The Secret War

by Max Hastings

  Harrison, E.D.R. (ed.) The Secret World: Hugh Trevor-Roper on Wartime Intelligence I.B. Tauris 2014

  —The Young Kim Philby Exeter University Press 2012

  Hastings, Max Bomber Command Michael Joseph 1979

  —Das Reich: The 2nd SS Panzer Division’s March to Normandy June 1944 Michael Joseph 1981

  —Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy Michael Joseph 1984

  —Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45 Macmillan 2004

  —Nemesis: The Battle for Japan 1944–45 HarperCollins 2007

  —Finest Years: Churchill as Warlord 1940–45 William Collins 2009

  —All Hell Let Loose: The World at War 1939–45 William Collins 2011

  Haukelid, Knut Skis Against the Atom North American Heritage 1989

  Hayden, Sterling The Wanderer Sheridan House 2000

  Hinsley, F.H. et al. British Intelligence in the Second World War four vols HMSO 1979–90

  Hinsley, F.H. & Stripp, Alan Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park OUP 1993

  Hodges, Andrew Alan Turing: The Enigma of Intelligence Allen & Unwin 1983

  Hohne, Heinz Canaris Secker & Warburg 1979

  Holmes, W.J. Double-Edged Secrets: US Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II Naval Institute Press 1979

  Holt, Thaddeus The Deceivers Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2004

  Howarth, Patrick Undercover: The Men and Women of SOE Routledge, Kegan Paul 1980

  —Intelligence Chief Extraordinary: The Life of the Ninth Duke of Portland Bodley Head 1986

  Hue, Andre The Next Moon Viking 2004

  Hunt, Antonia Little Resistance Leo Cooper 1982

  Hunt, David A Don at War Kimber 1966

  Jeffery, Keith MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service Bloomsbury 2010

  Jones, R.V. Most Secret War Hamish Hamilton 1978

  —Reflections on Intelligence Heinemann 1984

  Kahn, David Hitler’s Spies Hodder & Stoughton 1978

  —Seizing the Enigma Souvenir 1991

  —How I Discovered World War II’s Greatest Spy CRC Press 2014

  Katz, Barry M. Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services 1942–45 Harvard University Press 1989

  Kemp, Peter The Thorns of Memory Sinclair Stevenson 1990

  Kennedy, Paul Engineers of Victory Allen Lane 2012

  Komatsu, Keiichiro The Importance of Magic Routledge, Kegan Paul 1999

  Korovin, V.V. Sovetskaya razvedka I kontrrazvedka v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (Soviet Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence During the Great Patriotic War) Moscow 2003

  Kotani, Ken Japanese Intelligence in World War II Osprey 2009

  Langhorne, Richard (ed.) Diplomacy and Intelligence During the Second World War: Essays in Honour of F.H. Hinsley Cambridge 1985

  Langley, J.M. Fight Another Day Magnum 1974

  Lewin, Ronald The American Magic Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1982

  Liddell, Guy The Guy Liddell Diaries ed. Nigel West two vols Routledge, Kegan Paul 2005

  Lloyd, Mark The Art of Military Deception Leo Cooper 1997

  Lord, Walter Lonely Vigil Viking 1977

  Macintyre, Ben A Spy Among Friends Bloomsbury 2014

  —Double Cross Bloomsbury 2012

  —Operation Mincemeat Bloomsbury 2010

  —Agent ZigZag Bloomsbury 2007

  Mackay, Sinclair The Secret Life of Bletchley Park Aurum 2010

  Mackenzie, William The Secret History of SOE St Ermins 2000

  McLachlan, Donald Room 39: Naval Intelligence in Action 1939–45 Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1968

  Martelli, George Agent Extraordinary William Collins 1960

  Masterman, J.C. The Double Cross System Granada 1979

  Meyer, Hebert Real World Intelligence Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1987

  Millar, George The Bruneval Raid Cassell 1974

  —Road to Resistance Bodley Head 1979

  Modin, Yuri My Five Cambridge Friends Headline 1994

  Monk, Ray Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer Jonathan Cape 2012

