Hidden History: The Secret Origins of the First World War.
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Morgan, John Pierpont* – Pilgrim, New York banker and financier, closely associated with the Rothschild dynasty, anglophile, worked to achieve Federal Reserve
Nicholas II – Czar, weak-willed and vacillating hereditary leader of Russia, his government struggled against popular labour unrest and demands for democracy, responding with disgraceful attacks on strikers and vicious anti-Jewish pogroms
Pasic, Nikola – (Paschitsch) Prime minister of Serbia (five terms 1891–1918), directed by the Russian ambassador, Hartwig
Princip, Gavrilo – Student assassin, shot Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, alleged to have started the First World War
Poincaré, Raymond* – Revanchist prime minister (five terms), president of France 1913–20, indebted to Isvolsky and Secret Elite funding for winning office, anti-German, pro-war politician and colleague of Delcassé
Sazonov, Sergei* – Russian foreign minister 1910–16, served in London embassy before being appointed successor to Alexander Isvolsky, who remained his trusted mentor and advisor
Schiff, Jacob* – Pilgrim, New York banker and financier, Kuhn, Loeb & Co., friend of Sir Ernest Cassel and Rothschilds, played a leading role in raising funds for Japan during war with Russia
Shelking, Eugenii – Russian diplomat, journalist, St Petersburg correspondent for Le Temps, travelled widely in the Balkans
Smuts, Jan* – Rhodes’ protégé in South Africa before the Boer War, changed sides to Kruger in dubious circumstances, post-Boer War he held high office in South Africa, remained firm friend of Alfred Milner, Order of Merit, privy counsellor, Companion of Honour
Tankosić, Major Vojislav – Major in Serbian army, trained Young Bosnian assassins in run up to Sarajevo
von Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald – German chancellor 1909–17
von Benckendorff, Count – Russian ambassador at London 1903–17, close to Sir Edward Grey, popular in London society
von Jagow, Gottlieb – German foreign minister 1913–16
Warburg, Paul* – German-born US banker, linked to Rothschilds, instrumental in setting up Federal Reserve System
Wilson, Woodrow* – President of United States of America 1912–20, funded and controlled by Secret Elite associates
Young Bosnians – Revolutionary student group who imagined that the assassination of Franz Ferdinand would lead to socialism in the Balkan States, included Danilo Ilić, Gavrilo Princip
Notes
INTRODUCTION
1. Niall Ferguson, Empire, p. 313.
2. Hew Strachan, The First World War, p. 43.
3. Norman Stone, World War One: A Short History, p. 9.
4. David Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War, p. 16.
5. Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914.
6. The German defensive strategy was created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen and circulated in 1905.
7. Interview can be heard at www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeuF8rYgJPk
8. Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. x.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. xi.
11. www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeuF8rYgJPk
12. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. x.
CHAPTER 1 – THE SECRET SOCIETY
1. W.T. Stead, The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes, p. 62.
2. Virginia Cowles, The Rothschilds: A Family of Fortune, p. 161.
3. The serial killer known as Jack the Ripper murdered between five and eleven prostitutes in the Whitehall district of London in 1888–91. A combination of legend, serious research and folklore still surrounds the killings, but our point is simply to highlight the social chasm that divided Victorian Britain at the same time as the secret society took root.
4. Carroll Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 3.
5. Edward Griffin, The Creature From Jekyll Island, p. 272.
6. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, pp. 4–5.
7. James Lees-Milne, The Enigmatic Edwardian, p. 84.
8. Stead, Last Will and Testament, p. 59.
9. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. ix.
10. Neil Parsons, A New History of Southern Africa, pp. 179–81.
11. Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild: The World’s Banker, 1849–1999, p. 363.
