Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary
Page 44
37 SDS Diary, 19 Mar 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
38 Ibid.
39 SDS Diary, 20 Mar 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
40 SDS Diary, 2 Mar 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
41 SDS Diary, 25 Mar 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
42 Hansard, HC Deb, 15 May 1907, Vol. 174, c949 949. All Hansard references are available at www.hansard.millbanksystems.com
43 SDS Diary, 4 Apr 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
44 SDS Diary, 7 Apr 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 SDS Diary, 11 Apr 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
48 Ibid.
49 SDS Diary, 13 Apr 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
50 SDS Diary, 12 Apr 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
51 SDS Diary, 19 Apr 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
52 SDS Diary, 6 May 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
53 SDS Diary, 11 May 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
54 SDS Diary, 12 May 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
55 Ibid.
Chapter 14 – The Lost Princess
1 Letter from Gokhale to Sir William Wedderburn (a Scottish civil servant in India and politician), quoted in J. N. Vajpeyi, The Extremist Movement in India, Chugh Publications, Allahabad, 1974, p. 122.
2 Vande Mataram, Calcutta, 10 May 1907.
3 Daily Mail, 9 May 1907.
4 Ibid.
5 Letter BDS to SDS, 29 Apr 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
6 Letter BDS to SDS, 2 Jul 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
7 Hansard, HC Deb, 29 May 1907, Vol. 174, cc1633-4 1633.
8 J. Morley to Minto, 15 Apr 1908, J. Morley Papers, Vol. III, 1905–11, IOR Mss Eur D573.
9 Bills and papers of SDS, IOR Mss Eur E377/10.
10 Ibid.
11 Elizabeth Crawford, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928, Routledge, London, 2003, p. 177.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Una Duval (née Dugdale) speaking to the BBC in 1955, www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ suffragettes
16 Letter from Gurdit Singh Sandhawalia to SDS, undated, Collected Papers of SDS, IOR Mss Eur E377/7.
17 Letter from SDS to Gurdit Singh Sandhawalia, 3 Jul 1907, Sandhawalia family papers, quoted in Bance, Rebel, p. 147.
18 Letter from Gurdit Singh Sandhawalia to SDS, undated, collected papers of SDS, IOR Mss Eur E377/7.
19 Sociologist (ultra-nationalist Indian publication), Oct 1907.
20 Report from Curzon Wyllie, 26 Jan 1909, IOR L/P&S/ 11/52–P1608.
21 Crawford, Suffrage, p. 235
22 G. D. and J. Heath, ‘The Women’s Suffrage Movement in and around Richmond and Twickenham’, 1968 (available at Richmond Museum).
23 Quoted in ‘Deeds Better than Words’, 26 Oct 1906, from Gandhi’s weekly, Indian Opinion. Republished (in English, translated from Gujarati) in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 6, pp. 29–30.
24 Letter George Bernard Shaw to the Editor, The Times, 31 Oct 1906.
25 Quoted in ‘Deeds Better than Words’, Collected Works, pp. 29–30.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Rehana Ahmed and Sumita Mukherjee, South Asian Resistances in Britain 1858–1947, Continuum Books, London, 2012, pp. 5–7, 9, 12–13.
29 The Graphic, 10 Jul 1909.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 The mastermind behind the assassination and other revolutionary activities taking place at India House was Veer Sarvarkar. Arrested in 1910, he was sentenced to two life terms, to be served in the Andaman Islands. The capital’s airport in Port Blair now bears his name.
33 Old Bailey proceedings online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.0, 10 Dec 2012), Jul 1909, trial of DHINGRA, Madhan Lal (25, student) (t19090719-55).
34 Ibid.
Chapter 15 – The Hampton Court Harridan
1 TNA HO 144/1254/234646.
2 Votes for Women, 2 Jul 1909.
3 Constance Lytton, Jane Warton, Prisons and Prisoners: Some Personal Experiences, originally printed 1914, reprinted, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 200.
4 Pankhurst, My Own Story, p. 141.
5 From BBC Home Service, In Town Tonight, first broadcast, 29 Jan 1955.
6 Letter from Frederick Pethick Lawrence to Marion Wallace Dunlop, quoted in A. Rosen, Rise Up, Women! The Militant Campaign of the Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903–1914, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974, reprinted 1993, p. 120.
