How to Live
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Marchi, D., Montaigne among the Moderns (Providence, RI & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1994).
Maskell, D., “Quel est le dernier état authentique des Essais de Montaigne?” in Bibliothèque d’humanisme et Renaissance, 40 (1978), 85–103.
Mathieu-Castellani, G., Montaigne: l’écriture de l’essai (Paris: PUF, 1988).
——Montaigne ou la vérité du mensonge (Geneva: Droz, 2000).
McFarlane, I. D. and Maclean, Ian (eds), Montaigne: Essays in Memory of Richard Sayce (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
McGowan, M., Montaigne’s Deceits: The Art of Persuasion in the Essais (London: University of London Press, 1974).
Merleau-Ponty, M., “Lecture de Montaigne,” in Éloge de la philosophie et autres essais (Paris: Gallimard, 1960), 321–347.
Michel, P. et al. (eds), Montaigne et les Essais 1580–1980: Actes du Congrès de Bordeaux (Paris: H. Champion; Geneva: Slatkine, 1983).
Millet, O., La Première Réception des Essais de Montaigne (1580–1640) (Paris: H. Champion, 1995).
Monluc, B. de, The Commentaries of Messire Blaize de Montluc (London: A. Clark for H. Brome, 1674). (Translation of Commentaires, 1592)
Montaigne Studies
Nakam, G., Montaigne et son temps: les événements et les Essais (Paris: Nizet, 1982).
——Les Essais de Montaigne: mirroir et procès de leur temps (Paris: Nizet, 1984).
——Le dernier Montaigne (Paris: H. Champion, 2002).
Nietzsche, F., Untimely Meditations, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). (Translation of Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen, 1876)
——Human, All Too Human, tr. M. Faber and S. Lehmann (London: Penguin, 1994). (Translation of Menschliches, allzu menschliches, 1878)
——Daybreak, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). (Translation of Morgenröte, 1881)
——The Gay Science, tr. W. Kaufman (New York: Random House, 1991). Translation of Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, 1882)
Nussbaum, M. C., The Therapy of Desire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
O’Brien, J., “Are we reading what Montaigne wrote?” French Studies, 58 (2004), 527–532.
Pascal, B., Pensées and Other Writings, tr. A. and H. Levi (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1999).
Pasquier, E., Choix de lettres, ed. D. Thickett (Geneva: Droz, 1956).
——Lettres historiques pour les années 1556–1594, ed. D. Thickett (Geneva: Droz, 1966).
Plato, Symposium, tr. W. Hamilton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1951).
Plutarch, Moralia, tr. W. C. Helmbold. Loeb edn (London: W. Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936–57).
Popkin, R., The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
Pouilloux, J-Y., Lire les Essais de Montaigne (Paris: Maspero, 1970).
Quint, D., Montaigne and the Quality of Mercy: Ethical and Political Themes in the Essais (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).
Rabelais, F., The Complete Works, tr. J. Le Clerc (New York: The Modern Library, 1944).
Raemond, F. de, Erreur populaire de la papesse Jane, 2nd edn (Bordeaux: S. Millanges, 1594).
——L’Antichrist (Lyon: Jean Pillehotte, 1597).
Rigolot, F. Les Métamorphoses de Montaigne (Paris: PUF, 1988).
Rousseau, J-J., Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, tr. F. Philip, ed. P. Coleman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). (Translation of Discours sur l’origin et les fondaments de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, 1755)
——Émile, tr. Allan Bloom (London: Penguin, 1991). (Translation of Émile, 1762)
——Confessions, tr. A. Scholar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). (Translation of Les Confessions, 1782)
Sayce, R. A., The Essays of Montaigne: A Critical Exploration (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972).
Sayce, R. A. and Maskell, D., A Descriptive Bibliography of Montaigne’s Essais 1580–1700. (London: Bibliographical Society & Modern Humanities Research Association, 1983).
Schaefer, D. L., The Political Philosophy of Montaigne (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1990).
——(ed.), Freedom Over Servitude: Montaigne, La Boétie, and On Voluntary Servitude (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998).
Screech, M. A., Montaigne and Melancholy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991).
Seneca, Ad Lucilium epistulae morales [Letters to Lucilius], tr. Richard M. Gummere. Loeb edn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: W. Heinemann, 1917–25).
——Dialogues and Letters (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2005).
Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Skepticism, ed. J. Annas and J. Barnes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Smith, M. C., Montaigne and Religious Freedom: The Dawn of Pluralism (Geneva: Droz, 1991).