  Moravec, František Master of Spies Bodley Head 1975

  Moss, W. Stanley A War of Shadows BFB 2014

  Muggeridge, Malcolm The Infernal Grove William Collins 1973

  Multiple authors Partizanskaya voina na Ukraine. Dnevniki komandirov partizanskikh otryadov I soedineniy. 1941–1945 (Partisan War in the Ukraine: Diaries of Commanders of Partisan Detachments and Groups. 1941–1945) Moscow 2010

  Mure, David Master of Deception Kimber 1980

  Newby, Eric Love and War in the Apennines Picador 1983

  Pahl, Magnus Fremde Heere Ost. Hitlers militärische Feindaufklärung (Foreign Armies East: Hitler’s Military Reconnaissance) Berlin 2012

  Perrault, Giles The Red Orchestra Arthur Barker 1968

  Persico, Joseph Piercing the Reich Michael Joseph 1979

  Peshchersky, Vladimir Krasnaya Kapella: Sovetskaya razvedka protiv abvera i Gestapo (Rote Kapelle: The Soviet Intelligence Service Against the Abwehr and Gestapo) Moscow 2000

  Peskett, S. John Strange Intelligence Robert Hale 1981

  Petersen, Neal H. From Hitler’s Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles 1942–1945 Penn State University Press 1996

  Pidgeon, Geoffrey The Secret Wireless War UPSO 2003

  Porch, Douglas The French Secret Service Macmillan 1996

  Poznyakov, V. Sovetskaye razvedka v Amerika 1919–1941 (The Soviet Intelligence Service in America 1919–1941) Moscow 2005

  Prange, Gordon Target Tokyo: The Story of the Sorge Spy Ring McGraw-Hill 1984

  Price, Alfred Instruments of Darkness Panther 1979

  Prudnikova, E. Rikhard Zorge, chuzhoi sredi svoikh (Richard Sorge: An Enemy Within) Moscow 2010

  Reed-Olsen, Oluf Two Eggs on My Plate Allen & Unwin 1952

  Schlesinger, Arthur M. A Life in the Twentieth Century Mariner 2000

  Seki, Eiji Mrs Ferguson’s Tea Set: Japan and the Second World War Global Oriental 2000

  Seth, Ronald A Spy Has No Friends Headline 2008

  Sharapov, Eduard & Voskresenskaya, Zoya Taina Zoi Voskresenskoi (The Mystery of Zoya Voskresenskaya) Moscow 1998

  Sharp, Tony Stalin’s American Spy: Noel Field, Allen Dulles and the Eastern European Show Trials Hurst 2014

  Sisman, Adam Hugh Trevor-Roper Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2010

  Slowikowsky, Maj. Gen. Rygor In the Secret Service: The Lighting of the Torch Windrush 1988

  Smiley, David Albanian Assignment Chatto & Windus 1984

  Smith, Bradley The Ultra–Magic Deals and the Most Secret Special Relationship 1940–1946 Airlife 1993

  Smith, Michael Station X: The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park Pan 2004

  — with Ralph Erskine (eds) Action This Day Bantam 2001

  Soboleva, T.A. Istoriya shifrovalnogo dela a Rossii (A History of Cryptography in Russia) Moscow

  SOE Syllabus Public Record Office 2001

  Sotskov, L.F. (ed.) Aggressiya. Rassekrechennye dokumenty sluzhby razvedki RF, 1939–41 (Aggression. Declassified Documents of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, 1939–41) Moscow 2001

  Spencer Chapman, Frederick The Jungle is Neutral Chatto & Windus 1949

  Stephan, Enno Spies in Ireland Macdonald 1963

  Stirling, Tessa (ed.) Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee: Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain London

  Strong, Kenneth Intelligence at the Top Giniger 1968

  Stubbington, John Bomber Command: Kept in the Dark Pen & Sword 2010

  Sudoplatov, Pavel (with Anatoli Sudoplatov and Jerrold & Leona Schecter) Special Tasks Little, Brown 1994