12. Joan Veon, The United Nations Global Straitjacket, p. 68.
13. J.A. Hobson, John Ruskin: Social Reformer, p. 187.
14. Stead, Last Will and Testament, p. 59.
15. Will Podmore, British Foreign Policy Since 1870, p. 21.
16. Joseph Ward Swain, Beginning the Twentieth Century (first edition), p. 243.
17. Sidney Low, Nineteenth Century (magazine), May 1902.
18. Stead, Last Will and Testament, p. 23.
19. Ibid., p. 55.
20. W.T. Stead, ‘The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon’, Pall Mall Gazette, 6–10 July 1885.
21. W.T. Stead, ‘The Case of Eliza Armstrong’ at http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/pmg/tribute/ (W. T. Stead resources site).
22. J. Lee Thompson, Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St James’s and Cape Town, p. 34.
23. These included Edmund Garrett (Cape Times), E.T. Cook (editor of the Pall Mall Gazette and the Westminster Gazette) and Geoffrey Dawson (editor of The Times), all members of the secret society’s inner circle and personal friends and colleagues of Alfred Milner.
24. See the official James Lees-Milne website at http://www.jamesleesmilne.com/books.html
25. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time, p. 137.
26. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. 251.
27. Cowles, The Rothschilds, p. 153.
28. E.C. Knuth, The Empire of the City, p. 70.
29. Griffin, Creature from Jekyll Island, p. 233.
30. Derek Wilson, Rothschild: The Wealth and Power of a Dynasty, pp. 98–9.
31. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. xxvii.
32. Stanley Chapman, The Rise of Merchant Banking, p. 25.
33. Knuth, Empire of the City, p. 68.
34. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. xxvii.
35. Ibid., p. 65.
36. Ibid., p. 38.
37. Taken from http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/current/howmuch.html ‘Measuring Worth’, created by Lawrence H. Officer, professor of economics at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Samuel H. Williamson, professor of economics, emeritus, from Miami University. In all cases, we have used their valuation from the Retail Price Index and all consequent valuations will carry, in brackets, a 2011 value equivalence.
38. Cowles, The Rothschilds, p. 147.
39. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. 251.
40. Ibid., p. 332.
41. Ibid., p. 319.
42. Griffin, Creature from Jekyll Island, p. 220.
43. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. 417.
44. Ibid., p. 319.
45. Ibid., p. 327.
46. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 131.
47. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 75.
48. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 37.
49. A more balanced view on Milner’s contribution to British imperial history was not published until 2007, when J. Lee Thompson’s Forgotten Patriot was first published.
50. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 317.
51. Stead, Last Will and Testament, p. 108.
52. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, pp. 16–17.
53. Ibid., p. 45.
CHAPTER 2 – SOUTH AFRICA – DISREGARD THE SCREAMERS
1. Swain, Beginning the Twentieth Century, p. 234.
2. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. 363.
3. Ibid.
4. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 33, quoting Rhodes’ first will of 1877.
5. Swain, Beginning the Twentieth Century, p. 234.
6. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 136.
7. Quigley, Anglo-American E
stablishment, p. 312.
8. Podmore, British Foreign Policy Since 1870, p. 21.
9. William Engdahl, A Century of War, p. 48.
10. Donald McCormick, Mask of Merlin, p. 48.
11. Podmore, British Foreign Policy Since 1870, p. 21.
12. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, pp. 136–7.
13. Saul David, Military Blunders, p. 73.
14. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 313.
15. Polly Guerin, ‘Flora Shaw: A Visionary Journalist’ at http://amazingartdecodivas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/shaw-flora-visionary-journalist-c-by.html
16. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, pp. 106–7.
17. Ibid., p. 313.
18. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, pp. 135–7.
19. Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, p. 29.
20. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 110.
21. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 29.
22. Ibid.
23. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, pp. 110–11.
24. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 137.
25. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 22.
26. Jean van der Poel, The Jameson Raid, p. 135.
27. John C.G. Rohl, Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy, p. 792.
28. Swain, Beginning the Twentieth Century, p. 38.
29. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 47.
30. Letters: Esher to Stead, 19 February 1897, cited in Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 105.
31. Milner Papers, Milner’s Diary, 30 November 1898, dep. 68, Bodleian Library.
32. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 105.
