The Pioneers
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Sedgwick, John. War of Two: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Duel That Stunned a Nation. New York: Berkley, 2015.
Shevitz, Amy Hill. Jewish Communities on the Ohio River. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2007.
Sibley, William Giddings. The French Five-Hundred and Other Papers. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2010.
Sibley’s Harvard Graduates: Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College, 1768–1771. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1975.
St. Clair, Arthur. A Narrative of the Manner in Which the Campaign Against the Indians in the Year 1796 Was Conducted. Philadelphia: Jane Aiken, 1819.
———, and William Henry Smith, ed. The St. Clair Papers: The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair. Vol. 2. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1882.
St. George, Judith. The Duel: The Parallel Lives of Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. St. Louis, MO: Turtleback Books, 2016.
Stewart, David O. American Emperor: Aaron Burr’s Challenge to Jefferson’s America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.
Stuart, James. Three Years in North America. Vols. 1 and 2. Edinburgh, 1833.
Sugden, John. Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
———. Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Henry Holt, 1997.
Summers, Thomas Jefferson. History of Marietta. Marietta, OH: Leader Publishing Co., 1903.
Swayne, Wager. The Ordinance of 1787 and The War of 1861. New York: Printed by C. G. Burgoyne, 1892.
Swick, Ray. An Island Called Eden: The Story of Harman and Margaret Blennerhassett. Parkersburg, WV: Parkersburg Printing Co., 2008.
———, and Christina Little. Blennerhassett Island. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005.
Sword, Wiley. President Washington’s Indian War. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Tambling, Jeremy. Lost in the American City. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Taylor, James W. History of the State of Ohio, 1650–1787. Cincinnati: H. W. Derby & Co., 1854.
Thompson, Eben Francis. A Brief Chronicle of Rufus Putnam and His Rutland Home. Privately Printed, 1930.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Vol. 2., 2nd ed. Henry Reeve, trans. Cambridge: Sever Francis, 1863.
Traub, James. John Quincy Adams: Militant Spirit. New York: Basic Books, 2016.
Trollope, Frances. Domestic Manners of the Americans. London: Whittaker, Treacher & Co., 1832.
Trumbull, John. Autobiography of Colonel John Trumbull, Patriot-Artist, 1759–1843. Theodore Sizer, ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.
Van Every, Dale. Ark of Empire: The American Frontier, 1784–1803. New York: William Morrow, 1963.
Venable, W. H. Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1891.
Vidal, Gore. Burr. New York: Random House, 1973.
Walker, Charles Manning. History of Athens County, Ohio and Incidentally of the Ohio Land Company and the First Settlement of the State at Marietta. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1869.
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series. Vols. 6, 7, and 9. Dorothy Twohig, Philander Chase, and Jack D. Warren, Jr., eds. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1996, 1998.
———. The Writings of George Washington: From the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. Vol. 29. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939.
Waters, Wilson. The History of St. Luke’s Church, Marietta, Ohio. Marietta, OH: J. Mueller & Son, 1884.
Williams, Gary. Johnny Appleseed in the Duck Creek Valley. Johnny Appleseed Center for Creative Learning, Dexter City, OH: 1989.
Williams, H. Z. History of Washington County, Ohio. Cleveland: H. Z. Williams & Bro., 1881.
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Zimmer, Louise. True Stories of Pioneer Times: Northwest Territory, 1787–1812. Marietta, OH: Broughton Foods Company, 1992.
———. More True Stories from Pioneer Valley. Marietta, Ohio: Sugden Book Store, 1993.
Articles
Allen, Dudley P. “History of Early Legislation and Medical Societies in the State of Ohio.” Cleveland Medical Gazette, Vol. 8. Albert R. Baker and Samuel W. Kelley, eds., 1893.
Cone, Mary. “The First Settlement in Ohio.” Magazine of American History, Vol. 6, No. 4, April 1881.
Cutler, Sarah J. “The Coonskin Library.” Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 26, 1917.
Crawford, Sydney. “Rufus Putnam and His Pioneer Life in the Northwest.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, New Series, Vol. 12, 1899.
