14. Hawking, Brief History of Time, p. viii.
15. Hawking, A Reader’s Companion, p. 154.
16. Stephen W. Hawking, ‘A Brief History of A Brief History’, Popular Science, August 1989, p. 70.
17. S. W. Hawking and W. Israel (eds.), 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
18. Hawkes.
19. Hawking, ‘Brief History of A Brief History’, p. 72.
20. Hawking, Reader’s Companion, p. viii.
21. Hawking, ‘Brief History of A Brief History’, p. 72.
22. Matthews, p. 12.
23. ABC, 20/20.
12 ‘The field of baby universes is in its infancy’
1. Walton.
2. ABC, 20/20.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid. and Master of the Universe, BBC.
5. ABC, 20/20.
6. Quoted in Larsen, p. 82.
7. Hawkes, p. 8.
8. Walton.
9. ABC, 20/20.
10. Crampton, p. 28.
11. Stephen Hawking personal interview with author, Cambridge, December 1989.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. David H. Freedman, ‘Maker of Worlds,’ Discover, July 1990, p. 49.
15. M. Mitchell Waldrop, ‘The Quantum Wave Function of the Universe’, Science, 242, 2 December 1988, p. 1248.
16. Stephen Hawking, personal interview with author, Cambridge, June 1990.
17. Stephen W. Hawking, ‘Black Holes and Their Children, Baby Universes’, unpublished, p. 7.
18. Kip Thorne, ‘Warping Spacetime’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), pp. 102–3.
19. Information and quotations in this paragraph are from ibid.
20. Hawking, Black Holes and Baby Universes, p. 154.
21. Thorne, ‘Warping Spacetime’, p. 103.
PART III: 1990–2000
13 ‘Is the end in sight for theoretical physics?’
1. ABC, 20/20 broadcast.
2. Bob Sipchen, ‘The Sky No Limit in the Career of Stephen Hawking,’ The West Australian, Perth, 16 June 1990.
3. Master of the Universe, BBC.
4. Appleyard.
5. Sipchen.
6. Hawking, Brief History of Time, p. 174.
7. M. Mitchell Waldrop, ‘The Quantum Wave Function of the Universe,’ Science, 242, 2 December 1988, p. 1250.
8. Hawking, Brief History of Time, p. 175.
9. Master of the Universe, BBC.
10. Biographical information about Errol Morris comes from Philip Gourevitch, ‘Interviewing the Universe’, The New York Times Magazine, 9 August 1992, http://www.errolmorris.com/content/profile/bhot_gourevitch.html.
11. David Stevens, IMDb Mini Biography of Errol Morris, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001554/bio.
12. Gourevitch.
13. Ibid.
14. Hawking, Reader’s Companion, pp. viii–ix.
15. Gourevitch.
16. Bachrach, p. 149.
17. Gordon Freedman, ‘Afterword’, in Hawking, Reader’s Companion, p. 182.
18. Gourevitch.
19. David Ansen, ‘Off the Beaten Track’, Newsweek, 21 September 1992, p. 50B.
20. Richard Schickel, ‘The Thrust of His Thought’, Time, 31 August 1992, pp. 66, 69.
21. The three quotations from Errol Morris are from Gourevitch.
14 ‘Between film roles I enjoy solving physics problems’
1. Andrei Linde, ‘The Self-Reproducing Inflationary Universe’, Scientific American, November 1994, p. 48.
2. Barrow, p. 231.
3. Linde, ‘Inflationary Theory’ in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 811.
4. David Gross, ‘String Theory’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 465.
5. Information about The Voyage comes from Edward Rothstein, ‘Glass on Columbus, Hip on a Grand Scale’, International Herald Tribune, 15 October 1992; and Katrine Ames, ‘Santa Maria and Spaceships’, Newsweek, 2 November 1992.
6. The information in the paragraphs about Hawking’s appearance on Star Trek comes from ‘Trek Stop’, People Magazine, 28 June 1993, pp. 81–2.
7. Ibid., p. 81.
8. Ibid., p. 82.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 81.
11. Stephen Hawking, The Universe in a Nutshell, New York and London: Bantam Books, 2001, p. 157.
12. Information in this paragraph about Hawking’s appearance before an audience of disabled teenagers comes from Michael D. Lemonick, ‘Hawking Gets Personal’, Time, 27 September 1993, p. 80.
13. Ibid.
14. Crampton, p. 28.
15. Sharon Begley and Jennifer Foote, ‘Why Past is Past’, Newsweek, 4 January 1993, p. 50.
16. The information in these paragraphs about computer viruses is from Fred Tasker, ‘Deep Thinkers Abuzz over Idea of Computer Virus as Life’, Richmond Times–Dispatch, 10 August 1994, p. 4; and Mike Snider, ‘Are Computer Viruses a Form of Life?’ U.S.A. Today, 3 August 1964, p. 1. The quotations from Hawking are from Tasker.
