Horses. Venezuela; Peru (Acosta); North America (bones and skulls); Mississippi drainage area and Canada; Brazil (Confins cave); pictures/carvings of horses in Australia; Mexico (Jucutácato shroud); Yucatán and South America (Trujillo and Ayacucho); Panama (Columbus); Tierra del Fuego (Sarmiento) (Evidence from Gerald Thompson, Katrina Van Tassell); Fraser Island (Australia), Carolines (Assateague ponies), Peruvian Pasos, Kaimanawa wild horses (New Zealand)).
Chinese ship’s dogs. Mexico (Acosta), South America, Peru, South Africa, SE Asia, Pacific (further details to be provided); Falklands; Tahiti (Captain Cook); New Zealand (Captain Cook) (Crozet 1771) (Gossett p.158); Santo Domingo (Acosta); Wooldogs – Washington State and British Columbia; Kuri dog to New Zealand? (Evidence from Elizabeth Miller, Philip Mulholland, Greg Autry, Bernard Chang.)
Otters found in New Zealand, South Island (Gossett p.151)
Giraffes and zebras from Africa, kangaroos from Australia to Chinese emperor’s zoo
Mylodons? Dusky Sound (Gossett, p.148) Vancouver Island?, Gympie?, China?
Camels to Peru (Acosta)
Pigs from Sulawesi/Java to British Columbia (babiroussa); Asiatic or Chinese pigs (tatu) to Brazil (São Paulo and Minas Gerais – Pirapenga), Mexico (cuino) and New Zealand (kune kune)
Fulvous tree duck from Bengal to Madagascar, Brazil and Venezuela
Australian dingo to Carolina (wild dog)?
Hippopotamus from Africa to China (Beijing Museum – ‘Western Han c.208 BC’)
Water buffalo to South America
Elephants from Africa to Yucatán, Chile, Peru and Ecuador, and (note: authority/junks built to accommodate them – Terry 1665, p.137) from Africa/India to: Mexico: Mexico City (Clavigero 1 p.84, Vega ii p.394); Culican (lat 23°30′), ambassador despatched to Montezuma (Ranking Supplement)
Colombia: Bogotà (Ranking, p.23); Choco near Granada (Ranking, p.396 and Captain Cochran’s Journal ii, p.390)
Mississippi/Missouri: Mr Stanley captured and taken by elephant over mountains west of Missouri (Ranking, p.401); elephant bones 36°30′N 83°00′W and 32°50′N 80°10′W
Chile: Tarija (22°S – Ranking Supplement)
Elephants on Chinese ships – Polly Midgley
15. Art exported by Zheng He’s fleets
From China to:
New Zealand and Pacific coast NW Canada: ‘The Protruding Tongue’ and related motifs (Mino Baders 1966 in Wiener Beithraege zur Kultur Geschichte und Lingvistik, vol.15, Vienna)
The Inuits: masks – Henry Collins, many articles
Easter Island and the Maya (Copan): carved stone lions (Brooks) – Copan (Dean Dey), Easter Island (Kerson Huang) and Bali
The Peoples of the Andes – Music: inland from the Peruvian coast Chinese pentatonic scales (C D E G A) prevail, as does a large quarter higher on the piano (FXx GXx AX x CXx DXx). Indian peoples of North and Central America do not deploy the Chinese scales. Thus either Chinese music scales somehow ‘leapfrogged’ North and Central America or were brought by sea to Peru (Ger Nijman).
Vancouver Island and Wuhan – Totem Poles: totem poles are identical
Central America: carved stonework – Chichen Itza, Copan
South America: pottery styles – South American puma ware/Chinese tiger ware (Professor Gary Tee)
The Americas: clothes styles – see Alexander von Wuthenau, Unexpected Faces in Ancient America, in which pre-Columbian peoples are depicted with their distinctive clothes and hats living among Indian peoples.