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de. “Letters from an American Farmer.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 3, 1900.
“Dr. Manasseh Cutler and the Ordinance of 1787.” North American Review, Vol. 123, No. 251, 1876.
Fry, Mildred Covey. “Women on the Ohio Frontier: The Marietta Area.” Ohio History Journal, Vol. 90, No. 1, Winter 1981.
Galbreath, C. B. “Lafayette’s Visit to the Ohio Valley States.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, Vol. 29, No. 1, January 1920.
Hart, Albert Bushnell. “The Westernization of New England.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, Vol. 17, 1908.
Hildreth, Samuel. “A Brief History of the Floods in the Ohio River from 1772–1832.” Journal of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, 1838.
———. “A Concise Description of Marietta, Ohio.” The Medical Repository, Vol. 6, January 17, 1809.
———. “Epidemic Fever.” The Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 9, 1824.
———. “Remarks on the Weather and Diseases in Ohio.” The Medical Repository, Vol. 5, March 3, 1808.
———. “Manners and Domestic Habits of the Frontier Inhabitants, in the First Settlement of Ohio.” The Medical Counselor, Vol. 2, No. 7, February 16, 1856.
———. “The Pleasures and Privations of Physicians.” The Medical Counselor, Vol. 2, March 8, 1856.
Humphrey, James Ellis. “Manasseh Cutler.” The American Naturalist, Vol. 32, 1898.
Jordan, Wayne. “The People of Ohio’s First Company.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 1, January 1940.
Leeper, W. H. “American Union Lodge, No. 1, F & A Masons, Marietta, Ohio.” The Masonic Review, Vol. 73, No. 1, February 1, 1890.
Mayer, Vinnie J. “The Coonskin Library.” Wilson Library Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 1, September 1951.
Murray, Rev. J. A. “The Butlers of the Cumberland Valley.” Historical Register: Notes and Queries, Biographical and Genealogical, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 1883.
Pallante, Martha. “The Trek West: Early Travel Narratives and Perceptions of the Frontier.” Michigan Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, Spring 1995.
Phillips, Josephine E. “Fine Timber.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 1, January 1937.
Poole, W. F. “Dr. Manasseh Cutler and the Ordinance of 1787.” North American Review, Vol. 123, No. 251, 1876.
Randall, E. O. “Editorialana,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 1, January 1916.
———. “Rutland: ‘The Cradle of Ohio,’ A Little Journey to the Home of Rufus Putnam.” Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 18, 1909.
Rau, Louise. “Lucy Backus Woodbridge: Pioneer Mother, January 31, 1757–October 6, 1817.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol. 44, No. 4, 1935.
“Rufus Putnam to the Grand Lodge of Masons.” Masonic Eclectic, Vol. 3, 1867.
Shetrone, H. C. “The Indian in Ohio.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1919.
“Side Lights on the Ohio Company of Associates from the John May Papers.” The Western Reserve Historical Society, Tract No. 97, 1917.
Silliman, Benjamin. “Obituary—Dr. Samuel Presc
ott Hildreth.” The American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. 36, November 1863.
Silverberg, Robert. “. . . And the Mound-Builders Vanished from the Earth.” American Heritage, Vol. 20, No. 4, June 1969.
Southwick, Erman Dean. “S. P. Hildreth and His Home.” Ohio Historical Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 1, January 1955.
Stone, Benjamin Franklin. “From Rutland to Marietta.” New England Magazine, Vol. 16, New Series, April 1897.
Vance, John L. “The French Settlement and Settlers of Gallipolis.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 3, 1890–1891.
Wadsworth, Benjamin. “Discourse at Manasseh Cutler’s Interment.” The Hesperian, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1838.
Waller, A. E. “Dr. Samuel P. Hildreth 1783–1863.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53, 1944.
Dissertations
Cayton, Andrew R. L. “The Best of All Possible Worlds: From Independence to Interdependence in the Settlement of the Ohio Country, 1780–1825.” PhD diss., Brown University, 1981.