33. Ibid., p. 108.
34. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 312.
35. Milner to Chamberlain, dispatch 23 February 1898, cited in Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 119.
36. Milner Papers, Selborne to Milner, 21 January 1898, Bodleian Library, Ms.Eng.Hist. c.686.
37. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 124.
38. All are named by Quigley in Anglo-American Establishment.
39. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 571.
40. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 126.
41. Engdahl, A Century of War, p. 49.
42. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 21.
43. www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16494 – The Transvaal Within, J. Percy Fitzpatrick, chapter XI.
44. Pakenham, Boer War, pp. 54–5.
45. Ibid., p. 88.
46. Milner Papers, Milner to Selborne, 14 June 1899, Bodleian Library, Ms.Eng.Hist. c.686.
47. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 137.
48. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 43.
49. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 137.
50. Walter Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men, p. 4.
51. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 54.
52. Ibid., p. 100.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 109.
55. Ibid., p. 115.
56. Milner Papers, Milner to Selborne, 5 May 1898, Bodleian Library, Ms.Eng.Hist. c.686.
57. Winston Churchill, My Early Life, pp. 311–13.
58. Milner Papers, Churchill to Milner, 24 November 1899, Bodleian Library, Ms.Eng.Hist. c.686.
59. Roy Jenkins, Churchill, p. 54.
60. Ibid., p. 54; originally Churchill War Papers, I, pt. 2, p. 1085.
61. Ibid., p. 60.
62. Earl of Birkenhead, Churchill: 1874–1922, p. 96.
63. Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man, p. 65.
64. Jenkins, Churchill, p. 61.
65. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 318.
66. Ibid., p. 319.
67. Milner to Violet Cecil, 27 December 1900, cited in Pakenham, Boer War, p. 485.
68. Pakenham, Boer War, pp. 487–8.
69. Ibid., p. 464.
70. Kitchener to St John Brodrick, 22 March 1901, cited in Pakenham, Boer War, p. 500.
71. Ibid., p. 493. Chapter 39 in Pakenham, Boer War, ‘When is a War not a War?’, gives a very full account of the concentration camps.
72. Emily Hobhouse, ‘The Brunt of War, and Where it Fell’ at http://archive.org/details/bruntwarandwher01hobhgoog
73. Ibid., p. 174.
74. W.T. Stead, cited in Hennie Barnard, The Concentration Camps 1899–1902 at http://www.boer.co.za/boerwar/hellkamp.htm
75. Pakenham, Boer War, pp. 503–04.
76. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/hansxcv2.html#573
77. War Office Official Statistics, Cd. 694.
78. Milner Papers, Haldane to Milner, 26 January 1902, Bodleian Library, Ms.Eng.Hist. c.688.
79. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 517.
80. St John Brodrick to Kitchener, as cited in Pakenham, Boer War, p. 495.
81. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, April 1989, p. 118.
82. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 193.
83. Podmore, British Foreign Policy Since 1870, pp. 29–30.
84. Bouda Etemad, ‘Possessing the World’, European Expansion and Global Interaction, vol. 6, p. 73.
85. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 312.
86. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 138.
87. Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men, p. 21.
88. Ibid.
89. Leo Amery, Times History of the War in South Africa, vol. 1, p. 147.
90. The relationship between members of the Secret Elite and All Souls, Oxford, has long been very close indeed. Carroll Quigley pointed out that the select membership opened the door to top jobs in politics, the Foreign Office and diplomatic services. See Anglo-American Establishment, pp. 52–3.
91. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 65.
92. Ibid., chapter 4, pp. 50–83.
93. John Hamill, The Strange Career of Mr. Hoover Under Two Flags, pp. 151–2.
94. Ibid., pp. 162–3.
95. The ruthless organisers in China, Herbert Hoover and Emile Francqui, will re-emerge in our narrative in a different guise as directors of crucial Secret Elite activities during the First World War. Hoover’s firm shipped over 50,000 of these unfortunate Chinamen with a profit of around $25 a head.