Washington Potters (R. Hassel evidence)
Peru, British Columbia (Wampandaa) and Hawaii (Marquesas): quipus (Carver p.362)
From Burma to:
Sioux: the Burmese swastika sign on Sioux and Ladoga peoples; tilted stone of Kyaiktiyo to Massachusetts, USA
16. Customs and games exported from China to the New World, as found by European explorers
(i) To Mexico and Central America:
Complicated rain-making ceremonies, identical in every detail
Jade, with its complex panoply of beliefs
Music – more than 50 per cent of Central American music instruments occur in Burmese hinterland
Neck-rest pillows and Chinese carrying poles
Identical children’s fairy stories – ‘Rabbit in the Moon’
Papermaking and dye extraction
Copper processing
Divination rituals using chickens
Tao/tie in Mayan artwork (Karin)
Lakota tribe – ‘swastika’ symbol/Tibetan peace and harmony (R. Chauvet)
(ii) To California (between Russian and Sacramento Rivers) (Stephen Powers’ report):
Chinese-speaking
Farmers and hunters
Language
Gambling
Theatrical performances
Women’s dresses and hairstyles
Snaring wildfowl with decoys
Burying in ancestral soil
Men with beards
Sophisticated pottery
Elegant carved jasper knives
Methods of irrigation
Stone villages
(iii) To South America:
Peru
Roads using gypsum cement
Cotton manufacture
Games (Patolli)
Quipus
Computing devices
Tripod pottery
Divination rituals using chickens
Jade rituals
Musical jade gongs
Inheritance traditions
Mortuary customs
Sacrificial customs
Observation and cataloguing of lunar cycles and equinoxes
Castration of criminals
Brazil
Divination rituals using chickens
Jade, with its complex panoply of beliefs
Bearded men (karayaba)
(iv) To British Columbia (NW Canada)
Chinese secret societies
Song similarities
Chinese origin of Indian names
Similarities with potlatch ceremonies
Wampum (compare with quipus in Peru and China) (Ranking)
17. Armour
New Zealand: Pitu peninsula (Dave Bell), ‘Spanish helmet’ (Robin Watt
North America: copper breastplates (Kotze Bue); Mississippi; Sacramento (Dr John Furry); Buzzards Bay (Bartholomew Griswold, 1602); Cape Cod (Martin Prinz, 1603)
18. Links with the years 1421–3
A number of historians, while accepting the author’s contention that China reached the New World before Europeans, contend that they did so in sporadic voyages over centuries. The author relies on the scale of the voyages as well as detailed evidence linking settlements to the 1421–3 voyage. The author contends that at least 10,000 people settled in Peru, at least 25,000 in Australasia, and at least 5,000 in Mexico.
Scale
Evidence of da Gama’s voyage is that ‘800 sail’ preceded him to Calicut 80 years earlier (viz. 1421–2, before China was sealed in 1431), and that the population of the fleet was greater than any city between China and India – virtually a small nation on the move (Professor Finlay, Terrae Incognitae, vol.xxiii)
The whole world was charted by 1428. This massive undertaking across tens of millions of square miles of ocean would have required at least 120 ships working for 18 months. Several hundred ships would be required to transport 50,000 people.
Evidence has been provided of Chinese settlements in Australia and New Zealand, the length and breadth of the Indian Ocean, across the Pacific and the lengths of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North and South America. Again, this would have involved hundreds of ships.
Nearly a hundred villages in Peru have Chinese names – around 10,000 people must have settled
‘The treasure hunt’ – at least 2,500 people in Australasia.
Detailed evidence
Eruption of Soufriere, La Citerne and L’Echelle volcanoes on Pizzigano chart, twice between 1400 and 1440 (1424 chart)
Wrecks with gi
lded sterns: Chinese junks in Mississippi near Quivira (Coronado 1550) and in Caribbean (Mafeo) and north Atlantic (Menendez); gilt does not last, so junks wrecked relatively recently
Chinese people not intermarried seen in California, Mexico, Texas and Florida by Coronado, Acosta, Menendez and Mafeo (1550s)
Ming porcelain dated either by cobalt or by Zhu Di’s stamp – 1403 to 1421 – found in Americas, Africa, Australia
Hull wood of junks carbon dated: Pandanan 1410, Nanjing 1406, Sacramento 1410, Turiang early 15th century, Bakau c.1410, Santa Cruz (Philippines) 15th century, Byron’s Bay (Australia) 1410 – and some of these contain evidence of voyages to America
Jade figurine at Darwin dated by shape of Canopus head to early Ming, between 1008 and 1523 (Professor Wei’s evidence)
Zheng He states ‘3,000 countries large and small’ visited; Liu Shia Chang, Chian Su (unveiled 1431) – Duyvendak first translation
Pope’s letter, 1448, about Chinese/Asians in Greenland ‘about 30 years ago’, viz. c.1421/2; Chinese DNA in Greenland people of Hvalsey
Columbus’s records (1477), ‘70 years before, people from Cathay in Orient’ (Greenland)
Fra Mauro’s map, ‘about the year 1420’, ship or junk from India
Zhu Di coins (1403–24) found in wrecks dated by hull wood, for example Pandanan
Chinese star charts (Wu Pei Chi) dated by precession of Polaris to 1420 ± 20 years
Mao Kun map, Chinese dated 1422, shows Australia (Sun Shuyun)
Chinese records give dates fleet set sail, dates returned, and ambassadors brought – Ming Shi (MS); Ming Shi W (MSL); Hsi Yang Fan Kuo Chih (HYFKC); Kio Ch’veh; Hsu Chiao Min Tung; Chien (MTC), Ming Chih (MC), all early Ming; see Part II of this synopsis.
