110. “A Battle Is Over,” editorial, BSB, December 3, 1966.
111. Bailey, Lower Roxbury, 26.
112. William J. Lasko, “Qualitative Analysis of Urban Renewal in Boston Under John Collins (1959–1967)” (paper submitted to Master’s Paper Colloquium, URB 104, Spring 1979, Professor Norman Fainstein), 44, in possession of the author. For a similar conclusion: Associate Professor Joseph L. Bower and John W. Rosenblum (research assistant), “Harvard Business School Case on the Boston Redevelopment Authority,” 1969, State Library of Massachusetts, State House, Boston, 19.
113. Langley Keyes, interview by Jim Vrabel, September 27, 2011, in Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 33.
114. Henry N. Cobb, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 8, 2010, New York, NY.
115. Henry Scagnoli, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 20, 2007, Boston, MA.
116. On Logue’s mayoral run, see Logue, interview, Schussheim, 31; Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:1–11, Tape 3:21–24; O’Connor, Building a New Boston, 256–63; John Patrick Ryan, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 18, 2007, Cambridge, MA; “The Globe Questions the Candidates for Mayor—Edward Logue,” BG, September 14, 1967.
117. Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 35.
118. “Bold Boston Gladiator—Ed Logue: Planner Stirs Up a Ruckus and Battles Opposition to Build the Place of His Dreams,” Life, December 24, 1965, 132. Communications that discuss Logue’s possible run for mayor include in EJL, Series 6: David L. Marx to Logue, April 27, 1966, Box 150, Folder 432, which references two recent newspaper columns mentioning that Logue was considering running for mayor; Howard M. Kahn to Logue, December 28, 1966, Box 150, Folder 415, refers to a Frank Bucci column in the Boston Herald-Traveler; Ellen Logue to Margaret Logue, January 15, 1967, Box 150, Folder 425, which says, “Any decision yet re: Collins & the mayoralty? That would make an interesting year!” Much earlier in life, Logue expressed interest in entering politics: Logue to Resina Logue, August 19, 1945, EJL, Series 1, Box 4, Folder 68, in which he floated the idea of running for Philadelphia city councilman; Logue to Fred Rodell, July 31, 1948, Fred Rodell Papers, Haverford College Special Collections, Addition 1927–80, Box 11, Item 105, where Logue wrote, “What I really want to do eventually is get into politics.”
119. Logue, “Boston, 1960–1967—Seven Years of Plenty,” 96.
120. Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 3:21–24; Jane Howard, “Round One Was a Breeze for Louise,” Life, October 13, 1967, 89–94; Homer Bigart, “Boston Mayoral Primary Pits Woman Foe of School Busing Against 9,” NYT, September 24, 1967; Sara Davidson, “John Sears: A Blueblood with Yen for Melting Pot; the Candidates for Mayor III,” BG, August 13, 1967; “John Winthrop Sears, 83; City Councilor Ran for Governor, BG, November 6, 2014; Sara Davidson, “Kevin White Always the Competitor; the Candidates for Mayor V,” BG, August 27, 1967.
121. Scagnoli, interview.
122. Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:10. Logue told Ivan Steen, “And it’s the nearest I’ve ever come to getting divorced”; Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 37; Janet Bowler Fitzgibbons, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 21, 2007, Cambridge, MA.
123. Bower and Rosenblum, “Harvard Business School Case on the BRA,” 12n1; Reilly, interview; Salvucci, interview; “Statement by Monsignor Francis J. Lally, Chairman of the BRA, on the occasion of the acceptance of Edward J. Logue’s resignation of his seven years as Administrator,” August 2, 1967, EJL, Series 6, Box 150, Folder 424. The BRA staff held “A Farewell to Ed Logue,” with skits and songs satirizing Logue’s years at the BRA and anticipating his victory as mayor, which surely spurred campaign volunteering; invitation to “A Farewell to Ed Logue, August 3, 1967,” EJL, Series 6, Box 151, Folder 450; Martin Adler and Michael Gruenbaum, “Skits for Ed Logue’s Farewell Party,” August 3, 1967, MDL.
124. Robert Litke, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 25, 2006, Somerset, NJ.
125. John A. Herfort, “Hi there, Gladtoseeya!” BG, September 24, 1967.
126. Nolan, interview.
127. I am grateful to John Stainton and Michael Gruenbaum for giving me a wonderful collection of Logue campaign materials, including buttons, bumper stickers, and brochures (hereafter Stainton Campaign Collection). On Irish parentage, “Ed Logue—the Man.”
