Holy Warriors

by Jonathan Phillips

  36. Ibid., p. 126.

  37. J. Mazzini, Mazzini’s Letters, tr. A. De Rosen Jervis (London, 1930), pp. x–xi, 172–73.

  38. Siberry, New Crusaders, pp. 135–36.

  39. Duggan, Force of Destiny, pp. 171–72.

  40. Ellenblum, Crusader Castles, pp. 26–27; for Godfrey’s status as a crusading hero, see Siberry, New Crusaders.

  41. Knobler, “Holy Wars,” pp. 297–98.

  42. R. A. Fletcher, The Search for El Cid (London, 1989).

  43. J. M. Sanchez, The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy (Notre Dame, 1987), pp. 152–53.

  44. P. Preston, Franco: A Biography (London, 1993); M. Vincent, “The Martyrs and the Saints: Masculinity and the Construction of the Francoist Crusade,” in History Workshop Journal 47 (1999), pp. 69–98; S. G. Payne, The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 (London, 2000), esp. pp. 197–208; N. Cooper, “The Church: From Crusade to Christianity,” in Spain in Crisis: The Evolution and Decline of the Franco Regime, ed. P. Preston (Hassocks, 1976), pp. 48–81; Sanchez, The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy, pp. 91, 152–56.

  45. M. Vincent, Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic: Religion and Politics in Salamanca, 1930–1936 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 248–9.

  46. Preston, Franco, pp. 184–85; Vincent, “The Martyrs and the Saints,” p. 72.

  47. Preston, Franco, p. 290.

  48. Ibid., p. 291.

  49. Ibid., p. 351.

  50. Ibid., pp. 640–41; Fletcher, Quest for El Cid, pp. 201–5.

  51. O. Anderson, “The Reactions of Church and Dissent Towards the Crimean War,” in Journal of Ecclesiastical History 16 (1965), pp. 209–20; Siberry, New Crusaders, pp. 83–84.

  52. R. Jenkins, Gladstone (London, 1995), p. 400.

  53. Ibid., p. 403.

  54. R. T. Shannon, Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation, 1876, second edition (Hassocks, 1975), pp. 80–81, 187–88, 213, 217.

  55. Ibid., p. 187, n. 2.

  56. Knobler, “Holy Wars,” pp. 310–13.

  57. Cramb cited in Knobler, “Holy Wars,” p. 315.

  58. A. Marrin, The Last Crusade: The Church of England in the First World Aar (Durham, 1974); Girouard, Return to Camelot, pp. 275–93.

  59. A. Horne, Macmillan: 1894–1956 (London, 1988), pp. 39–40; see also pp. 131, 307. Grateful thanks to my father for finding these references.

  60. Siberry, New Crusaders, p. 91.

  61. Note that Pershing himself did not describe his campaign in France in such terms, although he did refer to it as “this great war for civilization.” See J. J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, 2 vols. (New York, 1931), 1.45.

  62. S. Goebel, The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914–1940 (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 127–47.

  63. Ibid.

  64. R. F. Eldridge, “The Crusaders’ Monument,” in The Carthusian (June 1916), p. 608. I am grateful to Reverend William Lane for this reference.

  65. Siberry, New Crusaders, p. 92.

  66. Ibid., pp. 94–97; Knobler, “Holy Wars,” pp. 315–16.

  67. Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture, p. 249.

  68. Ibid., pp. 251–53.

  69. Ibid., p. 249.

  70. Ibid., pp. 251–64.

  71. Ibid., p. 264.

  72. Ibid., p. 267.

  73. V. Gilbert, The Romance of the Last Crusade: With Allenby to Jerusalem (New York, 1923), the scene mentioned here at pp. 204–16.

  74. Ibid., pp. 116, 171.

  75. Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture, p. 293.

  76. Siberry, New Crusaders, pp. 99–100; Goebel, Great War and Medieval Memory, p. 91.

  77. Dickson, Children’s Crusade, p. 194.

  78. Siberry, New Crusaders, p. 103.

  79. Goebel, Great War and Medieval Memory, pp. 300–1.

  80. K. Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children’s Crusade: A Duty Dance with Death (New York, 1969), p. 77.

  81. Cited in M. Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards (Cambridge, 1988), p. 6.

  82. M. G. Carpenter, The Crusade: Its Origins and Development at Washington Court House and Its Results (Columbus, 1893), p. 20.

  83. M. Perry, The Jarrow Crusade: Protest and Legend (Sunderland, 2005), esp. pp. 153–57.

  84. Ibid., p. 154.

  85. Ibid., pp. 171–82.

  86. This paragraph is a summary of F. C. R. Robinson, “Other-Worldly and This-Worldly Islam and the Islamic Revival. A Memorial Lecture for Wilfred Cantwell Smith,” in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3 (2004), pp. 50–51.