7 Letter from Laura Ainsworth to Marion Wallace Dunlop, quoted in Votes for Women, 8 Oct 1909.
8 See BBC Suffragette Archive, www.bbc.co.uk/archive/suffragettes/8315.shtml.
9 Pankhurst, My Own Story, p. 163.
10 The New York Times, 14 Nov 1909.
11 Ibid.
12 Dana Bentley-Cranch, Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910, HMSO, London, 1992, p. 151.
13 Ross Murdoch Martin, The Lancashire Giant: David Shackleton, Labour Leader and Civil Servant, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2000.
14 Pankhurst, My Own Story, p. 178.
15 Ibid.
16 Julie Des Jardins, The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science, Feminist Press, New York, 2010, p. 34.
17 TNA MEPO, 3/203/8317586.
18 Pankhurst, My Own Story, p. 180.
19 Ibid., and TNA, MEPO 3/203.
20 Memorandum, ‘Treatment of the Women’s deputation by the Police’, TNA, MEPO 3/203; H. N. Brailsford, Secretary to the Parliamentary Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage, p. 6.
21 TNA HO 144/1106/200455.
22 Sophia A. Van Wingerden, The Women’s Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866–1928, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1999, p. 123.
23 TNA MEPO 3/203/8317586.
24 TNA MEPO 3/203/8317586.
25 Georgina Solomon, Letter to the Editor, The Times, 3 Mar 1911.
26 TNA MEPO 3/203/8317586.
27 Letter of complaint from SDS to Home Secretary Winston Churchill, 26 Nov 1910, TNA HO/1106/200455.
28 Suffragette Index of Names of Persons Arrested, 1906–14, TNA HO45/24665.
29 TNA MEPO 3/203/8317586.
30 ‘Treatment of the Women’s Deputations by the Police’, copy of a memorandum forwarded by the Parliamentary Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage to the Home Office, Woman’s Press, 1911.
31 Note attached ‘To Commissioner of police for observations’, TNA HO/1106/200455.
32 Letter from SDS to Home Secretary Winston Churchill, TNA HO/1106/200455.
33 Note attached ‘To Commissioner of police for observations’, TNA HO/1106/200455.
Chapter 16 – A Familiar Enemy
1 www.forces-war-records.co.uk/Information/Boer-War-Casualties
2 Emily Hobhouse’s letter to the people of South Africa, 1913, Anglo-Boer War Museum, Bloemfontein.
3 John Hall, That Bloody Woman: The Turbulent Life of Emily Hobhouse, Truran Publishers, Truro, 2008.
4 ‘Emily Hobhouse, South African War, 1899–1902’, Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter (eds), Archives of Empire, Duke University Press, Vol. 2.
5 ‘Frances Mary Parker (Fanny, alias Janet Arthur) (1875–1924), militant suffragette’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
6 Margaret Baker, Discovering London Statues and Monuments, Osprey Publishing, London, 2002, p. 54.
7 Letter from CDS to SDS, 25 Aug 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377.
8 ‘Lord Curzon’s 15 Good Reasons Against the Grant of Female Suffrage’, National Library of Scotland, shelfmark 1937.21(82).
9 The Vote, 24 Dec 1910.
10 The Gleaner, 16 Feb 1911.
11 Census of England and Wales 1911, Public Record Office.
12 Ibid.
13 Punch, 22 Mar 1911, Vol. 140, p. 199.
14 Letter to Miss Newsome (9/01/1229); Lady Sophia Duleep Singh to Miss Newsome, Women’s Autograph Collection at the Women’s Library (9/01/0941 & 9/01/1229).
15 Ibid.
16 Let
ter to Miss Nancy Grant (regarding a women’s suffrage meeting at Richmond), 29 Apr 1911, Women’s Autograph Collection at the Women’s Library (9/01/0941 & 9/01/1229).
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Margaret Kineton Parkes, with Introduction by Laurence Housman, ‘The Tax Resistance Movement in Great Britain’, Museum of London, Suffragette Collection, 50.82/357.
20 ‘Emma Sproson (1867–1936)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
21 Frank Sproson, The Vote, 8 Jul 1911.
22 Ibid.
23 The Times, 23 May 1911; Votes for Women, 26 May 1911.
24 Ibid.
25 SDS’s diamond ring seized for non-payment of taxes, Museum of London, Suffragette Collection, 57.57/11.
26 ‘Report of the Women’s Tax Resistance League Activities’, Votes for Women, 28 Jul 1911.
27 Ibid.
Chapter 17 – We Have No Hold
1 Standard, 5 Oct 1911; Votes for Women, 6 Oct 1911.
2 Votes for Women, 23 Feb 1912.
3 Thames Valley Times, 6 Mar 1912.
4 Richmond and Twickenham Times, 13 Apr 1912.
5 Votes for Women, 2 Aug 1912, quoting the case for the prosecution, Magisterial Enquiry, Oxford Assize Court, 26 Jul 1912.
