Caught in the Revolution

by Helen Rappaport

  Stites, Richard, Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism and Bolshevism, 1860–1930, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.

  Swann, Herbert, Home on the Neva: A Life of a British Family in Tsarist St Petersburg, and After the Revolution, London: Gollancz, 1968.

  Thurstan, Violetta, Field Hospital and Flying Column, Being the Journal of an English Nursing Sister in Belgium and Russia, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915.

  —— The People Who Run, Being the Tragedy of the Refugees in Russia, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916.

  Tyrkova-Williams, Ariadna, From Liberty to Brest-Litovsk, London: Macmillan & Co., 1919.

  —— Cheerful Giver: The Life of Harold Williams, London: P. Davies, 1935.

  Walpole, Hugh, The Secret City, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1997 [1919].

  Wilcox, E. H., Russia’s Ruin, New York: Scribner’s, 1919.

  Williams, Harold, Russia of the Russians, London: Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1920.

  Windt, Harry de, Russia as I Know It, London: Chapman & Hall, 1917.

  Winter, Ella and Hicks, Granville, Letters of Lincoln Steffens, vol. 1: 1889–1919, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1938.

  Newspaper & magazine articles

  ‘The Anglo-Russian Hospital’, British Journal of Nursing, 9 October 1915, 293–4.

  Barnes, Harper, ‘Russian Rhapsody: A Small City North of Moscow Opens a Museum to Honor a Former St Louis Mayor’, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 August 1997.

  Birkmyre, Robert, ‘The Anglo-Russian Bureau in Petrograd’, Review of Reviews, 55, 1917, 262–3.

  ‘Bolsheviki at Russia’s Throat’, Literary Digest, 55, October–December 1917, 9–11.

  Britannia [formerly The Suffragette], June–November 1917.

  Bullard, Arthur, ‘The Russian Revolution in a Police Station’, Harper’s Magazine, CXXXVI, 1918, 335–40.

  Chatterjee, Choi, ‘Odds and Ends of the Russian Revolution, 1917–1920’, Journal of Women’s History 20:4, Winter 2008, 10–33.

  Colton, Ethan, ‘With the YMCA in Revolutionary Russia’, Russian Review, 2: XXIV, April 1955, 128–39.

  Corse, Frederick, ‘An American’s Escape from Russia. Parleying with the Reds and the Whites’, The World’s Work, 36:5, 1918, 553–60.

  Cross, Antony, ‘Forgotten British Places in Petrograd’, Europa Orientalis, 5:1, 2004, 135–47.

  Feist, Joe Michael, ‘Railways and Politics: The Russian Diary of George Gibbs 1917’, Wisconsin Magazine of History, 62:3, Spring 1979, 178–99.

  Hunter, T. Murray, ‘Sir George Bury and the Russian Revolution’, Rapports annuels de la Société historique du Canada, 44:1, 1965, 58–70.

  Jansen, Marc, ‘L.H. Grondijs and Russia: The acts and opinions of a Dutch White Guard’, Revolutionary Russia, 7:1, 1994, 20–33.

  Jones, R. Jeffreys, ‘W. Somerset Maugham, Anglo-American Agent in Revolutionary Russia’, American Quarterly, 28:1, 1976, 90–106.

  Karpovich, M., ‘The Russian Revolution of 1917’, Journal of Modern History, 2:2, 1930, 258–80.

  ‘Lady Georgina Buchanan’, obituary, The Times, 26 April 1922.

  McGlashan, Z. B., ‘Women Witness the Russian Revolution: Analysing Ways of Seeing’, Journalism History, 12:2, 1995, 54–61.

  Mason, Gregory, ‘Russia’s Refugees’, Outlook, 112, 19 January 1916, 141–4.

  Mohrenschildt, Dimitri von, ‘The Early American Observers of the Russian Revolution’, Russian Review 3(1), Autumn 1943, 64–74.

  Mohrenschildt is also author of ‘Lincoln Steffens and the Russian Bolshevik Revolution’, Russian Review, 5:1, 1945, 31–41.

  Neilson, K., ‘“Joy Rides?” British Intelligence and Propaganda in Russia 1914–1917’, Historical Journal, 24:4, 1981, 885–906.

