Hidden History: The Secret Origins of the First World War.
Page 52
20. Ewart, Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. I, pp. 561–3.
21. Ibid.
22. George Herbert Perris, The War Traders: An Exposure, p. 25.
23. Fisher, Memories, vol. 1, pp. 30–4.
24. Neilson, How Diplomats Make War, p. 133.
25. Perris, War Traders, p. 29.
26. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 29 March 1909, vol. 3, cc39–149.
27. Ibid.
28. Ewart, Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. II, p. 689.
29. New York Times, 1 April 1909.
30. Neilson, How Diplomats Make War, p. 121.
31. Neilson, Makers of War, p. 20.
32. Churchill, World Crisis, pp. 23–4.
33. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 8 November 1934, vol. 293, cc1293–416.
34. The man sent in to replace Mulliner at the Coventry works, Rear-Admiral Bacon, was a close friend of Jacky Fisher. From that point in time, Coventry Ordnance received big orders from the government and increased its capital by 40 per cent.
35. Neilson, How Diplomats Make War, p. 328.
36. Perris, War Traders, p. 9.
37. H. Robertson Murray, Krupps and the International Armaments Ring, p. 3.
38. J.T. Walton Newbold, How Asquith Helped the Armaments Ring, p. 8.
39. The Secret International: Armament Firms at Work, p. 10 (published by Union of Democratic Control, author and date not listed, published in 1930s).
40. David, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, p. 86.
41. J.T. Walton Newbold, The War Trust Exposed, pp. 4–16.
42. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 13 June 1911, vol. 26, cc1459–97.
43. Perris, War Traders, pp. 4–6.
44. Newbold, War Trust Exposed, p. 17.
45. H.C. Engelbrecht and F.C. Hanighen, Merchants of Death, chapter IX, p. 3.
46. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. 413.
47. Ibid.
48. Newbold, War Trust Exposed, p. 7.
49. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 7 July 1913, vol. 55, cc10–11.
50. J.T. Walton Newbold, How Europe Armed for War, pp. 76–7.
51. Perris, War Traders, p. 10.
52. Murray, Krupps, p. 9.
53. Sir Charles Ottley was utterly brazen in his contempt for propriety. He went from the exalted position of advisor to the government as secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence to director of a firm making exorbitant profits from the same source. Questions were asked in Parliament on 22 July 1912 and again on 30 July 1914 when Ottley’s involvement with the Imperial Ottoman Docks company caused serious concern.
54. Murray, Krupps, p. 3.
55. Newbold, War Trust Exposed, pp. 14–15.
56. Ibid.
57. The First Sub-Committee of the Temporary Mixed Commission of the League of Nations, Report A.81, 1921, p. 5.
CHAPTER 10 – CREATING THE FEAR
1. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, pp. 311–12.
2. E. Moberly Bell, Flora Shaw, p. 224.
3. Ibid., p. 226.
4. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 112.
5. Lees-Milne, Enigmatic Edwardian, p. 185.
6. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 102.
7. J. Lee Thompson, A Wider Patriotism: Alfred Milner and the British Empire, p. 89.
8. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 234.
9. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 115.
10. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, pp. 155–6.
11. ‘Remarkable Career of Northcliffe’, New York Times, 15 August 1922.
12. Ibid.
13. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 42.
14. Linda B. Fritzinger, Diplomat without Portfolio: Valentine Chirol – His Life and The Times, p. 329.
15. New York Times, 15 August 1922.
16. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 42.
17. Ibid., p. 313.
18. Paul Ferris, The House of Northcliffe: A Biography of an Empire, p. 64.
19. Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community, p. 39.
20. Erskine Childers is a most amazing character. Here in 1905 he played the role of patriot to the British national cause. In 1914, Childers was gun-running for the Irish Volunteers.
21. Erskine Childers, The Riddle of the Sands, p. 284.
22. Andrew Boyle, The Riddle of Erskine Childers, p. 111.
23. The Riddle of the Sands remains a popular Penguin Classic, and in 2003 was voted number 37 in the Observer’s best 100 books over the last 300 years.