Starobinski, J., Montaigne in Motion, tr. A. Goldhammer (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985). (Translation of Montaigne en mouvement, 1982)
Sterling, J., “Montaigne and his Essays,” London and Westminster Review, 29 (1838), 321–352.
Supple, J. J., Arms versus Letters: The Military and Literary Ideals in the Essais of Montaigne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).
Tetel, A. (ed.), Montaigne et Marie de Gournay: actes du colloque international de Duke (Paris: H. Champion, 1997).
Thevet, A., Les Singularitez de la France antarctique (Paris: Les heretiers de Maurice de la Porte, 1557).
Tilley, A., “Montaigne’s interpreters,” in his Studies in the French Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 259–293.
Trinquet, R., La Jeunesse de Montaigne (Paris: Nizet, 1972).
Villey, P., Les Sources et l’évolution des Essais de Montaigne (Paris: Hachette, 1933).
——Montaigne devant la postérité (Paris: Boivin, 1935).
Willett, L., “Romantic Renaissance in Montaigne’s chapel,” in Yannick Portebois and Nicholas Terpstra (eds), The Renaissance in the Nineteenth Century—Le XIXe Siècle renaissant (Toronto: Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2003), 217–240.
Woolf, L., The Journey Not the Arrival Matters (London: Hogarth, 1969).
Woolf, V., The Diary of Virginia Woolf, ed. A. Oliver Bell (London: Penguin, 1980–85).
——“Montaigne,” in Essays, ed. A. McNeillie (London: Hogarth, 1986–), IV: 71–81.
Yates, F.A., John Florio: The Life of an Italian in Shakespeare’s England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934).
Zweig, S., The World of Yesterday (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1943).
——“Montaigne,” in Europöisches Erbe, ed. R. Friedenthal (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1960), 7–81.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
prf.1 F. Quesnel, Montaigne, ca. 1588. Photographic copy of pencil drawing in private collection. Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, France/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library. This is the most authentic known likeness of Montaigne.
prf.2 Salvador Dalí, illustration to “Of Thumbs” in his edition of Montaigne, Essais (New York: Doubleday, 1947), p. 161. © Salvador Dalí, Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation, DACS, London 2009.
prf.3 Montaigne, Essais (Bordeaux: S. Millanges, 1580).
prf.4 Anonymous, Montaigne, ca. 1590. Oil on copper. Private collection.
1.1 Dance of death, from H. Schedel, Nuremberg Chronicle, f. CCLXIIIIv. Morse Library, Beloit College.
1.2 The Dordogne and Périgord regions of France. Map by Sandra Oakins.
1.3 A. Alciato, Emblemata (Padua: P. P. Tozzi, 1621). Emblem LXXXIII: In facile à virtute desciscentes (“easily deflected from the right course”), showing a remora holding back a ship. Wellcome Library, London.
2.1 Château de Montaigne. From F. Strowski, Montaigne (Paris: Nouvelle Revue Critique, 1938). Montaigne’s tower is at the bottom left.
2.2 Panoramic view of Montaigne’s library. Photograph by John Stafford.
2.3 Roof beams from Montaigne’s library. Photograph
by Sarah Bakewell.
2.4 A. Dürer, Le branle, 1514. Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée du Petit-Palais, France/ Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
3.1 Wine label of the Château Michel de Montaigne. Photograph by John Stafford.
3.2 Sixteenth-century gymnasts, from A. Tuccaro, Trois dialogues de l’exercice de sauter et voltiger en l’air (Paris: C. de Monstr’oeil, 1599).
3.3 Andrew, Adolphe Best, Isidore Leloir, Le Réveil de Montaigne enfant, from Musée des Familles, Lectures du soir, VI (Jan. 1840), p. 100.
3.4 F. de Belle-Forest, Le Vif pourtrait de la Cité de Bordeaux, 1575. Bibliothèque nationale de France.
4.1 Hermaphroditus, and Rhodope and Hemo, from Ovid, tr. L. Dolce, Le Trasformationi (Venice: G. Giolito de Ferrari, 1561)
4.2 The reading fool, by A. Dürer, from S. Brant, Narrenschiff (Basel: J. Bergmann von Olpe, 1494).
4.3 Blaise de Monluc. Frontispiece to his The Commentaries (London: H. Brome, 1674).
5.1 The “Bordeaux Copy” of Montaigne’s Essais (Paris: A. L’Angelier, 1588), v. I, fol. 71v., showing Montaigne’s marginal addition: “qu’en respondant: parce que cestoit luy parce que c’estoit moy” (“except by answering: Because it was he, because it was I”). Reproduction en quadrichromie de l’Exemplaire de Bordeaux des Essais de Montaigne, ed. Philippe Desan (Fasano-Chicago: Schena Editore, Montaigne Studies 2002).
