60. “Contract Between UPA and the LRCC,” July 25, 1966.
61. “10/18/66, Tuesday meeting with Edward J. Logue,” UPA, Box 12, Folder 3.
62. UPA Meeting Minutes, December 14, 1966, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, 2. At some point, the LRCC also asked the community organizers to leave as well. Alex Rodriguez recalled, “And we knew it was gonna work then, because once they threw us out, we knew they were gonna make the decisions. They weren’t going to listen to Alex Rodriguez, Val Hyman, Dan Richardson, Byron Rushing, or anybody else. They were gonna make the decisions and that’s what we wanted”; Bailey, Lower Roxbury, 35. The sensitive relationship between advocacy planners and community groups was debated at the time in Frances Fox Piven, “Whom Does the Advocate Planner Serve?,” Social Policy (May–June 1970), and responses in the next issue (July–August 1970) by Sumner Rosen, Sherry Arnstein, Paula and Linda Davidoff, Clarence Funnye, Sylvia Scribner, Chester Hartman, and Piven.
63. UPA Meeting Minutes, August 23, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, for a discussion of giving LRCC an ultimatum if more surveyors were not provided; survey materials, UPA, Box 12, Folder 3. For continued tensions between the LRCC and the UPA after the memorandum of understanding was signed, see UPA Meeting Minutes, April 19, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, where Andrea Ballard comments that the “LRCC feels let down by UPA … Community organizers in L.R. distrust UPA,” and Gordon Fellman says, “Original agreement about working relationship between LRCC and UPA has not been kept by LRCC.”
64. “Madison Park—Campus High School Before Committee on Urban Renewal,” November 16, 17, 23, 29, Stenographic Record; Anthony J. Yudis, “City Ends Roxbury Hearings,” BG, November 30, 1966; “City Votes Yes on Park Madison,” BSB, January 2, 1967; Paul J. Corkery, “BRA and Roxbury Citizen Group Reach Urban Renewal Agreement,” Crimson, January 6, 1967.
65. Anthony J. Yudis, “Madison Park Leader Denies Logue’s Representation Charge, 350 Roxbury Names Support Claim,” BG, November 24, 1966; also Robert Hannan, “Logue Hits ‘Academic Amateurs,’ Renewal Chief Doubts Group Can Speak for Community,” BG, November 18, 1966; Melvin B. Miller, “Agreement Ends Four-Year Fight: Madison Park Battle Nears End,” BSB, December 3, 1966, which states “Logue refused to negotiate with the U.P.A.”
66. “Roxbury High School, Boston, Massachusetts, 1967, Marcel Breuer and Tician Papachristou, architects,” in Tician Papachristou, Marcel Breuer: New Buildings and Projects (New York: Praeger, 1970), 196–97; design described in Keith Morgan, “City of Ideas: Structure and Scale in the Boston General Plan,” in Heroic: Concrete Architecture and the New Boston, ed. Mark Pasnik, Michael Kubo, and Chris Grimley (New York: Monacelli Press, 2015), 72–73. Madison Park High School opened in 1977.
67. “Our Mission Statement,” Madison Park Development Corporation, http://www.madison-park.org/about-us.
68. Bailey, Lower Roxbury; “We Saved a Community,” panel discussion and viewing of film Making of Madison Park: A Shared Vision, October 19, 2011, Madison Park Development Corp, Roxbury, MA.
69. Fellman, interview; on checking out the Washington Park 221(d)(3) models, LRCC, Future of Lower Roxbury Depends on You, 12. At the September 20, 1967, UPA board meeting, Andrea Ballard mentioned that “a number of LRCC officers would like to have private single-family homes in Madison Park.” When she was told that anyone who could afford that “will be too affluent for 221(d)(3) housing,” she asked for “a short paper explaining problems of private single homes on site, to put to rest this endless discussion at LRCC meetings”; UPA Meeting Minutes, September 20, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, 2. The discussion of single-family houses continued at the October 4, 1967, meeting.
70. For descriptions of Charlestown, see Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 87–102; Frank Del Vecchio, memo to Lizabeth Cohen, “Vision: Ed Logue’s Audacious Campaign for the Economic Resuscitation of Boston,” n.d. but late November 2006, 6; J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 149–54; Irene Saint, “Charlestown Dissenters Battled for Every Inch,” BH, December 2, 1965; “Charlestown: Proud but Neglected Renowned Homeland,” BG, July 25, 1967, for black population.