  Sokoloff, Jean, ‘The Dissolution of Petrograd’, Atlantic Monthly, 128, 1921, 843–50.

  Urquhart, Leslie, ‘Some Russian Realities’, Littell’s Living Age, 296, 1918, 137–44.

  Varley, Martin, ‘The Thornton Woollen Mill, St Petersburg’, History Today, 44:12, December 1994, 62.

  Walpole, Hugh, ‘Pen Portrait of Somerset Maugham’, Vanity Fair, 13:4, 1920, 47–9.

  Williams, Harold, ‘Petrograd’, Slavonic Review, 2:4, June 1923, 14–35.

  Wynn, Marion, ‘Romanov connections with the Anglo-Russian Hospital in Petrograd’, Royalty Digest, 139, January 2003, 214–19.

  Index

  The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

  A

  Academy of Art, Petrograd, 142

  accommodation shortages, 30, 40–1, 115

  Admiralty Gardens, Petrograd, 72

  African Americans, 9, 14, 334

  alcohol, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 23, 44, 113–14, 127, 130, 190, 211, 212, 216, 252, 261, 299, 310–13, 326

  Alexander II, 190

  Alexander III, 64, 229

  Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Petrograd, 126, 226

  Alexander Palace, Tsarskoe Selo, 22, 136, 201, 232–3, 334

  Alexandra Feodorovna, 18, 19–20, 41, 69, 115, 136, 201, 233, 247, 334

  Alexandra, Queen, 32, 321

  Alexandrinsky Theatre, Petrograd, 15, 59, 261, 262

  Alexandrovsky Military Academy Petrograd, 298

  Alexey Nikolaevich, Tsarevich, 69, 115, 136, 233

  Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 118

  All Russian Congress of Soviets, 206, 276, 285, 305

  American Church, Petrograd, 75

  American Colony Hospital, Petrograd, 327

  American International Corporation, 275

  anarchists, 47, 161, 169, 170, 175, 176, 192, 209, 211, 212, 229, 240, 281

  Andrews, Louisette, 116

  Anet, Claude, 63, 66–7, 79, 80, 88, 126, 135, 136, 139, 140, 145, 148, 154, 157, 164, 173, 247

  Anglican Church, Petrograd, 3, 31, 246, 328

  Anglo-Russian Hospital, Petrograd, 32–7, 56, 67, 74–5, 96–7, 111, 141, 189, 191, 199, 212–13, 252, 327–8

  Anglo-Russian Propaganda Bureau, 19, 190

  Anichkov Bridge, Petrograd, 33, 67, 73–4

  anneksiya, 176

  anti-Semitism, 9, 63

  Arbenina, Stella (Baroness Meyedorff), 78, 79

  Archangel, Russia, 320, 327

  Armour, Norman, 38–40, 80, 118, 190

  Army and Navy Hall, Petrograd, 198

  ‘Around the World in Wartime’, 196

  Arsenal, Petrograd, 49, 89, 122

  Artillery Department, Petrograd, 87

  Ashenden (Maugham), 252

  Associated Press, 29, 141–2, 165

  Astor family, 12, 16

  Astoria, see Hotel Astoria

  Astrakhan, Russia, 44

  astrakhan hats, 39, 278

  atheism, 159

  Aurora, 286, 288

  Austria-Hungary, 3, 5, 7, 69

  Axelbank, Hermann, 333

  B

  bacon, 44, 203, 204

  Baku, Azerbaijan, 331

  Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich, 166

  balalaika, 35, 316

  Balfour, Arthur, 303

  ballet, 4, 14, 15, 20, 40, 143, 163, 252, 287, 291

  Baltic fleet, see under Russian Navy

  Baltic Station, Petrograd, 286

  Baring, John, 2nd Baron Revelstoke, 42

  baseball, 205

  Bastille, Paris, 103, 133

  Bathurst family, 7

  Battle of Mons (1914), 29

  Battle of the Somme (1916), 29

  Battle of Verdun (1916), 27, 29

  ‘bayonetocracy’, 306

  Beatty, Bessie, 191, 193, 196, 197, 214–15, 216, 218, 227, 233, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 254, 262, 281, 287, 288, 295, 296, 297, 305, 309, 310, 315–16, 330