128. See Stainton Campaign Collection, such as To meet the needs of the people … Ed Logue … builder of a Better Boston, pamphlet; “Ed Logue for Mayor, He Can Do Most for Boston,” card; One man stands out…, brochure.
129. Tom Wicker, “In the Nation: Boston Faces a Choice,” NYT, August 27, 1967.
130. Reilly, interview; Salvucci made a similar point about attitudes in the Italian North End in Salvucci, interview. Collins was very slow to endorse Logue: Robert Kenney, “Collins Won’t Seek Re-Election in Boston,” WP, June 7, 1967; “Mayor Declines 3rd Term; Reviews Stewardship; Urges Continued Progress,” CR, June 10, 1967; for quote, “Boston Mayor Contest Losing to Pennant Race,” LAT, September 25, 1967; also see Andrew J. Glass, “Red Sox Upsetting Boston’s Election,” WP, September 24, 1967.
131. Alan Lupo, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 97–113; Christopher Lydon, “Plot Charge Heats Mayoral Race,” BG, September 2, 1967; Joseph A. Keblinsky, “White Stays on Hub Ballot; Logue Admits Role in Row,” BG, September 6, 1967.
132. Logue, “Tales of a City Builder, Compared to What,” memoir draft notes for “Chapter on Mistakes.”
133. “Ed Logue: He Lives and Breathes Public Service; first of a series of profiles of candidates for mayor of Boston,” BG, July 30, 1967; Howard Ziff, “Race for Mayor Chair Sets Political Boston Swinging,” WP, August 20, 1967; O’Connor, Building a New Boston, 261; Andrew Ryan, “How the 1967 Mayoral Race Changed Boston,” BG, October 21, 2017.
134. Min S. Lee, “Young Billy Logue Thinks of Calcutta,” BG, September 27, 1967; Robert Hazen, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 14, 2007, New York, NY; Nolan, interview. For official election results, see Annual Report of the Election Department for the Year 1967 (Boston: January 31, 1968), 46, 107.
135. Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:11; Litke, interview; Bowler Fitzgibbons, interview.
136. Within a few months he cut half of that debt, repaying the bank loan secured by his cousin. Also, Barry T. Hynes, Chairman, Friends of Ed Logue Committee, to Friend, n.d. but c. October 1967, inviting recipients to a dinner at twenty-five dollars a person to help pay off Logue’s campaign debt; Stainton Campaign Collection.
137. The architects signing the 1967 letter were Nelson Aldrich, Ed Barnes, Pietro Belluschi, Peter Chermayeff, Joseph Eldredge, Norman Fletcher, Samuel Glaser, Victor Gruen, Huson Jackson, Philip Johnson, Eugene Kennedy, Carl Koch, James Lawrence, Michael McKinnell, Sy Mintz, Lawrence Perkins, Joseph Richardson, Paul Rudolph, Edwin T. Steffian, Hugh Stubbins, and Donald Stull; “Architects for Logue” solicitation letter, July 1967, with handwritten Walter Gropius instruction to send one hundred dollars, and Logue to Walter Gropius, August 23, 1967, thanking him for the contribution, with a handwritten note, Bauhaus-Archiv, Berlin, Series GS 19, Folder 400; Peter Lucas, “Architect Rapped for Aiding Logue,” BH, August 22, 1967; Christopher Lydon, “Hynes and Son Backing Logue,” BG, August 16, 1967; Ted Liebman, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, October 15, 2006, New York, NY, on making his first political contribution to Logue’s campaign.
138. Slavet, interview.
139. Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 158; “A Split Vote,” BSB, October 5, 1967. The Snowdens were active organizers of the Roxbury–South End–Dorchester Logue for Mayor Committee; their campaign activities are well documented in FH, Box 66, Folder 2726; and Snowden Papers, Box 6/7, Folder 246 (Political Campaigns—Ed Logue), Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections; Herbert Gleason, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 30, 2007, Cambridge, MA, where he recounted that by 1967 Melnea Cass was no longer a fan of Logue’s and supported White for mayor.
140. UPA Meeting Minutes, July 12, 1967, UPA
, Box 12, Folder 5.
141. UPA Meeting Minutes, October 4, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5; UPA Meeting Minutes, December 13, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, where it was announced that John Stainton was leaving the BRA.
142. Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 37–38; Anthony Yudis, “Logue Has Decided He’ll Stay Here,” BG, October 22, 1967. Correspondence around Logue applying for admission to the Massachusetts Bar in MDL: Logue to Lewis Weinstein, October 25, 1967; Judge Herbert S. MacDonald to Logue, October 30, 1967; Lewis H. Weinstein to Board of Bar Examiners, November 1, 1967. Logue’s papers make reference to job inquiries he received from Los Angeles, San Francisco, Cleveland, and Baltimore; also “Logue Weighs Los Angeles Renewal Job,” BH, October 4, 1967; George B. Merry, “Logue Heads for Wider Scope,” CSM, April 30, 1968.
143. Slavet, interview; Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:12. Logue was also named one of the first two research associates of the Institute of Politics at the JFK School, Harvard, and a visiting associate of the Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies; “Kenny Institute Names Lindsay, Logue Associates,” Crimson, January 15, 1968.
144. Logue, interview, Schussheim, 32.
7. Constructing a “Great Society” in New York
1. Sydney H. Schanberg, “Governor Offers a $6 Billion Plan to Rebuild Slums; Calls for Legislature to Set Up Agency with ‘Drastic’ Power Over Localities,” NYT, February 28, 1968; the article was on the front page, top-left column.
2. Frank Lynn, “Rockefeller Will Propose a Community Bond Issue,” NYT, January 21, 1971.
3. Logue commentary in Rockefeller in Retrospect: The Governor’s New York Legacy, ed. Gerald Benjamin and T. Norman Hurd (Albany, NY: Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, 1984), 207. At a press conference in February 1968, Rockefeller introduced Logue as “the ablest, young, creative, imaginative developer in this country … successful … because of a tremendous personality and the drive and ability to break through red tape”; transcript of Nelson A. Rockefeller news conference, February 27, 1968, 13–14, quoted in Restoring Credit and Confidence: A Reform Program for New York State and Its Public Authorities; A Report to the Governor by the New York State Moreland Act Commission on the Urban Development Corporation and Other State Financing Agencies (hereafter Moreland), March 31, 1976, 245.
4. Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:14–16; Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 51–53; Logue, interview, Schussheim, 32; Stephen Lefkowitz, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 14, 2007, New York, NY.
5. NYSUDC Annual Report 1972, 68; Louis K. Loewenstein, The New York State Urban Development Corporation: Private Benefits, Public Costs, an Evaluation of a Noble Experiment (Washington, DC: Council of State Planning Agencies, 1980), 14, 20–22.
6. Lawrence Goldman, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 3, 2010, Newark, NJ; Goldman felt that both favored executive authority over legislative. The reporter Martin Nolan said each was a “get-things-done-kind of guy”; Martin Nolan, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 24, 2007, Cambridge, MA.
7. My understanding of Nelson Rockefeller is primarily based on the following sources: Richard Norton Smith, On His Own Terms: A Life of Nelson Rockefeller (New York: Random House, 2014); Peter Siskind, “Shades of Black and Green: The Making of Racial and Environmental Liberalism in Nelson Rockefeller’s New York,” JUH 34, no. 2 (January 2008): 243–65; Academy of Political Science, Governing New York State: The Rockefeller Years 31, no. 3 (May 1974), particularly Robert H. Connery, “Nelson A. Rockefeller as Governor,” and Frank S. Kristof, “Housing.” One of his closest advisers, James Cannon, noted that “Rockefeller disdained the legislative process.” When often asked to run for the Senate, he sneered that “it’s just a bag of wind up there”; James Cannon, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, April 7, 2010, Washington, DC.
8. Michael Kramer and Sam Roberts, “I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!”: An Investigative Biography of Nelson Rockefeller (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 145; Rockefeller quote in Siskind, “Shades of Black and Green,” 245.
9. Loewenstein, Private Benefits, Public Costs, 64; MLogue, interview; Peter Marcuse, “Comparative Analysis of Federally-Aided Low-and Moderate-Income Housing Programs,” JH 26, no. 10 (November 1969): 536–39.