17. G. W. Gibbons and S. W. Hawking (eds.), Euclidean Quantum Gravity, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 1993.
18. Hawking, Hawking on the Big Bang and Black Holes, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 1993.
19. S. W. Hawking, ‘The No-Boundary Proposal and the Arrow of Time’, in J. J. Halliwell, J. Perez-Mercader and W. H. Zurek (eds.), Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 268.
20. Begley and Foote, p. 50.
21. Hawking, Brief History of Time, p. 148.
22. Ibid., p. 149.
23. Don N. Page, ‘Will Entropy Decrease If the Universe Recollapses’, Physical Review D32 (1985), pp. 2496–9.
24. Hawking, Reader’s Companion, p. 166.
25. S. W. Hawking, ‘The Arrow of Time in Cosmology’, Physical Review D32 (1985), p. 2495.
26. Leonard Susskind, ‘Twenty Years of Debate with Stephen’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 330.
27. Quoted in Dugald Murdoch, Niels Bohr’s Philosophy of Physics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 52.
28. Susskind, ‘Twenty Years of Debate’, p. 334.
29. Susskind, Black Hole War, p. 287.
15 ‘I think we have a good chance …’
1. Crampton, pp. 27–8.
2. Both quotations from ibid.
3. The information in these paragraphs about the concert in Aspen is from Richard Jerome, Vickie Bane and Terry Smith, ‘Of a Mind to Marry: Physicist Stephen Hawking Pops the Most Cosmic Question of All to His Nurse’, People Magazine, 7 August 1995, p. 45–6.
4. Jerome, Bane and Smith, p. 45.
5. From the Associated Press, reported in The New York Times, 16 September 1995, p. L-20.
6. Jerome, Bane, and Smith, p. 45.
7. Bachrach, p. 144.
8. Lemonick, p. 80.
9. Larsen, p. 123; Jane Hawking, Music, pp. 584–6. See also Adams ‘Brief History of a First Wife’. ‘My Life with Stephen Hawking’, a lecture given at the Australian National University at Canberra, 10 March 2011, in which Jane Hawking discusses her reasons for writing her book and reads from it, can be viewed on line at http://www.abc.net.au/tv/bigideas/sotrie/201.
10. Hawking Black Holes and Baby Universes, p. 44.
11. Hawking and Penrose, The Nature of Space and Time, p. 4.
12. Stephen Hawking, conversation with author, spring of 1996.
13. Hawking and Penrose, Nature of Space and Time, p. 4.
14. See Kitty Ferguson, ‘Devouring the Future: A Profile of Stephen Hawking’, Astronomy Magazine, December 1998.
15. Grice; Jane Hawking, Music 588; Larsen, p. 151; correspondence Jane Hawking to Alexandro Gallenzi, 17 January 2012, and 24 February 2012.
16. Information on these wagers and naked singularities comes from Malcolm W. Browne, ‘A Bet on a Cosmic Scale, and a Concession, Sort Of’, The New York Times, 12 February 1997, p. A-22.
&nbs
p; 17. Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose, ‘Afterword to the 2010 Edition: The Debate Continues’, The Nature of Space and Time, Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 2010, p. 139.
18. Ibid., p. 140.
19. Stephen Hawking, ‘Remarks by Stephen Hawking’, White House Millennium Council 2000, http://clinton4.nara.gov/Initiative/Millennium/shawking.html.
20. Robin McKie, ‘Master of the Universe’, Observer, 21 October 2001.
21. Martin Durrani, ‘Hawking Slams “Stupid, Worthless” Play’, Physics World, August 2000, p. 8.
22. Elizabeth Grice, ‘Dad’s Important, But We Matter, Too,’ Telegraph, 13 April 2004, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml+/arts/2004/04/13.bohawk13.xml.
23. M. Bucher, A. S. Goldhaber, and N. Turok, ‘Open Universe from Inflation’, Physical Review D52 (1995), pp. 3314-37.
24. S. W. Hawking and N. Turok, ‘Open Inflation without False Vacua’, Physics Letters B425 (1998), pp. 25–32.
25. Neil Turok, quoted in ‘All Things Came from a Pea’, +Plus Magazine … Living Mathematics, University of Cambridge Centre for Mathematical Sciences Millennium Maths Project, 23 November 2007, http://web.uvic.ca/%7Ejtwong/Hawking-Turok.htm.
26. ‘All Things Came from a Pea’.