  Beatty, Warren, 331

  Belarus, 69, 135, 136, 200, 233

  Belgium, 196, 211, 267–8

  Bell syndicate, 254


  Beloostrov, Petrograd, 258

  Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, Petrograd, 33, 327 see also Anglo-Russian Hospital

  Beringer, Guy, 29

  Berkman, Alexander, 258

  Bicycle Battalion, 86

  Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 166

  Bliss, Clinton A., 171

  Blood-Stained Russia (Thompson), 86, 198, 332

  Bloody Sunday (1905), 40, 51, 55, 124, 270

  Bochkareva, Maria, 193–201, 202, 250, 282

  Bologoe, Russia, 135

  Bolsheviks, 11, 47, 101, 161–6, 168, 174–5, 192, 200, 206, 207–11, 215, 218, 220–5, 230, 238, 240, 241, 243–4, 245, 249, 250, 252, 258–9, 260, 263–5, 269–76, 277–300, 302–23, 325–34

  Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky), 35, 177, 261

  Boris Vladimirovich, Grand Duke, 79

  Boston Red Sox, 205

  Boston Sunday Globe, 332

  bourgeoisie, 125, 137, 169, 171, 173, 179, 180, 206, 208, 211, 238, 247–9, 274, 313

  Bowerman, Elsie, 131

  bread, bread protests, 1, 18–19, 27, 43–5, 48, 50–1, 52–60, 61–4, 69, 72, 130, 180, 188, 202, 230, 235

  Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 309, 314, 325

  bribery, 115, 120, 204, 248, 321

  bridge (game), 6, 11

  Brisac, Auguste, 2

  Britain, British embassy, 2–8, 10, 11, 14, 18, 19, 22, 31–43, 45, 48, 56, 58, 68, 77–8, 84–5, 87, 94–5, 99, 107–9, 118–19, 136, 140, 150–1, 157, 161, 163–4, 168, 172, 178–9, 181, 187–90, 210–11, 216–21, 240–1, 243, 245–7, 250–3, 264–6, 271–4, 280–2, 291–4, 299, 302, 310–17, 319–22, 324–8

  1910 Buchanan becomes ambassador to Russia, 5

  1916 opening of Anglo-Russian Hospital, 33; Buchanan visits Tsar at Tsarskoe Selo, 22

  1917 New Year diplomatic reception at Catherine Palace, 38–40; Allied conference in Petrograd, 40–3; Buchanan visits Pokrovsky, 107–8; Buchanan refuses Freedericksz family refuge, 118; recognition of Russian Provisional Government, 150–1; Labour Party representatives visit Petrograd, 168; Henderson sent to Petrograd, 178–9; Pankhurst visits Petrograd, 183, 187–90, 191, 197–8, 201–2, 227–8; British Colony Hospital offers refuge to expat community, 241; expats begin fleeing Petrograd, 246–7; Maugham sent to Petrograd for SIS, 251–2, 272–3; Buchanans prepare to leave Petrograd, 282; Knox negotiates with Bolsheviks over Women’s Battalion, 294; cadets smuggled out of Petrograd, 299; Trotsky refuse exit permits for expats, 302; assassination threats against Buchanan, 303; Christmas celebrations; farewell for Buchanans, 316–17; Buchanans leave Petrograd, 321–2, 324–5

  1918 closure of Anglo-Russian Hospital, 327; Red Guards raid embassy; diplomats arrested, 325

  Britannia, 188

  British Armoured Car Division, 327

  British Colony Hospital, Petrograd, 7–8, 33, 241, 327

  British Foreign Office, 43, 122, 265

  British Propaganda Bureau, Petrograd, 19, 190, 252

  British Russian Luncheon Club, 201

  Brocard, Henri, 2

  Brooke, Lord, see Greville, Francis

  Bruce, Henry James, 108, 291

  Brusilov, Aleksey Alekseevich, 193

  Bryant, Louise, 253–4, 257–61, 262, 270, 272, 283, 288, 290, 316, 330, 331

  Buchanan, Sir Andrew, 6

  Buchanan, Sir George, 5–7, 10, 11, 14, 18, 19, 22, 33, 38–9, 41, 43, 45, 68, 77–8, 84–5, 107, 118, 140, 143, 150–1, 161, 164, 178–9, 190, 210, 217, 221, 239, 240–1, 246, 252, 265, 266, 273, 274, 281–2, 299, 303, 312, 314, 316–17, 321–2, 324, 325