6.1 Seneca. Marble bust. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library.
6.2 Epicurus. Stone bust. Greek Museo Capitolano, Rome, Italy/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
7.1 Montaigne’s medal or jeton. The only copy is in a private collection; drawing by Sarah Bakewell based on a photograph in M.-L. Demonet, A Plaisir (Orléans: Editions Paradigme, 2002).
7.2 Octopus, from G. Rondelet, Libri de piscibus marinis (Leyden, Bonhomme, 1555). Wellcome Library, London.
7.3 A. Ditchfield, Montaigne et sa chatte, ca. 1867. Aquatint. Bibliothèque nationale de France.
7.4 F. Delpech, Blaise Pascal, 19th century. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library.
8.1 Entry recording death of Montaigne’s child Thoinette, from M. Beuther, Ephemeris historica (Paris: Fezandat, 1551), Montaigne’s copy, page for June 28. Bibliothèque municipale de Bordeaux.
10.1 Tupinambá Indians in 1552, by T. de Bry, from J. L. Gottfried, Newe Welt und Americanische Historien (Frankfurt: M. Merian, 1631). Private Collection/The Stapleton Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
10.2 A defiant prisoner among the Tupinambá, from M. Léry, Histoire d’une voyage (Paris: A. Chuppin, 1580).
11.1 L. Le Coeur, Montaigne, 1789. Aquatint, from Galerie universelle des hommes qui se sont illustrés dans l’Empire des lettres, depuis le siècle de Léon X jusqu’à nos jours (Paris: Bailly, 1787–1789). Montaigne as windswept Romantic.
11.2 Montaigne’s visit to Tasso in Ferrara. Lithograph by P. J. Challamel after Louis Gallait’s painting Le Tasse visité dans sa prison par Montaigne (1836), in Revue des peintres (1837), no. 208.
12.1 F. Dubois, St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, August 24, 1572. Oil on panel. Musée d’Archéologie et d’Histoire, Lausanne, Switzerland/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
12.2 Charles IX’s medal depicting the St. Bartholomew’s massacres as a defeat of the Hydra. N. Favyer, Figure et exposition des pourtraictz et dictons contenuz es medailles de la conspiration des rebelles en France (Paris: J. Dallier, 1572).
12.3 Heaven and Hell, engraving by H. Cock after J. de Mantua, 1565. Private collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
12.4 Henri III. Frontispiece to A. Thevet, Les vrais pourtraits et vies des hommes illustres (Paris: La veuve I. Kervert & G. Chaudière, 1584). Mary Evans Picture Library.
12.5 A band of flagellants, from The Chronicles of Chivalry, 1583. Engraving. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library.
12.6 Stefan Zweig, c. 1925. Photograph by Trude Fleischmann. International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.
13.1 A harpy, or monstrous figure. 18th century engraving. Private Collection/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library.
14.1 Kidney stone fragments. Photograph by Herringlab.
14.2 Baths at Leuk, Switzerland, from S. Münster & F. Belle-forest, Cosmographie universelle (Paris: N. Chesneau, 1575). Wellcome Library, London.
14.3 Baths at Plombières, France, 19th century copy of woodcut from J. J. Huggelin, Von heilsamen Bädern des Teütschelands (Strasbourg, 1559). Wellcome Library, London.
14.4 Map of Montaigne’s travels in 1580–1581. Map by Sandra Oakins.
14.5 Colosseum and unidentified ruin, from H. Cock, Praecipua aliquot Romanae antiquitatis ruinarum monimenta, vivis prospectibus, ad veri imitationem affabre designata (Antwerp: H. Cock, 1551). University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center.
15.1 Henri of Navarre (Henri IV), by T. de Bry, 1589. Private collection/The Stapleton Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
15.2 Diane d’Andouins, Countess of Gramont, known as “Corisande.” 19th century. Engraving after Melchior Péronard. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
15.3 Assassination of the Duc de Guise, from J. Boucher, La vie et faits notables de Henri de Valois (Paris: Didier Millot, 1589).
