Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader
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44. I am grateful to Hideko Takayama for pointing out and translating these articles.
45. Yonhap, “Identity of DPRK Leader’s Son Arrested in Japan,” trans. FBIS, May 3, 2001, FBIS document i.d. 0gcyw5101oxg04.
46. Article in Women’s Joongang 21 summarized in Joongang Ilbo, Internet version, November 23, 2000. Translation by U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, article i.d. KPP20001124000008, http://wnc.fedworld.gov.
47. Song Mi-ran, “Partisan’s Son,” Nodong Shinmun, October 6, 2002, trans. FBIS as “DPRK Hails Leader as Partisan’s Son, Mentions Son-to-Grandson Succession,” FBIS document i.d. 0h59iwg02ykiwf
48. “DPRK Leader’s Eldest Son Said to Remain in Russia,” Chosun Ilbo Internet edition, September 22, 2002, FBIS document i.d. 0h32b5801gsbn8; Pak Min-son, “Kim Jong-chol Rises as Heir in the North,” trans. FBIS, Yonhap (quoting Aera), April 17, 2002, FBIS document i.d. 0guzlkc02mpq4n; “Kim Jong-nam Is Scrambling for Power with His Brother,” trans. FBIS, Ming Pao, May 4, 2001, FBIS translation, document i.d. 0gd0p3a01sdpha; “Kim Jong-il’s Son Kim Hyon in Charge of WPK Propaganda Department,” Jiji Press, August 31, 2002, FBIS document i.d. 0hlv9za018bge9; ‘Highest Ranking’ DPRK Official Said Defected to ROK,” trans. FBIS, Kyonghyang Shinmun, June 7, 1996, FBIS document i.d. 0dssz2200270jy.
49. Lee Han-yong, Heijou 15-gou; “Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed,” trans. FBIS, JoongAng Ilbo article, February 17, 1996, FBIS document i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq.
50. Based on the timing, it appears one of those two might have been become the mother of Kim Hyon.
51. “DPRK Leader’s Eldest Son Said To Remain in Russia,” Chosun Ilbo Internet version in English, September 22, 2002, WNC article I.D.: KPP20020924000074.
52. Under the pseudonym Kenji Fujimoto, he subsequently published a book, Kim Jong-il’s Chef, in Japanese and Korean, in which he repeated that Kim Jong-il favored Kim Jong-un (sometimes rendered as Jong-woon or Jong-oon) as his heir.
53. See Kim Yeon-kwang, “Second Son Being Groomed as Heir Apparent,” Chosun Ilbo (Internet English Edition) (Seoul), February 18, 2003, http://english.chosun. com/w21data/html/news/200302/200302180027.html; Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), February 19, 2003; George Wehrfritz and Hideko Takayama with B.J. Lee, “Heirs to the Kingdom,” Newsweek International, March 10, 2003; Wehrfritz, Takayama, Lee, “North Korea: .Mother Knows Best,” Newsweek (U.S. edition), March 10, 2003.
54. Yi Kyo-kwan, “Kim Chong-il’s Daughter ‘Sol-song’ Receives Training in Economy,” Chosun Ilbo (Internet version) in Korean, October 18, 2001, FBIS document i.d. 0glgev9025f8zh.
INDEX
Acheson, Dean, 65–68, 82
An Act of Sincerity, 241, 251
agriculture. See farming
Ahn Choong-hak (logger; defector), 112, 232–234, 382, 420–422
Ahn Hyuk (prison camp inmate; defector), 318–319, 596–600, 601–602
Ahn Myung-jin (spy; defector), 316, 535–542
aid
from communist countries, 96–97, 390, 396
international food, 514, 575, 635 (see also United Nations: World Food Program)
delivery suspended, where monitors denied access, 555–571, 577–578
diverted from intended recipients, 566, 623–624
sold in foreign currency shops, 619
to Third World countries, 137, 364, 577
Albright, Madeleine, 658–659, 684
ancestral rites, 300
Andropov, Yuri, 437
architecture, 170, 295, 322
Arirang Festival, 653
art, 8, 170, 172, 349, 365
ceramic, 173
Asian Development Bank, 473, 654–655
automation, 158, 271–272
automobiles
driving style, 367
manufacturing, 337, 346, 639, 666
official, 102
private, 102, 298, 346
axe killings, at Panmunjom, 138, 278–279, 437
Bae In-soo (truck driver; defector), 514, 588–590
Baek Nam-woon (scholar), 243, 366
Bai Song-chul (also spelled Bae; Society for
Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries), 3, 6, 183, 287. see also Kim Jong-su
banking, 164, 480
bicycles, 662
Blue House commando raid, 127–128, 129, 131
bodyguard service, 426, 429, 431
division of, to create separate service for Kim Jong-il, 506
expansion, 20–fold, after Ceaucescus die, 547
shootout with special forces, 547
Bonesteel, Charles, 50
Brezhnev, Leonid, 112
Bucher, Cdr. Lloyd M. See Pueblo incident
Buddhism, 20, 351
Bush, George H. W., 446
