of Wendover, Flowers of History 2.522–24; translated in Christian Society and the Crusades, pp. 162–63.

  36. Patriarch Gerold to the Christian faithful, from Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, translated in Christian Society and the Crusades, pp. 165–70, here at p. 166.

  37. Abulafia, Frederick II, pp. 191–201.

  38. M. Lower, The Barons’ Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences (Philadelphia, 2005) is by far the best study of this crusade.

  39. N. Vincent, The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic (Cambridge, 2001). See also M. Reeve, “The Painted Chamber at Westminster, Edward I and the Crusade,” in Viator 37 (2006), pp. 189–221.

  40. M. Barber, “Western Attitudes to Frankish Greece in the Thirteenth Century,” in Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204, eds. B. Arbel, B. Hamilton, and D. Jacoby (London, 1989), pp. 111–28.

  41. Rothelin, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, tr. J. Shirley (Aldershot, 1999), p. 48.

  42. Lower, Barons’ Crusade, pp. 167–71.

  43. Rothelin, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, p. 54.

  44. Ibid., p. 57.

  45. Lower, Barons’ Crusade, pp. 175–77.

  46. Rothelin, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, p. 54.

  47. B. Weiler, “Gregory IX, Frederick II and the Liberation of the Holy Land,” in Holy Land and Holy Lands, ed. R. L. Swanson, Studies in Church History 36 (2000), pp. 192–206.

  48. N. Barbour, “Frederick II’s Relations with the Muslims,” in Orientalia Hispanica: Sive studia F. M. Pareja octogenario dictata, ed. J. M. Barral, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1974), 1.89–90.

  49. Ibid., p. 80.

  10. “To Kill the Serpent, First You Must Crush the Head”: The Crusade of Louis IX and the Rise of the Sultan Baibars

  1. Morgan, Mongols, pp. 60–62; Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 3, pp. 204–31; al-Maqrizi, A
History of the Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt, pp. 273–75.

  2. “The Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre,” in Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, tr. J. Shirley (Aldershot, 1999), p. 132.

  3. Rothelin, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, p. 64.

  4. For accounts of Louis’s life, see J. Richard, Saint Louis, Crusader King of France, ed. Lloyd, tr. J. Birell (Cambridge, 1992); W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton, 1979); J. Le Goff, Saint Louis, tr. G. E. Gollrad (Notre Dame, 2009). For Louis’s legacy, see M. C. Gaposchkin, The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (Ithaca, 2008).

  5. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade, pp. 35–133.

  6. John of Joinville, “The Life of Saint Louis,” in Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades, tr. C. Smith (London, 2008), p. 178.

  7. Ibid., pp. 296–97.

  8. Ibid., p. 296.

  9. D. Weiss, Art and Crusade in the Age of Saint Louis (Cambridge, 1998).

  10. Jean de Jandun, cited in Weiss, Art and Crusade in the Age of Saint Louis, p. 33.

  11. C. Smith, Crusading in the Age of Joinville (Aldershot, 2006).

  12. John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 176.

  13. Ibid., p. 177.

  14. Ibn Wasil, in P. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade: Sources and Documents (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 129–30.

  15. The Testament of Ayyub, unpublished translation by P. Jackson. See also C. Cahen and I. Chabbouh, “Le testament d’al-Malik as-Salih Ayyub,” in Bulletin d’Études Orientales de l’Institut Français de Damas 29 (1977), pp. 97–114.

  16. Ibn Wasil, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 286.

  17. John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 190.

  18. Foundation Charter of the Church of Damietta, in Jackson, Seventh Crusade, pp. 95–97.

  19. Rothelin, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, p. 89.

  20. John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 196.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Rothelin, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, pp. 95–96.

  23. John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 201.

  24. Ibid., p. 206.

  25. Ibid., pp. 205–6.

  26. Ibid., p. 202.

  27. Ibid., p. 206.

  28. Ibn Wasil, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 292.

  29. Ibid.