24. The full title is The Invasion of 1910: With a full account of the Siege of London, by William Le Queux; naval chapters by H.W. Wilson.
25. Ignatius Frederick Clarke, The Great War with Germany 1890–1914, p. 250.
26. Ibid., p. 252.
27. Ignatius Frederick Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, p. 145.
28. Andrew, Secret Service, p. 40.
29. Die Invasion von 1910: Einfall der Deutschen in England, translated by Traugott Tamm.
30. Farrer, England Under Edward VII, p. 143.
31. Belgian Diplomatic Documents 30; quoted in Morel, Diplomacy Revealed, p. 77.
32. E. Philips Oppenheim, A Maker of History.
33. Andrew, Secret Service, p. 43.
34. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. II, p. 513.
35. R. F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone, p. 385.
36. Cabinet Papers, CAB 38/13/07.
37. Report and Proceedings of the sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence, 30 March 1909, PRO 16/8.
38. Rosamund M. Thomas, Espionage and Secrecy: The Official Secrets Act 1911–1989, pp. 2–4.
39. Hansard, House of Lords, Debate, 25 July 1911, series 5, vol. 9, cc641–7.
40. Thomas, Espionage and Secrecy, p. 5.
41. Andrew, Secret Service, pp. 58–9.
42. The 1905 Aliens Act described some groups of immigrants as ‘undesirable’, thereby making entry to Britain discretionary rather than automatic.
43. Section 6, Official Secrets Act, 1911.
CHAPTER 11 – PREPARING THE EMPIRE – ALFRED MILNER AND THE ROUND TABLE
1. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 312.
2. Milner to Violet Markham, June 1906, quoted in J. Lee Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 248.
3. Ferguson, Pity of War, p. 93.
4. Alfred Milner, ‘Some Reflections on the Coming Conference’, National Review, April 1907.
5. Ibid.
6. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 256.
7. A.M. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics: A Study of Lord Milner, pp. 136–7.
8. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 153.
9. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 257.
10. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics, pp. 138–9.
11. O.D. Skelton, Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, p. 300.
12. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics, p. 145.
13. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 312.
14. Viscount Milner, Speeches delivered in Canada in the Autumn of 1908, pp. 1–12 at http://archive.org/stream/speechesdelivere00milnuoft#page/n3/mode/2up
15. Ibid., pp. 85–93.
16. Daily Mail, 19 January 1909.
17. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 276.
18. J. Lee Thompson, Northcliffe: Press Baron in Politics 1865–1922, p. 168.
19. Ibid., p. 169.
20. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 270.
21. The Argus (Melbourne), 29 July, 1909.
22. As quoted in Thompson, Northcliffe, p. 170.
23. Reginald Pound and Geoffrey Harmsworth, Northcliffe, p. 369.
24. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 270.
25. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics, p. 163.
26. Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men, p. 147.
27. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 144.
28. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics, p. 164.
29. Thompson, A Wider Patr
iotism, p. 138.
30. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 121.
31. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, pp. 131 and 951.
32. These men played a major role in influencing politics and the British-race dream. Leopold Amery was the only one to put his head above the political parapet. A fellow of All Souls, Amery turned down the chance to be editor of The Observer in 1908 and The Times in 1912 in order to concentrate on politics. In May 1911, he was elected unopposed as a Conservative (Liberal Unionist) MP. Philip Kerr was chosen by Viscount Milner to be Lloyd George’s private secretary in 1916 when the final war government was put in place. He became marquess of Lothian. Robert Brand mainly wrote about financial matters for the Round Table and was both a director of Lazards, the merchant bankers, and The Times. Geoffrey Dawson was appointed editor of The Times when he eventually returned from South Africa in 1912. Lionel Curtis, the most ardent of the Round Tablers, became Beit lecturer in Colonial history at Oxford University and a fellow of All Souls. F.S. Oliver was involved in a plot in 1916 to remove Asquith from 10 Downing Street. And here in a nutshell are all the component parts of the Secret Elite’s multi-pronged attack by their men in government, influencing government, in the press influencing public opinion, in finance and business to provide the backing, and in the universities to teach official history.
33. Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men, p. 157.
34. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 326.
35. Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 146.
36. Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men, p. 166.
37. Ibid.
38. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. 125.
39. Ferguson, Pity of War, p. 199.
40. Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 233.
41. Ibid., p. 201.
42. Ibid.
CHAPTER 12 – CATCH A RISING STAR AND PUT IT IN YOUR POCKET
1. Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p. x.
2. Lloyd George took enormous risks in defying the jingoistic mob by speaking out against the war in South Africa. His presence in Birmingham town hall on 18 January 1901 ended in a riot. The Birmingham Daily Mail had ranted against him for a fortnight, prophesying that ‘the most anti-British Member of Parliament’ would never be allowed to ‘peddle his sedition’ in Birmingham. Despite a plea from the chief constable, the meeting went ahead, but a mob rushed the doors and attacked the platform party. Lloyd George had to be smuggled out by a back door dressed as a policeman. (Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 141.)
3. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 17.
4. D. R. Daniel, unpublished memoir (translated by Dr Prys Morgan, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth), quoted him as admitting that ‘I could not write down what my convictions are.’ (Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 13.)
5. Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 245.
6. McCormick, Mask of Merlin, pp. 57–8.
7. Ibid., p. 59.
8. The Times, 8 November 1907.
9. Ffion Hague, The Pain and the Privilege, p. 174.
10. John Grigg, Lloyd George: The People’s Champion, pp. 99–100.
11. Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 92–3.
12. W.R.P. George, Backbencher, p. 390.
13. Many very rich Liberal MPs and unnamed ‘friends’ offered him access to a lifestyle he could not afford and his friend, Lord George Riddell, gifted him a new house at Walton Heath in 1913. Suffragettes duly attempted to blow it up.
14. Hague, The Pain and the Privilege, p. 105.
15. Hattersley, The Great Outsider, pp. 104–5.
16. His private secretary, A.J. Sylvester, on seeing Lloyd George rising from the bath, wrote in his 1931 diary that he had ‘the biggest organ I have ever seen. It resembles a donkey’s more than anything else.’ (Hague, The Pain and the Privilege, p. 469.)
17. Hague, The Pain and the Privilege, pp. 128–34.
18. Grigg, Lloyd George, p. 181.
19. Ibid.
20. Richard Lloyd George, My Father, p. 112.
21. Although he was shunned by society, Oscar Wilde was secretly visited in prison by Richard Haldane on at least two occasions. In Holloway Prison, Haldane met with Wilde alone in his cell, and he arranged for him to receive books, pen and paper. Haldane visited Wilde again in Wandsworth Prison, and he later persuaded the Home Secretary to transfer Wilde to Reading Gaol. (Haldane, An Autobiography, pp. 166–7.)
22. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 29 April 1909, vol. 4, c548.
23. Ferguson, House of Rothschild, p. 427.
24. Parliamentary Archives, LG/C/33/2/11.
25. Budget League Pamphlet 22, ‘The Budget and the People’, p. 2.
26. Speech of 9 October 1901 quoted in Richard Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 62.
27. Ibid.
28. Hansard, House of Lords, Debate, 22 November 1909, vol. 4, cc730–820.
29. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 6 July 1908, vol. 191, cc1343–415.
30. Viscount Milner, Constructive Imperialism, Unionists and Social Reform, p. 37.
31. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, pp. 274.
32. Ferguson, Pity of War, p. 424.
33. The general election of January 1910 produced a hung parliament. The Liberals lost 123 seats but had 274 MPs returned to the House of Commons. The Conservatives gained 116 seats but had 272 MPs when the final count was announced, and so had lost the election by 2 seats. This meant that the Liberals relied on the 82 Irish MPs and the 40 Labour to push through their planned legislation. That strong wedge of Labour Party seats was a threat to a Liberal recovery, and the Irish support was predicated entirely on the success of an Irish Home Rule Bill.
34. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 66.
35. Thompson, Forgotten Patriot, p. 278.
36. Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 276.
37. The Observer, 8 May 1910.
38. Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 277.