Illustrated Record of Strange Countries published 1430 featuring animals from across the world
Chinese official records (Qing) listing countries visited by Zheng He’s fleet includes America and Australia
Newport Round Tower mortar (post 1409)
Bimini hull ballast (after last 600 years) (evidence of Admiral Zheng Ming)
Dating of Pizzigano, Piri Reis, Jean Rotz, Waldseemüller, Cantino charts, and Vinland map (2002 radiocarbon dating); Portuguese master chart of world dated 1428; Brazilian chart showing route to China (1501)
19. Chinese already in the Americas when the first Europeans arrived: bibliographical evidence
Part IV: Evidence of Zheng He’s fleets’ visits to specific places
1. Indian Ocean
Ma Huan
Fei Xin
Vasco da Gama – ‘fleet of 800 ships reached Calicut 80 years earlier’
Malacca – graveyards, factory, well (Ta Tan Sen), Zheng He’s temple (Mark Zhong)
2. East Africa
Substantial early blue and white Ming the length of East African coast (Philip Snow)
Pate Island (evidence in book)
Fleet visited city of Zimbabwe (Martin Tai evidence) and Ming blue and white finds
Mao Kun/Wu Pei Chi (1422) show Chinese fleet proceeding south off East African coast
Fei Xin
Needham
3. The Atlantic and the Cape Verde Islands
Cape of Good Hope and West Africa appear on charts drawn before Europeans reached Cape (Fra Mauro 1459, Mao Kun c.1402, Da Ming Yi Tu 1389)
Fra Mauro drew Chinese junks accurately
Fra Mauro’s story of ship or junks from India rounding Cape
26 chromosome American cotton, originally from North America then to Africa and Cape Verde Islands, found by first Europeans in Cape Verde
the carved (Malayalam) stone on Cape Verde Islands at Santo Antão (Janela)
the similar carved stone at Matadi Falls
4. The Caribbean
The Caribbean appears on the Cantino, Caverio and Waldseemüller maps published before Europeans arrived there
Vasquez de Coronado met Chinese people in Tiguex and found Chinese junks with gilded sterns
João de Acosta found coconuts in Puerto Rico (originated SE Asia) and dogs (originated China) in San Domingo.
The Moskoke tribe in south-east USA and the Campeche Maya and Buctzozt Maya of the Yucatán have Chinese (post Bering Straits flooding) DNA
Chinese carvings at Maya sites in Yucatán
Carvings of horses and elephants at Maya sites in Yucatán
Chinese anchor, Yucatán
Chinese jade and ceramics, Yucatán
Horses in Panama (Columbus) (Barbara McEwen)
Chinese miners in bird boats (Columbus) (Martin Tai)
Possible Chinese ceramic shards, Indian Quay (Ken Welch)
Bimini Road (Bill Swinley)
Anguilla road (Bruce) (Third Bimini Road)
Andros reservoir (Charles Huegy)
Chinese ship’s dogs (B. Chang)
Columbus, and people who call themselves Indian = Yin Dian (people from Yin) (Martin Tai)
Elephants from Africa to Yucatán and Colombia (Ranking)
Wreck at Guadeloupe (Columbus)
5. Florida (including ‘Florida’ as defined in 17th century)
Moskoke tribe have Chinese DNA, inherited after Bering land-bridge flooded (Novick et al)
Pedro Menendez de Aviles (first European) found wrecks of Chinese junks off Florida coast
Columbus’ secret report describes Chinese mining operations
Florida appears on Cantino chart published before Europeans reached Florida
Chinese jade in Indian burial mounds (Barbosa Rodrigues)
Chinese themselves claim Zheng He’s fleet reached North America (Zayan) (Professor Bi Quanzhong)
Cotton plants exported from North America to Africa before Columbus (thence to Cape Verde Islands)
Columbus, and people who call themselves Indian = Yin Dian (people from Yin) (Martin Tai)
Nayarit legends, ‘ancestors came by sea from the east’ (Dr Pratzii 123)
Columbus describes horses (Barbara McEwan) and meeting Muslims (Dr Shong)