  87. R. Irwin, “Islam and the Crusades, 1096–1699,” in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, pp. 250–57.

  88. J. Miot, Memoirs of My Service in the French Expedition to Egypt and Syria (Paris, 1997), p. 13.

  89. J. T. Johnson, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions (University Park, PA, 1997), p. 165.

  90. J. C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900 (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 944–54.

  91. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Crusades, Christianity and Islam (New York, 2008), pp. 63–64.

  92. M. C. Lyons, “The Crusading Stratum in the Arabic Hero Cycles,” in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 147–61; M. C. Lyons, The Arabic Epic: Heroic and Oral Storytelling, vols. (Cambridge, 1995), esp. 1.1–28, 105–7. For a vivid background to storytelling, see R. Irwin, The Arabian Nights: A Companion (London, 1994), pp. 103–19; for the western travelers, see A. Russell, The Natural History of Aleppo, 2 vols. (London, 1794), 1.148–49; E. W. Lane, An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (London, 1860), pp. 360–91. For the Sirat al-Zahir Baibars, see M. C. Lyons, “The Sirat Baibars,” in Orientalia Hispanica, ed. F. Pareja Casanas (Leiden, 1974), pp. 490–503.

  93. Sivan, “Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades,” pp. 109–49.

  94. A Özcan, Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877–1924) (Leiden, 1997), pp. 61–63.

  95. R. Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader (Princeton, 1996), pp. 56–57.

  96. J. L. Gelvin, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Berkeley, 1998), pp. 254–55.

  97. Ibid., pp. 2–3.

  98. President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews 1958 (Cairo, 1959), p. 63.

  99. Ibid., p. 18; President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews 1959 (Cairo, 1960), p. 382.

  100. President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews 1959, pp. 140–41, 217–18.

  101. Ibid., pp. 217–18.

  102. Ibid., pp. 382–83, 427–28.

  103. N. Rejwan, Nasserist Ideology: Its Exponents and Critics (Jerusalem, 1974), pp. 21–22.

  104. President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews 1959, pp. 428–29.

  105. Ibid., p. 429.

  106. Ibid.

  107. J. Aberth, A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film (London, 2003), pp. 91–107; J. M. Ganim, “Reversing the Crusades: Hegemony, Orientalism, and Film Language in Youssef Chahine’s Saladin,” in Race, Class and Gender in “Medieval” Cinema, eds. L. T. Ramey and T. Pugh (Basingstoke, 2007), pp. 45–58; P. B. Sturtevant, “SaladiNasser: Nasser’s Political Crusade in El Naser Salah Ad-Din,” in Hollywood in the Holy Land: Essays on Film Depictions of the Crusades and Christian–Muslim Clashes, eds. N. Haydock and E. L. Risden (Jefferson, NC, 2009), pp. 123–46.

  108. Aberth, Knight at the Movies, p. 104.

  109. Ibid., p. 103.

  110. Speech by President Anwar el Sadat to the Knesset, 20 November 1977 (Cairo, 1978), p. 20.

  111. M. Ma’oz, Asad: The Sphinx of Damascus—A Political Biography (New York, 1988).

  112. Hillenbrand, Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 595–600.

  113. Ma’oz, Asad: The Sphinx of Damascus, p. 45.

  114. Ibid., pp. 44–45.

  11
5. O. Bengio, Saddam’s Word: Political Discourse in Iraq (Oxford, 1998), pp. 171–75.

  116. Johnson, Holy War Idea, p. 166.

  117. J. E. Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), pp. 267–409.

  118. Peters, Jihad, p. 158.

  119. J. J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and the Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York, 1986).

  120. Ibid.

  121. Osama bin Laden, Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, ed. B. Lawrence, tr. J. Howarth (London, 2005), p. 28.

  122. Awan, “Virtual Propagation of Jihadist Media and Its Effects,” in RUSI Journal 152 (2007), pp. 76–81.

  123. Osama bin Laden, Messages to the World, pp. 5, 9, 11, 26, 42, 61, 80, 118, 229, 249–50.

  124. Ibid., p. xvii.

  125. Ibid., for example, pp. 25, 108.

  126. Ibid., p. 121.

  127. Ibid., pp. 121–22.

  128. Ibid., p. 121.

  129. Ibid., pp. xxi–xxiii.

  Conclusion: In the Shadow of the Crusades

  1. Matthew Paris, The Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris: Observations of Thirteenth-Century Life, tr. R. Vaughan (Stroud, 1993), p. 100.

  2. Cited in The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath and Perceptions, ed. T. F. Madden (Aldershot, 2008), pp. vii–viii.

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