96. Podmore, British Foreign Policy Since 1870, p. 30.
97. Hamill, Strange Career of Mr. Hoover, p. 165.
98. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 483.
99. Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men, p. 54.
100. Milner to Balfour, 27 March 1905, cited in Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 234.
101. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 240.
102. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 77.
103. Ibid., pp. 77–8.
104. Ibid., p. 149.
105. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 21 March 1906, vol. 154, cc464–511.
106. Hobson, John Ruskin, p. 193.
107. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 551.
108. Lord Milner’s ‘Credo’, published in The Times, 27 July 1925.
CHAPTER 3 – THE EDWARD CONSPIRACY – FIRST STEPS AND NEW BEGINNINGS
1. David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus, p. 327.
2. Ibid., p. 326.
3. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War, pp. 34–5.
4. John S. Ewart, The Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. II, p. 680.
5. Ibid., p. 681.
6. Landes, Unbound Prometheus, p. 327.
7. Keith Hitchins, Romania 1866–1947, p. 192.
8. Podmore, British Foreign Policy Since 1870, pp. 11–20.
9. Ferguson, Pity of War, p. 41.
10. Ibid., p. 42.
11. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 13 February 1902, vol. 102, cc1272–313.
12. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 26 February 1900, vol. 79, cc1111–79.
13. Ferguson, Pity of War, p. 42.
14. Ewart, Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. II, p. 677.
15. Harry Elmer Barnes, The Genesis of the World War, p. 456.
16. Grey of Fallodon, Twenty-Five Years: 1892–1916, vol. 1, p. 102.
17. Landes, Unbound Prometheus, p. 327.
18. Sidn
ey B. Fay, The Origins of the World War, vol. I, p. 139.
19. E.D. Morel, Diplomacy Revealed, pp. 5–6.
20. Hence the phrase, ‘Bob’s your uncle’.
21. Kaiser Wilhelm II, My Memoirs, p. 99.
22. Virginia Cowles, The Kaiser, p. 124.
23. Keith Middlemas, The Life and Times of Edward VII, p. 31.
24. Sidney Lee, Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, vol. 1, pp. 583–5.
25. Ian Dunlop, Edward VII and the Entente Cordiale, p. 169.
26. The Times, 23 January 1901.
27. Dunlop, Edward VII, p. 170.
28. A.J. Grant and Harold Temperley, Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1789–1932), p. 423.
29. Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. I, p. 51.
30. Ibid.
31. The term Revanchard was given to French politicians whose main policy was revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace-Lorraine. Delcassé was deeply involved with the Revanchard movement.
32. Lee, Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, vol. 1, p. 593.
33. Ibid., p. 572.
34. Stanley Weintraub, Edward the Caresser, p. 126.
35. Article in The Times, 17 January 2004, and, Paris Brothel, BBC Four documentary, 2003.
36. Andrew Marr, The Making of Modern Britain, p. 44.
37. New York Times, 28 March 1903.
38. The London Gazette, 2 June 1903.
39. Grant and Temperley, Europe, p. 423.
40. Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. I, p. 153.
41. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. 1, p. 107.
42. Morel, Diplomacy Revealed, p. 45.
43. Ibid., p. 73.
44. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 42.
45. Lord Esher had a proclivity for promiscuity with adolescent boys, which, according to his biographer, James Lees-Milne, extended to an unusual relationship with his younger son, Maurice. Like many other upper-class Victorian hypocrites, Esher practised that for which Oscar Wilde was jailed.
46. Lees-Milne, Enigmatic Edwardian, p. 142.
47. Nicholas D’Ombrain, War Machinery and High Policy Defence Administration in Peacetime Britain, 1902–1914, p. 125.
CHAPTER 4 – TESTING WARMER WATERS
1. Ewart, Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. II, p. 762.
2. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, pp. 101–16.
3. The Times, 9 April 1904.