  Sweet-Escott, Bickham Baker Street Irregular Methuen 1965

  Thorne, Christopher Allies of a Kind Hamish Hamilton 1978

  Tooze, Adam The Wages of Destruction Penguin 2005

  Trepper, Leopold The Great Game Michael Joseph 1977

  Trevor-Roper, Hugh The W
artime Journals ed. Richard Davenport-Hines I.B. Tauris 2012

  —The Secret World ed. Edward Harrison I.B. Tauris 2014

  Trubnikov (ed.) Ocherki Istorii Sovietski Vneshei Razvedki (Essays on the History of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Service) Moscow 2007

  Vinogradov et al. (eds) Sekrety Gitlera na Stole u Stalina (Hitler’s Secrets on Stalin’s Desk) Moscow 1995

  Voskresenskaya, Zoya Teper ya mogu skazat pravdu (Now I Can Tell the Truth) Moscow 1993

  Wake-Walker, Edward A House for Spies Robert Hale 2012

  Waller, Douglas Wild Bill Donovan Simon & Schuster 2012

  Webster, Jason The Spy With 29 Names Chatto & Windus 2014

  Weinstein, Allen & Vassiliev, Alexander The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era Random House 1999

  Welchman, Gordon The Hut Six Story McGraw-Hill 1982

  West, Nigel MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909–45 Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1983

  Wheatley, Dennis The Deception Planners Hutchinson 1980

  Williams, Allan Operation Crossbow Preface 2013

  Winterbotham, F.W. The Ultra Secret Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1974

  Woodman, Richard The Malta Convoys John Murray 2000

  Index

  The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.

  NOTE: Ranks and titles are generally the highest mentioned in the text

  Abakumov, Viktor, 236–7, 455–6

  Abe, Vice-Admiral Katsuo, 401, 549

  Abel, Rudolf (‘William Fisher’), 231

  Abramov (Soviet partisan), 320

  Abt, John, 381

  Abwehr (German security agency): Canaris heads, 6, 60–2, 482; in Turkey, 42–3; and German plans for attack in west, 49–50; agents captured, interrogated and turned, 53, 548; inadequacy, 57, 64–6, 67, 469–72, 482; ciphers broken, 58–60; suppresses Resistance activity, 223; activities in Ireland, 331–8; in Lisbon, 341; agents in Switzerland, 347; recruits and informants, 464–8; informed of breaking of U-boat codes, 477; Schellenberg directs, 480–2; employs local spies in France, 491–2; British knowledge of, 544

  Acheson, Dean, 376

  Admiralty (British): headquarters building, 212–13; Operational Intelligence Centre, 216; Room 39, 211; Room 40, 9, 68

  Afghanistan, 339

  Afrika Korps: attack on Alam Halfa known, 94; sigint successes, 196, 447; logistical problems, 408; on British wireless indiscipline, 454; British knowledge of, 551

  Agent 479 (British), 3

  Agnew, Captain William, 195

  Air Ministry (British): communist cell in, 349

  Akhmerov, Itzhak, 370–1, 374, 380, 383, 385

  Aktay, Haydar, 106

  Alam Halfa, 94, 409

  Alamein, El, battle of (1942), 409, 454

  Alaska, 521

  Alba, FitzJames Stewart, 17th Duke of, 348

  Aldington, Toby, 69

  Aldrich, Richard, 514, 547

  Alexander, Gen. Sir Harold, 411

  Alexander, Hugh, 73, 82, 90, 401, 410

  Almásy, Count László, 63

  Alsop, Stewart, 304

  Amery, John, 444

  Amery, Julian, 267

  AMTORG (Soviet trading organisation in USA), 370

  Anderson, HMS (Colombo facility), 511

  Anderson, Sir John, 348

  Andrew, Christopher, xxv, 39, 538

  Ankara, 338, 460–1

  Annan, Noel: recruited into intelligence, 69; on Turing, 74; on staff at Bletchley, 86; on Cavendish-Bentinck, 202; on superiority of Wehrmacht soldiers, 203; on British communist sympathisers, 350; on value of cryptanalysis, 548

  Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 19

  Antonescu, Ion, 321

  Antwerp, 497

  ‘Anvil’ invasion (southern France, August 1944), 411

  Anzio landings (January 1944), 411, 547

  Apresyan, Stepan, 381–2

  Ardennes: German attack through (1940), 49–50, 547; German offensive (‘Autumn Mist’, ‘Battle of the Bulge’, December 1944), 402, 492, 498–501, 523, 547

  Argentina: German agents in, 63; wartime position, 342

  Arisue, Gen. Seizo, 522

  Arita, Hachiro, 148

  Arlington Hall, Virginia: US Signals Intelligence Unit based at, 396, 403, 406–7, 448, 450, 452, 460, 521, 551, 559

  Arnhem, 547

  Arnim, Ernst von, 118

  Arnold, Gen. Henry Harley (‘Hap’), 211

  Aronsky, Boris, 184

  Asia: war in, 504; SOE in, 509, 514–17; British unpopularity in, 513; colonial powers’ ambitions in, 514–15; clandestine organisations in, 515; see also Burma; Malaya

  Assarasson, Vilhelm, 106

  Astier de la Vigerie, Emmanuel, 275

  Atlantic, Battle of the, 83, 88–9, 218–21

  Atlantic Wall, 483

  Atlantis (German armed merchant cruiser), 135–8, 140

  atomic bomb: development and intelligence on, 524–35, 553

  Auchinleck, Gen. Sir Claude, 196

  Auerbach, Richard, 284

  Aumann, Georg, 452

  Aurora, HMS, 195

  Austin, Macdonald, 263, 557

  Austria: Dulles supports, 313

  Automedon, SS, 135–7, 139–41

  ‘Autumn Mist’, Operation see Ardennes

  Avranche, Normandy, 490

  Ayer, A.J. (‘Freddie’), 97

  B-Dienst (German Kriegsmarine), 56, 66, 94, 196, 218–21, 447, 458, 551

  Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem, 322

  Bacon, Francis: History of the Reign of Henry VII, 8

  Badart, Willi, 418

  Badoglio, Pietro, 313

  ‘Bagration’, Operation (1944), 227, 326, 456

  Bainbridge Island, Puget Sound, 164

  Bakách-Bessenyey, Baron, 315

  Baldegg, Mayr von (‘Luise’), 109

  Baldwin, Stanley, 13

  Balkans: Hitler’s threat to, 103–4; as potential area of German–Soviet conflict, 105

  Baltic republics: anti-Soviet purges, 123

  Baluchistan, 520

  ‘Bamboo 1’ convoy (Japanese), 507

  ‘Barbarossa’, Operation, 85, 103, 109, 116, 120, 132, 151, 204, 351, 483, 548

  Barcza family, 54

  Barcza, Margaret, 54–5, 190, 239–40, 247–9, 541

  Barcza, René, 240

  Barcza, Sacha, 249

  ‘Bardou’ (local spy), 491

  Barkovsky, Vladimir, 525

  ‘Baron, the’ (agent), 11

  Barry, Col. Dick, 281

  Bart, Robert, 241, 243

  Bartsch, Waldemar, 495–7

  Bate, Vera (Signora Lombardi), 478

  Batey, Keith, 70, 488

  Baxter, James Finney, 299

  Bazna, Elyesa (‘Cicero’), xvi, 309, 460–4

  Beaufre, André, 50

  Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron, 127, 547

  ‘Beccassino’ (French local spy), 491

  Beck, Gen. Ludwig, 312

  Bedrov, Vladimir, 325

  Beevor, Jack, 266

  Behrendt, Hans-Otto, 66, 453

  Behrens, Karl, 121

  Belfrage, Cedric, 379

  Belgium: German plans to attack, 48–9; Soviet agents in, 54–5, 189–90; agents captured, 390; local spies, 492–3