39. McCormick, Mask of Merlin, p. 72.
40. Grigg, Lloyd George, pp. 362–8.
41. ‘Mr Lloyd George’s Memorandum on the Formation of a Coalition’, 17 August 1910, see Appendix to Grigg, Lloyd George, p. 362.
42. Lucy Masterman, C.F.G. Masterman, p. 169.
43. David, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, p. 98.
44. Austen Chamberlain, Politics from the Inside: An Epistolary Chronicle, 1906–1914, p. 288.
45. The general election of December 1910 again resulted in virtual stalemate. Liberals held 272 seats and Conservatives 271. Although they had the fractional advantage of one seat, the Liberals remained in hock to the Irish and Labour MPs. In effect, nothing had changed.
46. Masterman, C.F.G. Masterman, p. 200.
47. O’Brien, Milner, p. 245.
48. Attributed to Lloyd George in Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 287.
49. Hattersley, The Great Outsider, p. 288.
CHAPTER 13 – MOROCCAN MYTHS – FEZ AND AGADIR
1. Morel, Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy, p. 104.
2. Ewart, Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. II, p. 810.
3. Ibid.
4. Frederick Bausman, Let France Explain, p. 149.
5. The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 August 1907, p. 7.
6. Daily Mail, 1 August 1907.
7. Francis Charmes, Revue de Deux Mondes, 17 August 1907.
8. New York Times, 18 August 1907.
9. Morel, Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy, p. 102.
10. Morel, Diplomacy Revealed, p. 170.
11. Stieve, Isvolsky and the World War, p. 17, (letter of 17 January 1924, in L’ Humanité, from Ernest Judet).
12. Ewart, Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. II, p. 836.
13. Stieve, Isvolsky and the World War, p. 31.
14. Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. I, p. 278.
15. Morel, Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy, p. 107.
16. Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. I, p. 279.
17. Kennedy, Old Diplomacy and New, p. 170.
18. Morel,
Diplomacy Revealed, p. 215.
19. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 4 May 1911, vol. 25, cc574–5.
20. Ibid.
21. Hansard, House of Commons, Debate, 25 April 1911, vol. 24, cc1601–2.
22. This French company was in fact a cartel of some of the major European capitalists, including Schneider; Krupp; and Guest, Keen and Nettle-folds, set up after Algeciras to take advantage of Moroccan natural resources.
23. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. 2, p. 32.
24. Morel, Diplomacy Revealed, p. 185.
25. Morel, Truth and the War, p. 78.
26. Christopher Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II: Profiles in Power, p. 145.
27. Morel, Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy, pp. 108–109.
28. Max Montgelas, British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, p. 29.
29. Max Montgelas, The Case for the Central Powers, pp. 42–4.
30. Churchill, World Crisis, p. 29.
31. Morel, Diplomacy Revealed p. 217.
32. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. II, pp. 60–2.
33. Neilson, Makers of War, p. 15.
34. Barnes, In Quest of Truth and Justice, p. 18.
35. Montgelas, Case for the Central Powers, p. 43.
36. Hermann Lutz, Lord Grey and the World War, p. 127.
37. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. II, p. 33.
38. Strachan, The First World War, p. 41.
39. Evening Post, Spithead Review, Volume LXXXI, 26 June 1911, p. 7.
40. Bausman, Let France Explain, p. 150.
41. The 74th French prime minister, Ernest Monis, took office on 2 March 1911. He was the man responsible for returning Delcassé to the Cabinet Office. He and his son were seriously injured at the Paris to Madrid Air Race in July 1911 and he had to resign from government. He was replaced by the more radical socialist, Joseph Caillaux.
42. Morel, Truth and the War, p. 79.
43. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, p. 26.
44. Ibid.
45. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. II, pp. 39–40.
46. Montgelas, British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, p. 32.
47. Morel, Diplomacy Revealed, pp. 201–2.
48. The Times, 22 July 1907.
49. Morel, Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy, pp. 144–6.
50. David, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, p. 104.
51. Churchill, World Crisis, pp. 38–9.
52. Ibid., p. 42.