27. Tom Yulsman, ‘Give Peas a Chance’, Astronomy Magazine, September 1999, pp. 38–9.
28. Andrew Watson, ‘Inflation Confronts an Open Universe’, Science 279 (1998), p. 1455.
29. David Salisbury, ‘Hawking, Linde Spar Over Birth of the Universe’, Stanford Report Online, 19 April 1998, http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1998/april29/hawking.html.
30. Yulsman, p. 39.
31. Salisbury.
32. Yulsman, p. 38.
33. Ibid., p. 39.
34. Salisbury.
35. Ibid.
36. S. W. Hawking, ‘A Debate on Open Inflation’, in David O. Caldwell (ed.), COSMO-98: Second International Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe, College Park, Md: American Institute of Physics, 1999, p. 21.
16 ‘It seems clear to me’
1. Stephen Hawking, interview with Larry King.
2. Kitty Ferguson, The Music of Pythagoras, New York: Walker Publishing, 2008, pp. 107 and 136.
PART IV: 2000–2011
17 ‘An expanding horizon of possibilities’
1. Nigel Farndale, ‘A Brief History of the Future’, The Hindu Magazine, 15 January 2000, p. 1.
2. Nick Paton Walsh, ‘Alter Our DNA or Robots Will Take Over, Warns Hawking’, Observer, 2 September 2001.
3. Farndale, ‘Brief History of the Future’, Sydney Morning Herald, 7 January 2000, p. 2.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. ‘Space Colonies Needed for Human Survival’, Guardian, 16 October 2001, p. 3.
7. Brian Pippard, ‘The Invincible Ignorance of Science’, The Great Ideas Today, 1990, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., p. 325.
8. Gregory Benford, ‘Leaping the Abyss’, Reason Online, April 2002, http//reason.com/0204/fe.gb.leaping.shtml
9. Hawking, Universe in a Nutshell, p. 57.
10. Stephen Hawking, ‘Gödel and the End of Physics’, lecture for Dirac Centennial Celebration, 20 July 2002.
11. Kip Thorne in Hawking, Reader’s Companion, p. 120.
12. Hawking, ‘Gödel and the End of Physics’.
13. Hawking, Universe in a Nutshell, p. 54.
14. Hawking, ‘Sixty Years in a Nutshell’, p. 106.
15. Martin Rees, ‘Our Complex Cosmos and its Future’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 17.
16. Roger Penrose, ‘The Problem of Spacetime Singularities: Implications for Quantum Gravity?’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 51.
17. Bernard Carr, who was Hawking’s graduate assistant in the 1970s, ‘Primordial Black Holes’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 236.
18. Susskind, ‘Twenty Years of Debate’, p. 330.
19. Raphael Bousso, ‘Adventures in de Sitter Space’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 539.
20. Gary Gibbons, ‘Euclidean Quantum Gravity: The View from 2002’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 370.
21. Michael Green, ‘A Brief Description of String Theory’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 473.
22. Neil Turok, ‘The Ekpyrotic Universe and Its Cyclic Extension’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 781.
23. Thorne, ‘Warping Spacetime’, in Gibbons, Shellard and Rankin (eds.), p. 74.
24. Natalie Clarke, ‘Professor Hawking in assault probe’, Daily Mail, January 2004, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-206323/Professor-Hawking-assault-probe.html#ixzz1GNPJUR1q.
25. ‘Hawking Extols Joy of Discovery’, BBC News, 11 January 2002.
26. Alan H. Guth and David I. Kaiser, ‘Inflationary Cosmology: Exploring the Universe from the Smallest to the Largest Scales’, Science, vol. 307, no. 5711 (11 February 2005), pp. 884–90.
27. Paul Preuse, ‘Strong Evidence for Flat Universe reported by BOOMERANG Project’, Berkeley Lab Research News, 26 April 2000, http://www.lbl.gov/ScienceArticles/boomerang-flat.html, BOOMERANG stands for ‘Balloon Observations of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics’.
28. Barrow, p. 206.
29. NASA/WMAP Science Team, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ‘First Year Results on the Oldest Light in the Universe’, 11 February 2003, http://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/PressRelease_03-064.html.
30. Sarah L. Bridle, Ofer Lahav, Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Paul J. Steinhardt, ‘Precision Cosmology? Not Just Yet …’, 10 March 2003, http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0303180.
31. Ibid.
32. BBC, Horizon, ‘The Hawking Paradox’.
33. ‘This Week’s Finds in Mathematical Physics’ (Week 207), 25 July 2004: ‘John Baez’s Stuff’, math.ucr.edu/home/baez/.