16.1 John Florio. Frontispiece to his Queen Anna’s New World of Words (London: E. Blount & W. Barrett, 1611).
16.2 Charles Cotton, lithograph after painting by Sir P. Lely, in I. Walton, The Compleat Angler. Private Collection/Ken Walsh/The Bridgeman Art Library.
16.3 Diagram of digressions in each volume, from L. Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Vol. 6, Chap. 40 (New York: J. F. Taylor, 1904).
17.1 The “Bordeaux Copy” of Montaigne’s Essais (Paris: A. L’Angelier, 1588), v. I, fol. 34r. Reproduction en quadrichromie de l’Exemplaire de Bordeaux des Essais de Montaigne, ed. Philippe Desan (Fasano-Chicago: Schena Editore, Montaigne Studies, 2002).
18.1 Marie de Gournay. Title-page portrait in her Les Advis (Paris: T. du Bray, 1641).
18.2 Michel Iturria, “Enfin—une groupie!” Sud-Ouest/Michel Iturria.
18.3 H. Wallis, Montaigne in His Library, 1857. Oil on canvas. Photograph from J. Sawyer sale catalogue; present location of original unknown. A nineteenth-century fantasy, with Marie de Gournay at Montaigne’s feet taking dictation.
18.4 Pierre Charron. Frontispiece to his De la sagesse (Paris: Douceur, 1607).
18.5 L’Esprit des Essais de Michel, seigneur de Montaigne (Paris: C. de Sercy, 1677), and Pensées de Montaigne (Paris: Anisson, 1700).
18.6 Romulus and Remus suckled by the she-wolf. Engraving by A. Lafreri from a 4th century BC Etruscan bronze, in his Speculum Romanae magnificentiae (Rome: A. Lafreri, 1552). University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center.
20.1 Joseph Robert-Fleury, Derniers moments de Montaigne, 1853. Oil on canvas. Collections Ville de Périgueux, Musée d’art et d’archéologie du Périgord (Maap), France. Inv. No. B.438. Photograph by Maap.
20.2 Montaigne’s tomb. From F. Strowski, Montaigne (Paris: Nouvelle Revue Critique, 1938)
20.3 Montaigne’s cat: marginal sketch in a copy of Montaigne’s Essais (Paris: A. L’Angelier, 1602) owned by the Dutch jurist Pieter Van Veen (b. 1561 or 1562), and illustrated by him, perhaps as a gift for his son. British Library, London.
Table of Contents
Cover
Other Book by This Author
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Q. How to live?
Michel de Montaigne in one question and twenty attempts at an answer
1. Q. How to live? A. Don’t worry about death
Hanging by the tip of his lips
2. Q. How to live? A. Pay attention
Starting to write
Stream of consciousness
3. Q. How to live? A. Be born
Micheau
The experiment
4. Q. How to live?
A. Read a lot, forget most of what you read, and be slow-witted
Reading
Montaigne the slow and forgetful
The young Montaigne in troubled times
5. Q. How to live? A. Survive love and loss
La Boétie: love and tyranny
La Boétie: death and mourning
6. Q. How to live? A. Use little tricks
Little tricks and the art of living
Montaigne in slavery
7. Q. How to live? A. Question everything
All I know is that I know nothing, and I’m not even sure about that
Animals and demons
A prodigious seduction machine
8. Q. How to live? A. Keep a private room behind the shop
Going to it with only one buttock
Practical responsibilities
9. Q. How to live? A. Be convivial: live with others
A gay and sociable wisdom
Openness, mercy, and cruelty
10. Q. How to live? A. Wake from the sleep of habit
It all depends on your point of view
Noble savages
11. Q. How to live? A. Live temperately
Raising and lowering the temperature
12. Q. How to live? A. Guard your humanity
Terror
Hero
13. Q. How to live? A. Do something no one has done before
Baroque best seller
14. Q. How to live? A. See the world
Travels
15. Q. How to live? A. Do a good job, but not too good a job
Mayor
Moral objections
Missions and assassinations
16. Q. How to live? A. Philosophize only by accident
Fifteen Englishmen and an Irishman
17. Q. How to live? A. Reflect on everything; regret nothing
Je ne regrette rien
18. Q. How to live? A. Give up control
Daughter and disciple
The editing wars
Montaigne remixed and embabooned
19. Q. How to live? A. Be ordinary and imperfect
Be ordinary
Be imperfect
20. Q. How to live? A. Let life be its own answer
Not the end