10. My discussion of the UDC is based on a large number of sources, including Eleanor L. Brilliant, The Urban Development Corporation: Private Interests and Public Authority (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, D. C. Heath, 1975); Loewenstein, Private Benefits, Public Costs; Louis K. Loewenstein, “The New York State Urban Development Corporation—a Forgotten Failure or a Precursor of the Future?,” JAIP 44, no. 3 (July 1978): 261–73; Yonah Freemark, “The Entrepreneurial State: New York’s Urban Development Corporation, an Experiment to Take Charge of Affordable Housing Production” (Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, 2013); Siskind, “Shades of Black and Green”; Logue, “Goals, Policies, Prospects of the New York State Urban Development Corporation,” July 1972; William K. Reilly and S. J. Schulman, “The State Urban Development Corporation: New York’s Innovation,” Urban Lawyer 1 (Summer 1969): 129–46; Steven R. Weisman, “Nelson Rockefeller’s Pill: The UDC,” WM, June 1975, 35–44; Vincent J. Moore, “Politics, Planning, and Power in New York State: The Path from Theory to Reality,” JAIP 37, no. 2 (March 1971): 66–77. The legislation creating the UDC is New York State Urban Development Corporation Acts of 1968.
11. Robert H. Connery and Gerald Benjamin, Rockefeller of New York: Executive Power in the Statehouse (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979), 262; Brilliant, Urban Development Corporation, 23, 26, 35 for more on David Rockefeller’s philosophy of public-private partnerships.
12. Quoted in Smith, On His Own Terms, xxxiv.
13. Julilly Kohler-Hausmann, Getting Tough: Welfare and Imprisonment in 1970s America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), 29–120; for how the growth of the Conservative Party in New York pressured Rockefeller, “Lindsay the Democrat,” NYT, August 12, 1971.
14. Loewenstein, Private Benefits, Public Costs, 64.
15. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908–1958 (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 65; James E. Underwood and William J. Daniels, Governor Rockefeller in New York: The Apex of Pragmatic Liberalism in the United States (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982), 22–23.
16. Daniel Okrent, Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center (New York: Viking, 2003); Connery and Benjamin, Rockefeller of New York, 28; Joseph E. Pepsico, The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson Rockefeller (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 59.
17. The most important source on public authorities is Gail Radford, The Rise of the Public Authority: Statebuilding and Economic Development in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013); also see Annmarie Hauck Walsh, The Public’s Business: The Politics and Practices of Government Corporations (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980); Brilliant, Urban Development Corporation, 5, 41–48.
18. Annmarie Hauck Walsh, “Public Authorities and the Shape of Decision Making,” in Urban Politics, New York Style, ed. Jewel Bellush and Dick Netzer (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), 205.
19. Walsh, Public’s Business, 98–100; Jameson W. Doig, Empire on the Hudson: Entrepreneurial Vision and Political Power at the Port of New York Authority (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 282–83.
20. New York State, Office of the Controller, Division of Audits and Accounts, Public Authorities in New York State, December 31, 1974, in Kramer and Roberts, “I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!” 146, 153. Also, Hilary Botein, “New York State Housing Policy in Postwar New York City: The Enduring Rockefeller Legacy,” JUH 35, no. 6 (September 2009): 833–52, 842 for new authorities under Rockefeller.
21. Mitchell-Lama, officially the New York State Limited-Profit Housing Companies Act of
1955, was landmark legislation that lowered the cost of rental housing; Kristof, “Housing,” 191; Brilliant, Urban Development Corporation, 32–35; Loewenstein, Private Benefits, Public Costs, 5; Whitehouse, “Major Builders Determined to Spur Housing in City,” NYT, April 4, 1971. On the HFA and its mission to support middle-class housing, see Walsh, Public’s Business, 133–40; Botein, “New York State Housing Policy in Postwar New York City,” passim; and Adam Tanaka, “Private Projects, Public Ambitions: Large-Scale, Middle-Income Housing in New York City” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard, 2018). New York State’s HFA became a national model, inspiring seventy-nine similar authorities in thirty states by 1975; Walsh, “Public Authorities and the Shape of Decision Making,” 203.
22. Treasurer Robert Moss quote in Moreland, 124.
23. Nelson A. Rockefeller, Unity, Freedom and Peace: A Blueprint for Tomorrow (New York: Random House, 1968), 46–49, 39, in Botein, “New York State Housing Policy in Postwar New York City,” 837.
24. On Woods and general-purpose bonds, see Rockefeller in Retrospect, 208; Logue, interview, Steen, February 4, 1985, Lincoln, MA, 8; Loewenstein, Private Benefits, Public Costs, 34–35.
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