Pershing, Benjamin Harrison. “Winthrop Sargent in the Old Northwest.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, December 1927.
Swick, Ray. “Harman Blennerhassett: An Irish Aristocrat on the American Frontier.” PhD diss., Miami University, 1978.
Ulrich, Dennis Nicholas. “Samuel P. Hildreth: Physician and Scientist on the American Frontier, 1783–1863.” PhD diss., Miami University, 1983.
INDEX
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Adams, Abigail, 91, 113, 115–16
Adams, John, 6–7, 28–29, 115–16, 135, 138, 144, 153, 245–46, 247
Adams, John Quincy, 242–44, 245–47, 249
alcohol. See whiskey/alcohol
Allegheny Mountains, 39, 55, 57, 96, 168, 238
Allegheny River, 17, 40
American Friend (Marietta newspaper), 202, 204, 218
Ames/Amesville, 138–39, 147–48, 178, 255
“Ancient Works.” See earthworks; Great Mound
animals, 45, 51, 55, 63-64, 79, 127, 203-4
apple trees, 82, 150, 211
Arbella (ship), 17
army, frontier
and Battle of Fallen Timbers, 118
behavior of, 87–88
casualties in, 118
and Indian attack at Big Bottom, 87–90
Little Turtle defeats, 87–88
organizing of, 87–88
Putnam considered for commander of, 116
recruitment and training of, 117
size of, 117
Wayne as commander of, 116, 117
army, St. Clair’s
burial of soldiers from, 114–15
camp followers of, 99
casualties in, 108, 113
concerns about, 99, 101–2
congressional investigation of, 113, 114
defeat of, 106–15
desertions in, 99, 101, 103
food/provisions for, 101, 107–8
hanging of members of, 101
and Harmar, 97–98, 108–9, 114
and ignorance about Indians, 109
Indian attack on/defeat of, 102–15
and Indians as threat to settlers, 92–94
morale among, 99
public reactions to defeat of, 112–14
quality of troops in, 97, 99, 108–9
raising of, 96–99
retreat of, 106–11
and search for Indians, 99–102
size of, 99
St. Clair as commander of, 96–115
strategy for, 102
supplies for, 97
wages for, 99
and weather, 100–101, 103
astronomy, 242, 243–44
Atwater, Caleb, 212, 216–17
Atwood, Leah. See Cutler, Leah Atwood
Backus, Elijah, 73, 132, 157
Backus, James, 52–53, 64, 72
Backus, Lucy. See Woodbridge, Lucy Backus
Balch, Mary. See Cutler, Mary Balch
Barker, Catherine, 130, 137, 210
Barker, Elizabeth Dana, 78–79, 81, 82–83, 129, 130, 245
Barker, Joseph
achievements/honors of, 245
and Adams (John Quincy) Ohio expedition, 242
as architect/builder, 131, 133–35, 137–38, 210–11, 244, 258
Belpre move of, 129
and Blennerhassett house, 133–35, 137
as boat builder, 137, 156, 160
and Burr, 156, 160
as carpenter, 78, 79, 81
Barker, Joseph (cont.)