6 Heath, ‘Women’s Suffrage’.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Speech by E. Pankhurst at the Pavilion Theatre, 10 Feb 1913, TNA HO 45.231366.
11 Heath, ‘Women’s Suffrage’.
12 ‘Teddington Suffragette Attack Remembered 100 Years On’, Richmond and Twickenham Times, 20 Apr 2013.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 The Suffragette, 24 Feb 1913, p. 2.
16 Diaries of Emily Blathwayt, Papers of Blathwayt Family of Dyrham, D2659/24, Gloucestershire Archives, Gloucester.
17 Women’s Social and Political Union 7th Annual Report, 1913.
18 The Western Gazette, 9 May 1913.
19 The Suffragette, 12 Dec 1913; The Western Gazette, 9 May 1913.
20 Ibid.
21 The Western Gazette, 9 May 1913.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Sylvia Pankhurst, The Suffragette Movement, Longman, London, 1931.
26 Rowland George Martin Baker and Gwendoline F. Baker, Thameside Molesey – A Towpath Ramble from Hampton Court to Hampton Reach, Barracuda Press, London 1989, see www.moleseyhistory.co.uk/books/molesey
27 IOR L/PS/11/52.
28 Letter from Lord Crewe, Apr 1913, IOR L/PS/11/52.
29 Memo from Arthur Hirtzel, P 1608 1913, IOR L/PS/11/52.
30 Daily Mail, 30 Dec 1913.
31 Ibid.
32 The Times, 30 Dec 1913; Votes for Women, 2 Jan 1913.
33 Handwritten note attached to newspaper cutting, signed FHL, IOR L/PS/11/52.
Chapter 18 – Indian Clubs
1 Adelaide Register, 5 Mar 1914.
2 The Times, 27 Jan 1914.
3 Ibid.
4 The Vote, 5 Aug 1911.
5 Lytton and Warton, Prisons and Prisoners, p. 33.
6 Ibid., p. 239.
7 Diaries of Mary Blathwayt, D2659, Papers of the Blathwayt family of Dyrham, Gloucestershire Archives, Gloucester.
8 Gretchen Wilson, With All Her Might: The Life of Gertrude Harding, Militant Suffragette, Holmes & Meier, New York, 1999, p. 140.
9 See www.bartitsu.org/index.php/2012/07/the-amazons-of-edwardian-london-martial-arts-trained-suffragette-bodyguards
10 ‘Suffragists’ Indian Clubs’, The Times, 12 Feb 1914.
11 Ada testimony, Museum of London, Suffragette Collection, 57.70–2
12 WSPU 8th Annual Report, 1914, the National Women’s Social and Political Union, Annual Reports, Museum of London.
13 Ibid.
14 ‘Announcement of Marriage of Princess Irene Duleep Singh to Pierre Villemant’, The Times, 16 Mar 1910.
15 Bance, Rebel, p. 101.
16 Diane Atkinson, The Suffragettes in Pictures, History Press, London, 2010, p. 56.
17 ‘Militant Arson Plans’, The New York Times, 9 Jun 1914.
18 Anne Wiltsher, Most Dangerous Women: Feminist Peace Campaigners of the Great War, Pandora Press, Boston, 1985, p. 38.
Chapter 19 – The Lady Vanishes
1 11/52 Dunlop Smith Memo, 39/10, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 11/52 intercepted letter from CDS to SDS, 39/10, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
5 Ibid.
6 11/52 memo to P. Cox, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records, India Office.
7 Crawford, Suffrage, p. 378.
8 The Times Documentary History of the War, Military, Part 1, Times Publishing Company, London, 1918, p. 440.
9 Letter from Mohammed Agim to Subedar Major Firoz Khan, 28 May 1915, IOR L/MIL/5/825/4 f.425.
10 Ibid.
11 George Morton-Jack, The Indian Army on the Western Front: India’s Expeditionary Force to France, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014, p. 182.
12 Joyce Collins, Dr Brighton’s Indian Patients December 1914–January 1916, Brighton Books, Brighton, 1997, p. 7.
13 Ibid.
14 The Brighton Gazette, 16 Dec 1914.
15 Collins, Indian Patients, p. 21.
16 Letter No. 63, 1 May 1915, David Omissi, Indian Voices of the Great War: Soldiers’ Letters, 1914–1918, Macmillan, London, 1999.