71. Leo Baldwin, letter to the editor, Charlestown Patriot, April 28, 1960, in Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 104.
72. It hurt that both Vilemas and McCarthy were outsiders, Vilemas a Lithuanian American from Chicago, where he had organized with Saul Alinsky and the Chicago Catholic archdiocese, and McCarthy, a middle-class Irishman, most recently director of redevelopment operations for the City of San Leandro, California; Logue to Catherine Bauer Wurster, April 10, 1961, Papers of Catherine Bauer Wurster, 1931–1964, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, Box 21, Folder 21; Patrick E. McCarthy to Edward Logue, March 19, 1965, EJL, Series 6, Box 148, Folder 381.
73. Frank Del Vecchio, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, November 27, 2006, Cambridge, MA.
74. BRA: Charlestown, “Proposed Renewal Project: Before BRA Board,” Stenographic Transcript, January 7, 1963, 7, in Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 121; Arnone, “Redevelopment in Boston,” 136–37.
75. Del Vecchio, interview; also Frank Del Vecchio, City Streets: A Memoir (North Andover, MA: Leap Year Press, 2016), 151.
76. Del Vecchio, interview; The Urban Renewal Plan for Charlestown, an Opportunity for Every Resident: Charlestown/A Residential Neighborhood, pamphlet, BRA, n.d.
77. Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 139. Jack Kennedy and Tip O’Neill had both promised to remove the El, but there it still was, contributing to Charlestown’s sense of isolation, in Logue’s view; Logue, “The Boston Story,” 27v7. Also see “When the ‘El’ Comes Down, a Way of Life Goes with It,” BG, March 24, 1975. Michael Appleby noted Charlestown residents’ fear that racial integration would accompany more government housing programs; Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” 22. Although the Boston Housing Authority began to integrate public housing in 1963, four years later only twenty-seven black families lived in Charlestown’s projects; BSB, July 27, 1967, in Rose, “Civic War,” 498. On the revised urban renewal plan, John Stainton, Urban Renewal and Planning in Boston: A Review of the Past and a Look at the Future, a consultant study directed by John Stainton, commissioned by the Citizens Housing and Planning Association and BRA, November 1972, 4.
78. Logue, “Boston, 1960–1967—Seven Years of Plenty,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts History Society 84 (1972): 82.
79. For descriptions of this notorious meeting: Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 132–34; Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 3:20; “2500 Jam Hearings on Bunker Hill,” BG, March 15, 1965; “Charlestown Supports Urban Renewal Plan” and “Yes Vote Means Rebirth for Town,” Charlestown Patriot, March 25, 1965; Del Vecchio, City Streets, 164–66.
80. Craven and Foley were the negative votes. Among the many articles by Anthony J. Yudis in the BG: “Charlestown Hearing Explodes: Wildest Renewal Battle Rocks Council Chamber,” April 28, 1965; “Charlestown Foes Challenge Council,” May 6, 1965; “Charlestown Renewal Wins Council OK, 7–2,” June 8, 1965. Also, Del Vecchio, City Streets, 166–70.
81. NBC, America the Beautiful, Chet Huntley reporter, Ted Yates producer-author, 52-minute documentary, broadcast October 3, 1965, available at Paley Center for Media, New York, and online at NBC Universal Archives; “N.B.C. to Examine U.S. City Growth,” NYT, July 29, 1965.
82. For links between urban renewal and the Boston busing struggle: Lukas, Common Ground, 153–56, 355–56; J. Brian Sheehan, The Boston School Integration Dispute: Social Change and Legal Maneuvers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 196–238; Ronald Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 121–22, where he calls urban renewal the “dress rehearsal” to busing.
83. Danny Soltren,
interview, and Chris Hayes, interview, in The South End, Boston 200 Neighborhood History Series (Boston: Boston 200 Corporation, 1975), 24, 27.
84. For descriptions of the South End and urban renewal there: Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 35–86; Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 101–3; Herbert H. Hyman, “Organizational Response to Urban Renewal” (Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University, 1967); “The South End: Ever-Changing Neighborhood of Many Different People,” BG, August 1, 1967; “A Special Report: The South End Today,” BM (October 1965): 34–59; Joan Colebrook, “A Reporter at Large: The Renewal,” New Yorker, January 1, 1966, 35–45; South End Urban Renewal, BRA, 1963.