comments about veterans by, 57–58
Cutler family and, 137
death/funeral of, 244–45
as early Marietta settler, 79, 82–83, 129
education of, 213
as education proponent, 198–99
family of, 129, 130, 137, 245
and French emigrants in Marietta, 85
and Hildreth, 210–11, 245, 258
home of, 129, 130, 137–38, 244
hospitality of, 138, 245
and Indian attack on Rogers and Henderson, 95
jobs of, 83
land grant for, 129
and life in Ohio Country, 82–83
as militia member, 83
personal/professional background of, 78–79
role in Marietta of, 83
scientific interests of, 210
as ship builder, 170
and smallpox outbreak, 81
and “Starving Year,” 80
as teacher, 129
Barker, Joseph Jr., 82–83, 218, 246
Barlow, Joel, 83, 84
Bartram, William, 22–23, 86
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 118
Beaver River, 41, 78, 94–95
Belpre
Barker and Dana families at, 79, 81, 82–83, 129
Cutler (Ephraim) move to, 178
fortifications at, 92
Hildreth as doctor in, 165–66, 169
Indians as threat to, 92, 93, 95
influenza epidemic at, 169
school in, 129
Benjamin Franklin (steamboat), 244, 245
Big Bottom attack, 87–90, 93, 110, 117
Blennerhassett, Harman
appearance/personality of, 132
arrest and trial of, 160, 162, 163
articles by, 157–58
on Blennerhassett Island, 132–35
boat for, 137
and Burr conspiracy, 151, 154–63
Cutler (Ephraim) and, 135
death of, 164
escape of, 160–61
financial affairs of, 164
and Hildreth, 157
library of, 169
in Mississippi Territory, 162, 164
as Ohio emigrant, 131–32
post-trial life of, 164
pseudonym of, 157
reputation of, 163
Blennerhassett, Margaret, 131–32, 133, 134, 135, 157, 161–62, 163, 164
Blennerhassett Island
Blennerhasset buying of, 32
Blennerhassett family departure from, 160–62
and Burr conspiracy, 160, 162
Burr on, 154–55, 156
house on, 133–35, 137, 161, 162, 164
Pittsburgh men on, 161
and slavery, 133
Blue Jacket (Shawnee chief), 102, 118
Board of Treasury, 18, 25, 26, 28–29, 83
boats. See ships/boats; type of boat
Boston
Bunch of Grapes meeting in, 6, 8, 9, 11–12, 205
and Dorchester Heights attack, 36–37
and Hildreth visit to East Coast, 237
Hollis Street Congregational Church in, 173
Braddock’s (Edward)
Defeat, 98, 108, 113
Brough, John, 156–57, 168
Buckingham, J.S., 222, 223, 224–25
Buell, Joseph, 43, 46–47
Bullard, Asa, 89, 90
Bullard, Eleazer, 89, 90
Bunch of Grapes meeting (Boston), 6, 8, 9, 11–12, 205
Burr, Aaron
appearance of, 152, 153, 162
arrest and trial of, 162–63
and Blennerhassett, 151, 154–55, 156, 157–58
and boat building, 155–56, 160
boat of, 151–52
conspiracy of, 153–54, 156–62
death of, 164
elections of 1800 and, 153
financial affairs of, 154
and Hamilton duel, 152, 154
as Ohio Company stockholder, 154
personal/professional background of, 152–53
personality of, 152, 153
post-trial life of, 164
western expedition of, 151–52, 153–55
Cajoe (aka Micajah Phillips), 133, 135, 160, 162
Campus Martius
Court of Common Pleas at, 128–29
Cutler (Manasseh) sermon at, 59–60, 219
descriptions of, 54, 117–18
and early settlements in Ohio Country, 54
and Indian attacks/threats, 92, 95
initial impressions of, 58
Putnam home at, 206, 207
school at, 64
Tupper home at, 68
See also stockade
Captain Pipe, 43, 46, 51, 55, 56, 63–64, 106
Carrington, Edward, 15, 25
Catholics, 252–53
Chapman, John “Johnny Appleseed,” 150
Cherokee Indians, 51
children
as army camp followers, 99
and Cutler (Manasseh) visit to Marietta, 59
death of, 59, 124, 130, 166, 204
food/provisions for, 80
health of, 78, 81, 110
and Indian-St. Clair army battle, 106, 108
and life in Marietta, 73
See also specific person
Chillicothe, 143, 144–45, 147–48, 159, 185, 229, 230
Chippewa Indians, 55, 59, 102
Choate, Francis, 89, 90
Choate, Isaac, 89, 90
Cincinnati
Adams (John Quincy) expedition to, 242–44
Dickens description of, 228
economy of, 170
growth of, 195, 228
industry in, 196, 228
Marietta compared with, 240
as “Queen City” of west, 172
Sargent move to, 86
schools in, 212, 228
St. Clair move to, 86
and St. Clair’s army retreat, 108