Bush, George W., 654, 656
“faith-based initiatives,” 678
loathing of Kim Jong-il, 659
Nixon-in-China scenario, 671
bustle, compared with China’s, 185, 662
Carter, Jimmy, 138–153 passim, 496–497, 506, 510
Castro, Fidel, 125
Ceaucescu, Nicolae and Elena, 492, 503, 517, 547
Chang In-sook (banished architect-engineer; defector), 565–566, 625–628
Chang Myon (South Korean prime minister), 104
Chang Song-taek (Kim Jong-il brother-inlaw, confidante), 190, 574, 587, 660, 690
chemical and biological weapons, 445
delivery systems, 488
experiments and accidents with, 488
sufficient to kill all in South, 487
Chiang Kai-shek, 85, 86
Children’s Corps, 2, 168, 169, 230, 403–404
China
aid from, 8
advice from, 8, 336, 338–339
as coup instigator, in Pentagon hopes, 672–674
Cultural Revolution, 22, 121
North Korea’s version compared, 235, 237, 260, 275, 293
documents, archived, findings from, 66, 79
economic comparisons, 185, 345–346, 361, 386–387
interest in continued Korean division, 683
Kim Jong-il visits to, 323–326, 336, 652, 696
Korean War intervention by, 81
“loss” of, by U.S., 74
merchants, traders, role in informing
North Koreans of outside conditions, 264, 310, 501, 588
oil supply from, as leverage in second
nuclear crisis, 660
Red Guards, 22, 125, 196, 197
refugees crossing border into, 628–629, 630
women sold as wives and concubines, 678
forced abortions upon return, 679
Kim Jong-nam assigned to deal with, 696
as suggested reform model, 342, 397, 465, 474, 481, 658, 667
ties to South Korea, 465
Chinese Communist Party, 34
envy of, by North Korean leaders, 62, 63
Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army of, 40, 48, 109
Chinese People’s Volunteers, 82
role minimized, in propaganda, 92
withdrawal of, 114
Chistiakov, Gen. Ivan M., 52
Choe Dong-chul (banished prison guard; defector), 563–564, 608–611, 615
Choe Gwang (military chief; partisan), 71, 506
Choe Hyon (vice president; partisan), 222
Choe Jong-keun (external economic committee chair), 504
Choe Yong-gon (no. 2 under Kim Il-sung; partisan), 190, 198
Choe Yong-hae (Socialist Working Youth chair), 222, 574, 579–580
Choi Eun-hi (South Korean movie actress kidnapped by Kim Jong-il), 326–339
Choi Jin-sok (guerrilla in Kim Il-sung’s band), 34, 39–40, 41, 42, 44
Choi Kwang-hyeok (KPA sergeant; defector), 515–516, 518
Choi Myung-nam (Special Forces; defector), 514–515, 518, 572
Chollima movement, 102, 122
Cho Man-sik (nonviolent reformist), 52, 54, 55
Chondoism, 349
Chon
g Ki-hae (repatriate from Japan; defector), 101–104, 263–265
Chongryon (General Association of Korean Residents in Japan), 101, 297–298, 323, 326, 461–462
Kim Jong-il’s 1998 talk with representatives of, 573–577, 642–645
Christianity
churches, 173, 349–351
cultural influences of, 172
evangelicals’ interest in U.S. government decisions on North Korea, 678
and Korean anti-Japanese movement, 15
as model for personality cult, 12, 330
regime’s explicit pre-Christmas comparison, 289
South Korean, 257
as target for Korean War occupation purge in South, 89
Chun Doo-hwan (South Korean president), 151, 343, 673
Chung Ju-yung (Hyundai founder), 477–478, 480, 648
class structure, 57, 59, 463, 665–666, 700. See also family background, status and
Clinton, Bill, 460, 642
clothing, 160, 265–266, 345
footwear, 229, 345, 431
jeans, 311
manufacture, for export, 477, 480
one outfit per person per season, 306
shabby, 469, 500
rationing suspended, due to shortage, 308
“silk,” promised by Kim Il-sung, 97
$67 jogging suits, 469
co-existence, peaceful, 97, 107, 123, 647
comebacks, by out-of-favor officials, 279
communism
collapse in Soviet and Eastern Europe, 99, 342, 368, 390, 465, 468, 472, 554, 573
“new human beings” in, 173
true (stage beyond mere socialism), 102, 112, 162
communist countries’ economic integration
resistance by Kim Il-sung to, 112, 157
socialist barter system, destruction of, 468, 476
computers, 347, 610, 642
concentration camps. See punishment: political prisons and prison camps
concubinage, 188. See also Mansions Special Volunteer Corps
Confucianism, 8, 60, 159, 167–168, 206, 238, 240, 357, 684, 697, 698, 699. see also Kim Il-sung: filial piety and
Connally, Sen. Tom, 67
constitution
1972, 155, 260
1998, 641–642
construction, 292–295, 353, 362–363, 476, 480, 626
consumer goods, stores, 121, 179–180, 308, 345–347, 360, 449, 469, 583–584
containment, U.S. policy of, 65, 86
corruption, 458, 573–575
