29. Yahoo Searchblog, 1 August 2006, http://www.ysearch-blog.com/archives/999336.html.
30. ‘Hawking Misrepresents Pope John Paul II’, Catalyst 31 (2006), no. 6, http://www.catholicleague.org/catalyst/2006_catalyst/07806.htm#broward.
31. ‘Hawking Misrepresents Pope John Paul II’, Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, http://www.catholicleague.org/catalyst.php?year=2006&month=July-August&read=2078.
32. Alan Boyle, ‘Hawking Goes Zero-G: “Space, here I come”’, Space on msnbc.com, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18334489/ns/technology_and_science-space/.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
19 ‘I’ve always gone in a somewhat different direction’
1. Information about 2008 results release and quotation come from NASA/WMAP Science Team, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ‘Fifth Year Results on the Oldest Light in the Universe’, 7 March 2008.
2. M. Cruz, E. Martinez-Gonzalez, P. Vielva, J. M. Diego, M. Hobson, N. Turok, ‘The CMB Cold Spot: Texture, Cluster or Void?’, April 2008, http://inspirebeta.net/record/783713.
3. Mike Wade, ‘Peter Higgs Launches Attack against Nobel Rival Stephen Hawking’, Sunday Times, 11 September 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article4727894.ece.
4. ‘Hawking Bets CERN Mega-Machine Won’t Find “God’s Particle”’, 9 September 2008, http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jaOONGqv-xW-JhBOWgiNCVi6Rsmw.
5. Mike Wade, ‘Peter Higgs Launches Attack Against Nobel Rival Stephen Hawking’, Sunday Times, 11 September 2008.
6. ‘Hawking Bets CERN Mega-Machine Won’t Find “God’s Particle”’.
7. Stephen Hawking, ‘Out of a Black Hole’, lecture at Caltech, 9 April 2008.
8. Ian Sample, ‘Large Hadron Collider Warms Up for Final Drive to Catch a Higgs Boson’, Guardian, 26 February 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/feb/28/large-hadron-collider-higgs-boson.
9. Information about the Corpus clock comes from Christopher de Hamel, The Corpus Clock, Isle of Man, Fromanteel, 2008, and from the author’s own observations of the clock.
10. Roger Highfield, ‘Stephen Hawking to Unveil Strange New Way to Tell the Time’, Telegraph, 14 September 2008.
11. BBC Newsnight, 1 October 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8285100.stm.
12. Matthews, p. 12.
13. Quoted in Folger, ‘Return of the Invisible Man’, p. 44.
14. Quotations and information in these paragraphs are from Stephen Hawking, ‘Why We Should Go into Space’, lecture at Caltech, 2009, video copyright, Caltech Digital Media Services (Information Management Systems and Services).
15. Claudia Dreifus, ‘Life and the Cosmos, Word by Painstaking Word: A Conversation with Stephen Hawking’, The New York Times, 9 May 2011, Science Section, p. 1.
16. ‘Stephen Hawking to Accept Cosmos Award in Cambridge, England’, The Planetary Society, press release, 24 February 2010, http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/2010/0224.
17. NASA/WMAP Science Team, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ‘WMAP Produces New Results’, 26 January 2010, http://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/.
18. Adrian Cho, ‘A Recipe for the Cosmos’, Science, vol. 330, no. 6011 (17 December 2010), p. 1615.
19. ‘Planck’s New View of the Cosmic Theatre’, http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Planck/SEMK4D3SNIG_0.html.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Alan H. Guth and David I. Kaiser, ‘Inflationary Cosmology: Exploring the Universe from the Smallest to the Largest Scales’, Science, vol. 307, no. 5711 (11 February 2005), pp. 884–90.
23. Barrow, p. 212.
24. Lawrence M. Krauss, Scott Dodelson and Stephan Meyer, ‘Primordial Gravitational Waves and Cosmology’, Science, vol. 328, no. 5981 (21 May 2010), pp. 989–92.
25. ‘Catching Waves with Kip Thorne’, +Plus Magazine … Living Mathematics, 23 November 2007.
26. Thorne, ‘Warping Spacetime’, p. 74.
27. James Bock, et al., ‘Study of the Experimental Probe of Inflationary Cosmology Intermediate Mission for NASA’s Einstein Inflation Probe’, Cornell University Library website http://arXiv:0906.1188v1 [astro-ph.CO].
28. James Hartle, S. W. Hawking and T. Hertog, ‘Eternal Inflation Without Metaphysics’, http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+inflation+AND+hawking+eternal/0/1/0/all/0/1, September 2010.
29. Ibid.
30. James Hartle, S. W. Hawking and Thomas Hertog, ‘The No-Boundary Measure in the Regime of Eternal Inflation’, Physical Review D82 (2010), 063510.
31. Ibid.
32. Hartle, Hawking and Hertog, ‘Eternal Inflation Without Metaphysics’.
33. Folger, ‘Our Universe is Perfectly Tailored for Life’.
34. Information about Daniele Faccio and his team comes from ‘Dr. Hawking’s Bright Idea’, The Economist, 2 October 2010, pp. 93–4.
20 ‘My name is Stephen Hawking …’
1. Hawking and Mlodinow, Grand Design, p. 8.
2. Ibid.
3. Stephen Hawking, ‘The Origins of the Universe’, lecture at Caltech, 4 April 2006.
4. Hawking and Mlodinow, Grand Design, p. 72.
5. Ibid., p. 9.
6. Hawking, ‘The Origins of the Universe’, lecture.
7. Hawking and Mlodinow, Grand Design, p. 153.
8. Ibid., p. 30.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 34.
11. Ibid., p. 32–3.
12. Ibid., p. 72.
13. Ibid., p. 46.
14. Ibid., p. 58.
15. Ibid., p. 178.
16. Ibid., p. 181.
17. ‘Understanding the Universe: Order of Creation’, The Economist, 11 September 2010, p. 85.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Dwight Garner, ‘Many Kinds of Universes, and None Require God’, The New York Times, 7 September 2010.
21. Hawking and Mlodinow, Grand Design, p. 144.
22. Ibid., p. 172.
23. Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking, Discovery Channel, broadcast 2011.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Stephen Hawking, conversation with author, November 2010.
31. Ian Sample, ‘“There is no heaven or afterlife … that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark”’, Guardian, 16 May 2011, p. 3.
32. Michael Wenham, ‘I’d stake my life that Stephen Hawking is wrong about heaven’, Guardian, 17 May 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2011/may/17/stephen-hawking-heaven?intcmp=239.
33. Dreifus, Science Section, p. 1.
34. Hawking, Reader’s Companion, p. 174.
35. Introduction to Hawking, Hawking on the Big Bang and Black Holes, p. 1.
Suggested Further Reading
All of Stephen Hawking’s non-academic books (listed in Bibliography below). Black Holes and Baby Universes and A Brief History of Time: A Reader’s Companion include particularly interesting accounts (autobiographical and from relatives and close acquaintances) of his childhood and university years and his life outside of science.
Jane Hawking’s two memoirs, Music to Move the Stars and Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen. These provide the most in-depth account ever likely to be written of their life together.
The three children’s books on which Lucy Hawking and Stephen Hawking have collaborated. Though fictional, these include superb explanations at a non-academic level of the science that has most interested Stephen Hawking: George’s Secret Key to the Universe, George’s Cosmic Treasure Hunt, and George and the Big Bang.
Kristine Larsen’s excellent, succinct biography, Stephen Hawking: A Biography, written by a scientist who works in Stephen Hawking’s field and writes well for non-scientists.
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