85. “Mel King,” in Changing Lives, Changing Communities: Oral Histories from Action for Boston Community Development, ed. Robert C. Hayden and Ann Withorn (Boston: Action for Community Development and the University of Massachusetts, 2002), 154–55.
86. Logue to E. C. Struckhoff, June 30, 1966, EJL, Series 6, Box 149, Folder 383.
87. Mario Luis Small, Villa Victoria: The Transformation of Social Capital in a Boston Barrio (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 104–11; King, Chain of Change, 64–72, 111–18, 203–6; “Building Activism,” BG Magazine, October 10, 2004, 94; Robert Goodman, After the Planners (New York: Touchstone, 1971), 193–96; Peter G. Rowe, Modernity and Housing (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993), 244, 246–53; John Sharratt, “Urban Neighborhood Preservation and Development,” Process, Architecture, nos. 14–15 (1980): 28–30; Micho Spring, “When a Community Embraces Both Progress and Heritage,” BG, May 10, 2008; Peter Medoff and Holly Sklar, Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood (Boston: South End Press, 1994), 19–22; Lawrence J. Vale, Changing Cities: 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT (Cambridge, MA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning, 2008), 52–53; “Hispanic Bostonians Mark a Rebirth,” NYT, May 10, 1983; Johnny Diaz, “Villa Victoria Welcomes a New Leader,” BG, December 3, 2004. The archives of Inquilinos Boricuas en Acción, 1967–2004, are at Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections; see the finding aid for history and chronology as well as records.
88. Bernard J. Frieden and Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 305–6; Paul Goldberger, “Urban Building Trends Lend Boston an Odd Mix,” NYT, June 16, 1985.
89. Mel King, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 17, 2009, Boston, MA.
90. On North Harvard, see from the Brighton-Allston Historical Society and Heritage Museum and Oral History Center at the Brighton Branch Library: Marjorie T. Redgate, “To Hell with Urban Renewal,” 1969, an account of the neighborhood’s struggle with the BRA by a resident and owner of a luncheonette in the North Harvard neighborhood, and the four-part series excerpted from her manuscript in the Allston-Brighton Journal, ed. William P. Marchione; and oral histories with community activists. The single best analysis is Edward Michael Stone, “Concrete Ambition: Edward J. Logue and the North Harvard Urban Renewal Project, 1960–1967” (senior thesis, Harvard University, 2004). For Logue’s communication with the developers, see Logue, Memorandum to the file, September 21, 1961, EJL, Series 6, Box 148, Folder 376; “North Harvard Project” (materials prepared for Yale Law School class, November 1965), EJL, Series 6, Box 151, Folder 464, which states that backing down would be a “dangerous precedent.”
Also, Chester Hartman, Between Eminence and Notoriety: Four Decades of Radical Urban Planning (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University Press, 2002), 18–19; “An Open Letter to Mayor John Collins and the Boston Redevelopment Authority,” 1965, Loeb Library Ephemera Collection, HGSD; Douglas Mathews, “Politics and Public Relations—or, How to Relocate the BRA,” Crimson, January 7, 1966; “Urban Planning Aid: A Proposal to Provide Planning Assistance to Low-Income Communities,” Dirt and Flowers 2 (July 30, 1966): 5, UPA, Box 12, Folder 1; Goodman, interview; “What to Do ’Til the Wrecker Comes, Plot by Boston Renewal Authority, Editing by Brainerd Taylor,” Connection: Visual Arts at Harvard, Spring 1966, Loeb Special Collections, HGSD; “SDS Will Assist in Fight Against Urban Renewal,” Crimson, March 4, 1965; “The Mess in Brighton—and a Suggestion,” editorial, BG, August 11, 1965; “Boston’s Powerful Model for Rebuilders,” BW, November 26, 1966; Jim Botticelli, Dirty Old Boston: Four Decades of a City in Transition (Boston: Union Park Press, 2014), 78.
91. Del Vecchio, email message to author, July 23, 2006; similar statements were made by others: Salvucci, interview; Joseph Slavet, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 31, 2007, Boston, MA.