17 Collins, Indian Patients, p. 21.
18 Ibid., p. 23.
19 In 1919 she would receive ‘The Bar to the Royal Red Cross’, the organisation’s highest award for exceptional devotion and bravery. It was presented to her at Buckingham Palace by the King.
20 British Journal of Nursing, 6 Mar 1915, p. 6.
21 Ibid., p. 7.
22 Bance, Rebel, p. 146.
23 Letter No. 253, 24 Feb 1916, Omissi, Letters.
24 Jaywant Joglekar, Veer Savarkar, Father of Hindu Nationalism, www.lulu.com, 2006, p. 68.
25 Sat D. Sharma, India Marching: Reflections from a Nationalistic Perspective, iUniverse, 2012, www.iuniverse.com, p. 31.
26 The Times, 20 Oct 1916.
27 11/52 Notes from Political Department, under heading ‘The War’, 26 Apr 1918, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
28 Memo Draft Reply from L/P&S Department to Commissioner of Police, August 1917, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
29 11/52 In Response to Telegram from Lord Wimborne to the Rt Hon. Secretary of State for India, date missing, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
30 11/52 Draft Reply to SDS, on Scotland Yard headed paper, undated, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
31 Bance, Rebel, p. 115.
32 Daily Mirror, 21 Sep 1928, p. 6.
33 The Times, 14 Sep 1918.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 11/52 Letter to the British legation in the Hague, 11 Nov 1918, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records, India Office.
37 11/52 Prisoners of War Department, Royal Court, House of Lords, London SW1, 24 Dec 1918, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
38 11/52 Letter to the Secretary of State for India from J. E. Shukhburgh, 27 Dec 1918, IOR L/P&S, Political and Secret Department Records.
Chapter 20 – Such Troublesome Times
1 See www.mkgandhi.org/articles/gsouthafrica_satyagraha.htm
2 Figures for the dead and wounded are hotly contested even today. The INC quoted casualties of 1,500, with 1,000 killed; the British insisted 1,100 were wounded, 379 killed.
3 Letter from Viceroy, Foreign and Political Department to Secretary of State for India, IOR L/P&S 10/768 DS Family 1918/30.
4 IOR L/P&S 10/768, p. 384.
5 Bance, Rebel, p. 97; Torry is Buried in Merville Communal Cemetery, France.
6 Sikhs were
stationed at Hampton Court until 1919; Peter Bance, The Sikhs in Britain, Coronet House, London, 2012, p. 37.
7 Bance, Rebel, p. 154.
8 Ibid.
9 Mithan Lam, Autumn Leaves, IOR Mss Eur F 341/147.
10 Letter from Duke’s Hotel, 35 St James’s Palace, 17 Jul 1919, in Mrinalini Sarabhai (ed.), The Mahatma and the Poetess, Sarvoyada International Trust, Bhavan Book University Series, Delhi, 1998.
11 Ibid.
12 ‘Indian Women and the Franchise’, Observer, 10 Aug 1919.
13 Letter from SDS to Sec of State, Mar 1920, L/P&S 10/768 DS Family 1918/30.
14 Letter from SDS to Sec of State, Oct 1923, L/P&S 10/768 DS Family 1918/30.
15 Author interview with Oxley.
16 Ibid.
17 Author interview with Coram.
18 Ibid.
19 Author interview with Oxley.
20 Bance, Rebel, p. 157.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Campbell, Box, pp. 17–18.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Author interview with Oxley.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Gene R. Thursby, Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923–1928, Brill, p. 83
31 Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi’s Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, p. 118.
32 The Ancient House Museum, Thetford, remains open today thanks to Freddie’s legacy.
33 Bance, Rebel, p. 130.
34 The Times, 14 Aug 1926.
35 Bance, Rebel, p. 130.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Bance, Rebel, p. 97.
40 Joseph Sandler et al., Freud’s Models of the Mind, Karnac Books, London, 1997, p. 52.
41 Bance, Rebel, p. 97.
42 The Times, 28 Nov 1928.
43 Ibid.
44 IOR L/P&S 10/768, legal letter Farrer and Co. Solicitors, 22 Nov 1929, p. 88.
45 The Times, 30 Nov 1928.
46 Ibid.
47 IOR L/P&S 10/768, Minutes summarising the case and its outcome for the Political Department, Dec 1929, p. 158.
48 Ibid.
Chapter 21 – A Solemn Promise
1 HL Deb 22 May 1928, Vol. 71, cc213-56.
2 Quoted in June Purvis, Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography, Routledge, London, 2002, p. 312.
3 Daily Mail, 19 Jun 1928.
4 Author interview with Coram.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.