  Buchanan, Lady Georgina, 5, 7–8, 31, 32–6, 107, 118, 161, 179, 199, 210, 216, 219, 220–1, 241, 293, 312, 324, 327

  Buchanan, Meriel, 5, 8, 31, 32, 40, 41, 84, 99, 106, 142, 156, 163, 210, 216, 220, 241, 281–2, 292, 307, 311, 312, 317, 320–1, 324–5

  de Buisseret, Conrad, 211

  Bukovina, 230

  Bullard, Arthur, 10

  Bullitt, William, 331

  Bury, George, 111, 124–6

  C

  Cadet Corps, 122

  cadets, see under Committee for Salvation of Country and Revolution

  Café de la Grave, Petrograd, 59

  Café de Paris, Petrograd, 40

  Café Donon, Petrograd, 18, 60, 203

  Café Empire, Petrograd, 204

  California, United States, 337

  Canada, 37

  Cantacuzène-Speransky, Julia (Julia Dent Grant), 12, 169, 228–9, 247, 293, 303

  Cantacuzène-Speransky, Prince Mikhail, 12, 169

  Caspian Sea, 44

  de Castelnau, see Édouard, Noël

  Catherine II the Great, 88, 100, 141, 234, 311

  Catherine Hall, Tauride Palace, 100, 124, 125, 127

  Catherine Palace, Tsarskoe Selo, 38

  Caucasus, 182, 226, 241

  caviar, 14, 17, 28, 40, 203

  censorship, 58–9, 124, 139, 143–4, 250, 330

  Central Post Office, Petrograd, 286, 291

  Central Telegraph Office, Petrograd, 286

  Central Telephone Exchange, Petrograd, 286, 296

  Chaadaev, Petr, 47

  Chadbourn, Esther, 106–7

  Chadbourn, Philip, 44, 70, 74–5, 76, 103–4, 106–7, 134–5

  Chaliapin, Feodor, 35, 238, 261

  de Chambrun, Charles, 38–40, 55, 60, 79, 157, 177

  champagne, 15, 17, 18, 23, 113, 261

  Chaplin, Charlie, 261

  Chaucer, Geoffrey, 16

  Che-Ka (Chrezvychainaya Komissiya), 305–6

  Chekhov, Anton, 251

  cherkeska, 38

  Chernov, Viktor 180

  Chicago Tribune, 315

  children

  arming of, 90–1, 95–6

  killing of, 68, 73

  poverty, 32, 56

  China, 144, 157

  cholera, 203

  Chopin, Frédéric, 155

  Christian Science Monitor, 329

  Christian, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein, 35

  Christianity, 3, 31, 126, 145, 155, 158–9, 160, 166–7, 225–6, 237, 254, 322, 328

  Christmas, 21, 22, 45, 264, 313, 315–17, 319

  Church of the Resurrection, Petrograd, 166

  cigarettes, 101, 111–12, 143, 214, 284

  Cinematograph, 261

  Circassians, 226

  Circular Hall, Tauride Palace, 125

  Cirque Moderne, Petrograd, 278

  Clare, Rev. Joseph, 75–6, 99

  Clerk, George, 42

  Cleveland, Grover, 9

  Coats of Paisley, 2

  coffee, 11, 44, 203, 234

  Committee for Salvation of Country and Revolution, 296–9, 301

  Congregational Church, Petrograd, 75

  Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, 174, 176, 267

  Constituent Assembly, 138–9, 237, 262, 264, 296, 306

  Constitutional Democrats, 209, 262

  Contant’s restaurant, Petrograd, 18, 28, 312

  corsets, 260

  Cossacks, 38, 43, 45, 48, 51–2, 55–9, 62–6, 70–80, 86, 123, 130, 136, 159, 216–19, 225, 239, 282, 286, 292, 295, 296, 300