92. Logue testimony, Ribicoff hearings, 2821; also Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” 35–36.
93. Logue, “Tales of a City Builder, Compared to What,” memoir draft notes for “Chapter on Mistakes.”
94. Allston Brighton Citizen-Item, January 12, 1967: “CNH Drives to Meet No. Harvard Housing Deadline,” “Out of a Hateful History: Urban Renewal Redeemed,” “‘It Is Still Stolen Land: We Still Want Our Deeds,’” and the editorial “CNH: A Setback for the Cynics”; Nan Ni, “Profs Weigh In on Charlesview Design,” Crimson, October 21, 2008; Charlesview, Inc., website, http://charlesviewcommunity.org/.
95. Logue, interview, Schussheim, 24; Linda Corman, “Former BRA Head Takes Another Look at the City He Helped Plan,” Banker and Tradesman, October 21, 1987, 6; Logue, “The New Boston—Can the City Control Its Future?,” Boston Observer, c. 1985, EJL, 2002 Accession, Box 22, 6.
96. Langley Keyes quoted in Golden and Mehegan, “Changing the Heart of the City.”
97. Logue, “The New Boston—Can the City Control Its Future?”
98. Tunney Lee, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, July 13, 2007, Wellfleet, MA.
99. On the struggle over the Inner Belt and the Southwest Expressway, see Alan Lupo, Frank Colcord, and Edmund P. Fowler, Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); David Luberoff, “The Roads Not Taken: How One Powerful Choice Made All the Difference,” AB 15, no. 4 (Winter 2012): 28–31; James A. Aloisi, Jr., The Big Dig (Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions, 2004), 8–12; Hilary Moss, Yinan Zhang, and Andy Anderson, “Assessing the Impact of the Inner Belt: MIT, Highways, and Housing in Cambridge, Massachusetts,” JUH 40, no. 6 (November 2014): 1054–78; Peter Siskind, “Growth and Its Discontents: Localism, Protest and the Politics of Development on the Postwar Northeast Corridor” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2002).
100. Fred Salvucci and Tunney Lee were soon joined by Denis Blackett. When Salvucci informed his BRA boss about his organizing activities, he was encouraged to stop. When he remained firm and offered to quit the BRA, his boss and Logue asked him to stay; Salvucci, interview. Tunney Lee said he was never told “to stop and desist”; Lee, email message to author, February 18, 2010.
101. On the highway protests, in addition to the above sources: Gordon Fellman, in association with Barbara Brandt, The Deceived Majority: Politics and Protest in Middle America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, Rutgers University Press, 1973); Eric Avila, The Folklore of the Freeway: Race and Revolt in the Modernist City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 33–36; Lee, interview; Salvucci, interview; Fellman, interview; “Inner Belt—Transportation Study,” Dirt and Flowers 2 (July 30, 1966): 6, UPA, Box 12, Folder 1; Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 139–49; Lily Geismer, Don’t Blame Us: Suburban Liberals and the Transformation of the Democratic Party (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 105–16; Jon C. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940–1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 234–35. Chester Hartman describes the “Open Letter to State and Federal Highway Officials,” signed by 528 Harvard and MIT professors, in Hartman, Between Eminence and Notoriety, 19.
102. “Inner Belt to Uproot 937 Roxbury Families,” BSB, December 18, 1965; “6000
in Roxbury Sent Removal Notice,” BSB, January 15, 1966.
103. John Collins, interview by José de Varon, Tape 7, January 7, 1977, EJL, 2002 Accession, Box 21, Folder “Oral History John Collins,” 14–15.
104. Anthony Pangaro, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 24, 2009, Boston, MA; Lawrence Harmon, “A Park That Is the Muscle and Bone of the City,” BG, May 5, 2010. Years later Logue told the historian Lawrence Kennedy: “We laid that [Southwest corridor] out and persuaded Franny Sargent to approve it. He did, took the land, did the relocation, and only after the corridor was cleared did he change his mind. If the Inner Belt and the third harbor tunnel we proposed had been built I wonder if we would have needed the depressed Central Artery”; Logue to Lawrence Kennedy, May 31, 1988, MDL.
105. Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” iv, 25–26, 29, 30.
106. Collins, interview by de Varon, Tape 9, January 26, 1977, 7.
107. Logue, “A Look Back at Neighborhood Renewal in Boston,” 345.
108. Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 15.
109. Stainton, Urban Renewal and Planning in Boston, 4.
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