  Belorussia: German reprisals in, 322

  Beneš, Edvard, 41

  Bennett, Ralph, 89, 409–10, 418, 497, 499

  Bentevegni, Col. Franz von, 62, 472

  Bentinck, Bill see Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor

  Bentley, Elizabeth, 379–80, 382, 385

  Berenson, Peter, 413

  Berensprung, Horst, 377

  Beresantsov, Tatiana, 229

  Beria, Lavrenti: meets Sudoplatov, 18, 20; internal spying, 21; disbelieves Hitler’s intention to invade, 104, 106, 122, 132; suspects Lehmann, 115; sacks and re
instates Korotkov, 117; and Kobulov’s disgrace in Berlin, 120; and Fitin, 123; on internal subversion, 123; on readiness of German forces, 129; orders purge of NKVD officers, 132; and start of German invasion, 133; agrees to release of imprisoned intelligence officers, 174; tests loyalty of Volga Germans, 175; and Radziwiłł, 176; on mission to Caucasus, 178–9; Sudoplatov recommends Demyanov to, 230; warns Sudoplatov over ‘Max’ operation, 231; purges, 317; on NKVD arrests of suspects, 327; suspects Cambridge Five, 355; taunts Zarubin, 372; informs Stalin of Western atomic research, 525, 527; denies anti-Semitism in USSR, 526; controls Special Committee on Atomic Energy, 528–9; doubts authenticity of atomic material, 534; shot, 538

  Berle, Adolphe, 292, 376

  Berlin: bombed, 450; see also ‘Red Orchestra’

  Berlings, Oreste (‘Lycée student’; ‘Peter’), 120

  Bern, 204, 338, 347

  Bernadotte, Count Folke, 473, 482

  Bernard, Joseph, 493

  Bernert (Viennese cryptanalyst), 451

  Bertrand, Capitaine Gustave: expertise, 8; negotiates with Poles, 12; Polish cryptanalysts work with, 48; colleagues captured in France, 95; contact with London, 341

  Bertrand-Vigne Lt. Col., 466

  Best, Captain Sigismund Payne, 44–6, 116

  Beurling, Arne, 413

  Bevan, Col. Johnny, 232, 468

  Bigoray, Flt Sgt, 419–20

  Bingham, Major Seymour, 271–2

  Binney, George, 266

  Birch, Frank, 88

  Birley, Eric, 69

  Bismarck (German battleship), 83, 216

  Bismarck, Count Gottfried von, 481

  Bismarck Sea, Battle of the (March 1943), 509

  Bissell, Clayton, 283

  Bitter, Wilhelm, 478

  ‘Black Chamber’ (US army’s codebreaking department), 5, 158, 451

  Blackett, Pat, 414

  Blandy, Group-Captain, 87

  Bletchley Park (Government Code and Cipher School): as intelligence hub, xxi, xxvi; GC&CS moves to, 13; struggles with Enigma, 47; staffing, 70–1, 73–4, 86–8, 172–3; gradual breaking of Enigma, 72–3, 75; character and conditions, 73–4, 78–9, 459; women at, 74, 87, 91; organisation and management, 75, 88; behaviour and temperament at, 77; procedure for decrypting, 77–8; record keeping, 78; human application at, 81, 407; reads U-boat and naval signals, 83; provides information on German deployments, 84–6; reads Italian naval signals, 84; informality between grades, 86–7; internal dissent and differences, 86, 90–1; limitations, 86; and ‘Shark’ submarine key, 88, 90, 101; bombe shortage, 89; comradeship and morale, 90–1; security and secrecy, 91–3; US visitors at, 100–1; values USAAF’s partnership, 212; Americans work at, 404, 410; cooperation with US sigint, 404–5; number of decrypts, 407; stress and exhaustion, 408; building improvements, 410; decodes German teleprinter messages, 411–13; reads multiple Enigma keys, 411; supplies German order of battle in Allied invasion, 486; breaks few army messages following invasion, 490; informed of actions by Montgomery’s staff, 490; contribution overlooked, 491; alarmed by new Enigma reflector (UmkehrwalzeD), 503; branches in Asia, 505; Japanese section, 505, 511; staff thanked by Brooke, 545; succeeded by GCHQ, 546; achievements, 551, 555; considers historical record, 552