bribery, 300, 308, 311, 360, 412, 416–417, 419–420, 421, 430, 494, 531, 545, 574, 583–587 passim, 590, 602–611 passim
embezzlement of grain, at collective farms, for market resale, 500, 517
kickbacks, 583
lack of, in early years, 97
selling idled factory equipment as scrap
metal, 573
technology imports push and, 181–182
theft, at work, 389
counties, administration of, 224, 559
coup d’état
attempts, plots, 543–550
Pentagon hardliners’ scenario, 672–674
prospects, precautions, 483, 486, 489, 492–494, 517, 521, 541, 553
criticism sessions, 174, 180, 218, 273, 283, 292, 302, 530–531
Cuban Missile Crisis, 125
culture
policy on, 170–173
North Korean cultural revolution, 237–261, 272–275, 293
foreign, infiltration of, 336, 457, 521
See also national character
currency, foreign, 275, 295, 360, 389, 447, 458–459, 466, 468, 579–591 passim
accumulated by elite, to fund exile, 494
counterfeit “Super-K” $100 bills, 499
exchange rate reform, 653, 663
motive for missile exports, 636
regulations, 471
See also Workers’ Party: Room 39
currency, North Korean won
devaluation, 653, 663
nearly valueless (1990s), 583
People’s Life Bonds, denominated in, 661
Daewoo Group, 480–481, 485
Dean, Gen. William F., 77
death, on behalf of leader, as 1990s propaganda focus, 510–511
debts, credit rating,borrowing, 155, 164, 180–183, 276, 339, 347, 442, 475, 476, 634
defection
assassination following, 460
causes, 267–268, 538
difficulties, regrets and fears after, 459–460, 523, 619
gold watches typically purchased
following, 522
individual cases, 296–297, 379–380, 395–396, 397, 400–401, 406–407, 413, 417–418, 420, 421–422, 424, 430–431, 459–460, 488, 527–528, 531–533, 535, 542, 543–547, 570, 581–582, 584–585, 587, 588, 590
by Kim Jong-il’s unofficial wife’s family, 691, 693–694
punishment of family members following, 268, 269, 380, 459
rebellion as unrealistic alternative to, 525
religious ties following, 269, 304, 311
rescue of left-behind family members, 460, 619
pressure on South Korea to discourage, 630
testimony following, use and value of, 402, 459, 496, 555, 567, 629, 708–711
corroboration by refugees in China, 629
See also exile
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), 9, 87, 559
loudspeaker broadcasts at, 410, 522, 651
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
(DPRK)
formation of, 62
compactness, as aid to regime’s control, 185
communication among bureaucratic units, lack of lateral, 467
Deng Xiaoping, 8, 22
diaspora, Korean, 16–17, 100
as business network, 481
homecoming, in 1950s and 1960s, 100–104, 229–230
dissent, dissidence, 6, 91, 141, 170, 463, 600–603
domestic faction, 55, 301
domino theory, 74
Dong Young-jun (student in Poland; defector), 226–229, 376–378
drugs, smuggling of, 155
Dulles, John Foster, 67, 74, 86, 99
economic planning, 121–122
calculation, computation and statistics, attitudes toward, 183, 217–218, 225, 272, 473, 654, 661
cost accounting, 160, 180, 642
five-year plan (1956), 103
heavy industry vs. improved living standards, 111, 213, 504
limits of command economy, 121
lulling effect of successes, 185
quota fulfillment falsified, 122, 503
seven-year plan (1961), 103, 122
subsequent plans, 180
economic reform, 481, 641–642, 660–664
constitution (1998) as promoting, 641–642
continues despite second nuclear crisis, 657, 660, 662
downsizing bureaucracy, 667
Hungarian model for, 667–668, 669–670
ideological justification, 660–661, 665–666
individual responsibility and, 663
informal coping mechanisms and, 662–663
Kim Jong-il’s Jan. 4, 2001, article starting implementation of, 652
March 2002 measures on prices, wages, taxes, exchange rates, 652–653
negative effects, 663
politics separated from economics, 666
prospects for success, 662–663, 670
need for external aid, 661, 663, 670
need for peace dividend, 667
timing analyzed, 668–669
economic zones, special, free trade, 465, 472, 473, 474, 480, 640–641, 662
economy, North-South comparisons
1950s, 100–105
1960s, 121, 124
1970s, 154, 155, 165
1980s, 342
1990s, 430–431, 474, 479
2000, 647–648
popular knowledge of growing gap, 501
inspiring dreams of redistribu
tion by war, 540–541
education, 165–170
adult, as required daily activity, 179
after-school, 166
compulsory, 58, 165
family background, discrimination based on, 230
free provision of, as selling point, 101
nurseries, 117, 166
overseas study, 291–292, 295, 378–380, 400, 433, 453