34. Susskind, Black Hole War, p. 420.
35. Ibid., p. 419.
36. BBC, Horizon, ‘The Hawking Paradox’.
37. Jenny Hogan, ‘Hawking Cracks Black Hole Paradox’, New Scientist, 14 July 2004.
38. Stephen Hawking, ‘Out of a Black Hole’, Caltech lecture, 9 April 2008.
39. Stephen W. Hawking, paper at the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Dublin, July 2004.
40. David Whitehouse, ‘Black Holes Turned Inside Out’, BBC News, 22 July 2004.
41. Tim Folger, ‘Return of the Invisible Man’, Discover Magazine, July/August 2009, p. 48.
42. Stephen Hawking, ‘To Boldly Go’, lecture for undergraduates at Caltech, 14 January 2005.
18 ‘Grandad has wheels’
1. Tim Adams, ‘Brief History of a First Wife’, Observer, 4 April 2004, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,1185067,00.html.
2. ‘Stephen Hawking’s Alternate Universe’, video at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC, 14 February 2005.
3. Ibid.
4. Stephen W. Hawking, lecture at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC, 14 February 2005.
5. Ibid.
6. Associated Press, ‘Scientist Stephen Hawking Decries Iraq War’, USA Today, 3 November 2004.
7. Alan Boyle, ‘The Show Goes On for Stephen Hawking’, 15 June 2006, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10086479 (no longer accessible).
8. Steve Connor and Stephen Castle, ‘Hawking Criticizes EU States Trying to Ban Stem Cell Research’, Independent, 24 July 2006.
9. Lucy and Stephen Hawking, George’s Secret Key to the Universe, London: Doubleday, 2007.
10. Alan Boyle, ‘The Show Goes On for Stephen Hawking’, MSNBC, 15 November 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10086479.
11. ‘Hawking Humor’, Israel Today, 28 January 2007, http://www.israeltoday.co.il.
12. ‘Stephen Hawking to divorce second wife’, Mail Online, last updated 19 October 2006, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-411349/Stephen-Hawking-divorce-second-wife.html#ixzz1GNl5y1yx.
13. Natalia Shuhmaher and Robert Brandenberg
er, ‘Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Expansion as a Precursor State to Brane Inflation’, Physics Review Letters 96 (2006), 161301.
14. See W. Lerche, D. Lust and A. N. Schellekens, ‘Chiral Four-Dimensional Heterotic Strings from Selfdual Lattices’, Nuclear Physics B287 (1987), p. 477.
15. A. D. Linde, ‘Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe’, Physics Letters B175 (1986), p. 395.
16. Juan Martin Maldacena, ‘The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity’, November 1997, http://inspirebeta.net/record/451647.
17. Hawking and Penrose, ‘Afterword to the 2010 Edition’, Nature of Space and Time, p. 142.
18. Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design, London: Transworld, 2010, p. 118.
19. Tim Folger, ‘Our Universe is Perfectly Tailored for Life, Discover Magazine, December 2008, http://discovermagazine.com/2008/dec/10-sciences-alternative-to-an-intelligent-creator/article_view?searchterm=Andrei%20Linde&b_start:int=1.
20. Mario Livio and Martin J. Rees, ‘Anthropic Reasoning’, Science, vol. 309, no. 5737 (12 August 2005), pp. 1022–3.
21. Stephen Hawking, ‘The Origins of the Universe’, lecture at Caltech, 4 April 2006.
22. S. W. Hawking and Thomas Hertog, ‘Populating the Landscape: A Top Down Approach’, February 2006, http://inspirebeta.net/record/710178; and Amanda Gefter, ‘Mr. Hawking’s Flexiverse’, New Scientist 189 (2006), no. 2548, pp. 28–32.
23. Emine Saner, ‘Lucy Hawking’s Fears’, Evening Standard (London), 14 April 2004, http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-10226902-lucy-hawkings-fears.do (accessed June 2011).
24. Steve Cray, ‘Rock-Star Welcome for Top Scientist’, South China Morning Post, 13 June 2006, City section, p. 1.
25. Alexa Olesen, ‘Stephen Hawking: Earth Could Become Like Venus’, 22 June 2006, http://www.livescience.com/environment/ap_060622_hawking_climate.html.
26. Lucy and Stephen Hawking, George’s Secret Key to the Universe, London: Doubleday, 2007; and Lucy and Stephen Hawking, George’s Cosmic Treasure Hunt, London: Doubleday, 2009.
27. Q. and A.: Stephen Hawking and daughter Lucy, TODAY, Al’s Book Club, 1 November 2007, http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/21550559/ns/today-books/ (accessed June 2011).
28. Harry MacAdam, ‘Search is Vital, Says Hawking’, Sun, 28 December 2006.
Stephen Hawking, His Life and Work Page 39