  Cotton, Dorothy, 57, 74

  Council of People’s Commissars, 294

  de Cram, Matilda, 12–13, 303–4

  Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky), 28

  Crimea, 136

  Crimean War (1853–6), 80

  Cromie, Francis, 325

  Crosley, Pauline, 180, 209, 212, 229, 243–4, 245, 247, 248, 290–1, 293, 313, 314, 322, 327

  Crosley, Walter, 212, 245, 274, 291

  Cross of St George, 194, 196

  ‘Czar, Revolution, Bolsheviks’ (Rogers), 334

  D

  Dailey, Arthur, 9

  Daily Chronicle, 29, 145, 182, 330

  Daily Mail, 29, 94, 181, 331

  Daily Mirror, 88

  Daily News, 29, 52, 54, 263

  Daily Telegraph, 29

  Darkest Siberia (Kennon), 28

  Dearing, Fred, 14, 18

  Death of Ivan t
he Terrible (Alexey Tolstoy), 261

  Decree on Land (1917), 305, 308

  Democratic Congress (1917), 262–6, 270

  Democratic Party (US), 8

  Destrée, Jules, 267–8

  Diamandi, Constantine, 322

  Diaz, Porfirio, 39

  disease, 31, 115, 151, 202–3, 230, 235, 236, 331

  Dissolution of an Empire (Meriel Buchanan), 325

  District Court, Petrograd, 84, 87–8, 89, 92, 104, 134

  Dmitri Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 20, 33, 37, 96, 327

  Don Quixote, 15

  Don region, Russia, 217, 295

  Dorr, Rheta Childe, 182–3, 192, 196, 198, 210, 226, 227, 228, 230, 333

  Dosch-Fleurot, Arno, 27–30, 52, 54, 58, 60, 68, 78, 85, 91, 100, 140, 162, 170, 171, 175, 177, 213, 240, 244, 250, 254, 270–1, 329

  Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 28, 93

  Doumergue, Gaston, 42

  Dowager Empress, see Maria Feodorovna

  Dracula (Stoker), 35

  droshkies, 31, 55, 84, 171, 214, 220, 279–80, 288, 314

  Duma, 11, 45, 51, 59, 75, 80–1, 84, 94, 99–102, 122–8, 130, 135, 137–9, 148, 149, 194, 229, 305, 313

  Dvinsk, Latvia, 182, 221

  dysentery, 115, 203, 230

  E

  Eastman Company, 46

  Édouard, Noël, Vicomte de Curières de Castelnau, 42

  Edward VII, 321

  Egerton Hubbard & Co., 2

  Eisenstein, Sergey, 289, 331

  Ekaterinburg, Russia, 232

  Ekaterininsky Canal, Petrograd, 71, 85, 287, 289

  electricity, 8, 16, 38, 62, 108, 115–16, 119, 142, 261, 268, 281, 286, 313, 321

  Elisabeth ‘Ella’, Grand Duchess, 33

  Elizabeth, Empress, 283

  emigration, 247–8

  Engelhardt, Boris, 125

  Engineer Battalion, 86

  English Church, Petrograd, 3, 31, 246, 328

  English Club, Petrograd, 312

  English Embankment, Petrograd, 3, 18

  English language, 3, 38

  English Shop, Petrograd, 2, 5

  Estonia, 328

  Evening Mail, 182

  Everybody’s Magazine, 92, 164–5

  Evgeniy Onegin (Tchaikovsky), 40

  Executive Committee of Duma, 101, 105, 122, 125–8, 130

  F

  Fairbanks, Douglas, 261

  Falconet, Étienne Maurice, 141, 320

  faraony, 52, 58, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 72, 77, 78, 97

  Farson, Negley, 4, 7, 17, 18, 94, 147, 160, 163, 164, 176

  Farwell, Mildred, 315

  February Revolution, 46–60, 61–81, 82–105, 106–21, 122–33, 134–51, 152–9, 188, 196, 207, 212, 214, 219, 223, 253, 270, 308, 332