Columbus saw great ship (Jerry Warsing)
Second ‘Bimini Road’ at Palar Beach (W. Feickert)
6. The Carolinas Virginia
Chinese junk found by early settlers buried in Great Dismal Swamp (L. A. R. Clark)
Linguistics (Ming Ho, Lyco Ming, Wyo Ming), customs and Machado-Joseph disease (Jerry Warsing)
Early European settlers met Chinese miners on the Minay Sotor – later murdered by Cherokees (Scott McLean)
The Cherokee rose – a Chinese flower found by first Europeans
Maize exported from North America pre-Columbus found by da Gama in South Africa and by Magellan in Philippines
Chinese landing party ambushed and murdered (Frank Fitch)
Chinese hens
Assateague wild horses
Mulberry trees, honeywort root and Paulownia tomentosae (or Pallowaddie) trees from China and ‘Yellow Delicious’ apples (Warsing)
Turkeys reached Europe before Columbus set sail (Professor Wu)
Melungeons are Chinese (J. Warsing, Brent Kennedy)
7. New England, Massachusetts and Boston/New York
Sioux tribe have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding)
Dighton Rock carvings/writings/local Indian legends (giant foreign ship like a house sailing upriver firing cannon); Dighton Rock writing Mongolian (Humboldt, vol. i p.15, and Ranking, pp.419, 562); similar stones at McCook Point and Niantic Bay (B. Trinque)
Newport Round Tower/Chinese observatory
Rhode Island Reds – a Chinese chicken – found by first Europeans (Jack Pizzey)
Professor de la Barre’s evidence – local people have Asian characteristics
The Salem horse carving
‘Buddhist’ stones of New England
Massachusetts, buried soldier in armour
Giovanni di Verrazzano met Asian people quite different from local Indians; he described some as Chinese
Area appears on Vinland map (1440) – genuine (see Radiocarbon, vol. 44, no.1,
2002, and postscript) – and on the Waldseemüller map (1507)
Navajo, Chamorro and Flathead tribes have unique retrovirus gene (Natural Academy of Sciences, 1997)
Elephants from Africa (Ranking)
Rice found by early explorers
Pedro Menendez de Aviles found Chinese junks wrecked in North Atlantic – wind would have carried surviving junks to Rhode Island
People around Newport different from other Indian tribes (Professor de la Barre)
‘Stone village’ (pre-Columbian) near Dighton Rock
Shutesbury Stone – ‘Buddha contemplating the truth of ageing’ (Theravada Buddhism)
Carving of a pre-Columbian horse 100 miles west of the Shutesbury Stone at N. Salem
Tilted stones, similar in posture to the holy (Theravada Buddhism) boulder at Kyaiktiyo in Burma.
Teeth of Narragansetts (Wydants) have ‘Chinese characteristics’ (Katrina van Tassel) (similar story Marty Brodell)
Machado-Joseph disease (Warsing)
Bishop Berkeley’s accounts of Mongolian peoples living around Dighton Rock (Ranking, Smibert).
Skeleton and brass objects found at Permaquid near Portland, Maine (www.frpd.org/historicalskeleton)
Stone graveyard/Westport River (Jean Elder)
The author submits that only one explanation is consistent with Verrazzano’s sightings – the Shutesbury Stone, the carved horse’s head and the balanced rocks at Savoy, Upton, Prospect Park, South Peabody, Royalston, Barr, Cape Ann, Athol (and six more), the rice and the Chinese chickens – and that is that Chinese junks manned in part by Theravada Buddhists sailed up the Connecticut and Taunton Rivers and created the settlements Verrazzano came across. This explanation accords with Professor de la Barre’s and Bishop Berkeley’s evidence.
8. Upper Mississippi
The Upper Mississippi appears on charts drawn before Europeans arrived there, e.g. Waldseemüller (1507)
1421: The Year China Discovered the World Page 42
