by Hugh Kennedy
Tyan, E., Institutions du droit public musulman, vol. I: Le Califat, Paris: Siney (1956)
Watt, W. Montgomery, Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (1968)
THE FIRST CALIPHS
Afsaruddin, A., Striving in the Path of God: Jihād and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2013)
Donner, F. M., The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton: Princeton University Press (1981)
Hoyland, R. G., In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2015)
Kennedy, H., The Great Arab Conquests, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson (2007)
Madelung, W., The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1997)
THE UMAYYAD CALIPHS
Crone, P., and Hinds, M., God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1986)
Hawting, G. R., The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate A.D. 661– 750, London: Routledge (2nd ed., 2000)
Marsham, A., Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2009)
McMillan, M. E., The Meaning of Mecca: The Politics of Pilgrimage in Early Islam, London: Saqi Books (2011)
THE EARLY ABBASIDS AND ABBASID COURT CULTURE
Bennison, A. K., The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire, London: I. B. Tauris (2009)
Bowen, H., The Life and Times of Ali b. Isa, the Good Vizier, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1928)
Caswell, F. M., The Slave Girls of Baghdad: The Qiyān in the Early Abbasid Era, London: I. B. Tauris (2011)
Gutas, D., Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society, London: Routledge (1998)
Kennedy, H., The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson (2004). Published in the USA as When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo (2005)
Kennedy, P. F., Abu Nuwas: A Genius of Poetry, Oxford: Oneworld Publications (2005)
Turner, J. P., Inquisition in Early Islam: The Competition for Political and Religious Authority in the Abbasid Empire, London: I. B. Tauris (2013)
Van Berkel, M., El-Cheikh, N., Kennedy, H., and Osti, L., Crisis and Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295–320/908–32), Leiden: Brill (2013)
THE LATER ABBASID CALIPHATE
Donohue, J., The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012, Leiden: Brill (2013)
Hanne, E. J., Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority and the Late Abbasid Caliphate, Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (2007)
Mez, A., The Renaissance of Islam, New Delhi: Kitab Dhavan (1937)
THREE AUTHORS IN SEARCH OF THE CALIPHATE
Hallaq, W. B., ‘Caliphs, Jurists and the Saljūqs in the Thought of Juwaynī’, CIS, II, 210–25
Hillenbrand, C., ‘Islamic Orthodoxy or Realpolitik? Al-Ghazālī’s Views on Islamic Government’, CIS, II, 226–51
Māwardī, Alī b. Muhammad, The Ordinances of Government, trans. W. Wahba, Reading: Garnett Books (1996)
THE UMAYYAD AND ALMOHAD CALIPHATES IN THE WEST
Brett, M., and Fentress, E., The Berbers, Oxford: Blackwell (1996)
Constable, O. R. (ed.), Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (1997)
Jayyusi, S. K. (ed.), The Legacy of Muslim Spain, Leiden: Brill (2 vols; 1992)
Kennedy, H., Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus, London: Longman (1996)
Menocal, M. R., The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, New York: Little Brown (2002)
THE CALIPHATE OF THE SHIITES
Al-Qādī, W., ‘An Early Fatimid Political Document’, CIS, II, 88–112
Daftary, F., The Isma’ilis: Their History and Doctrines, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press (1990)
Halm, H., Shiism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2nd ed., 2004)
Halm, H., The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids, Leiden: Brill (1996)
Jafri, S. H. M., The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam, London: Longman (1979)
Sanders, P., Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, Albany: State University of New York Press (1994)
Walker, P. E., Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and Its Sources, London: I. B. Tauris (2002)
THE CALIPHATE UNDER THE MAMLUKS AND OTTOMANS
Aydin, H., The Sacred Trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Clifton, NJ: Tughra Books (2014)
Finkel, C., Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Basic Books (2005)
Gibb, H. A. R., ‘Lutfi Pasha on the Ottoman Caliphate’, CIS, II, 171–78
Hourani, A., Arab Thought in the Liberal Age, London: Oxford University Press (1962)
Karpat, K. H., The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2001)
Longford, E., A Pilgrimage of Passion: The Life of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, New York: Knopf (1980)
Rogan, E., The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, 1914– 1920, London: Allen Lane (2015)
Tufan Buzpinar, Ş., ‘Opposition to the Ottoman Caliphate in the Early Years of Abdulhamid II: 1877–1882’, CIS, III, 6–27
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND
Pankhurst, R., The Inevitable Caliphate? A History of the Struggle for Global Islamic Union, 1924 to the Present, London: Hurst and Company (2013)
Sayyid, S., Recalling the Caliphate: Decolonisation and World Order, London: Hurst and Company (2014)
Taji-Farouki, S., A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate, London: Grey Seal (1996)
Tufan Buzpinar, Ş., ‘Opposition to the Ottoman Caliphate in the Early Years of Abdülhamid II: 1877–1882’, CIS, III, 6–27
Index
Abbās b. Abd al-Muttalīb, 64
Abbās b. Firnās, 209
Abbasid caliphate
and Andalus, 207, 208
and Arabian Nights, 76–77
background to, 64–65
and Buyids, 129–133, 137, 139, 162
and Byzantines, 88–89
caliphal titles, 71
campaigns, 78
claim to caliphate, 65–66, 68–70
and Córdoba caliphate, 210–211
court of, 78–79, 118, 126–127
culture (see culture) description from outside, 154–157
elite and army, 82–83
end, 95–97, 160, 247
games in, 102
and Ghaznevids, 137–149
and hajj, 193
history writing, 99–105, 118–120
inclusiveness in, 120–122
influence today, 126–127
Iraq base and Baghdad, 72–73
and Khurasan region, 65–66, 72
knowledge economy, 105–109
legacy as greatest caliphate, 63
and Mamluks, 248–250
Mongol conquest, 63, 157–160, 247
palaces, 57, 64
poetry and poets, 109–112
political structure, 73–74
power, 73–74, 134, 157, 161
powerless caliphs, 85–86, 130
reinvention, 132–137
religious sciences, 117–118
reputation of caliphs, 153
revival of, 86–87
rise, 66–68
rivalry Amīn and Ma’mūn, 81–83
science, 112–117
and Seljuqs, 138, 149–150, 158, 166, 168
sermons and manifesto, 68–70
style of caliph
ate, 70–71
succession, 74, 75, 224
titles and names, 71, 213–214
and Umayyads, 207
and umma, 88–92, 120–122, 210
Abbasid family, 64, 70
Abd al-Azīz b. Marwān, 54
Abd al-Hamid I, Sultan, 254
Abd al-Hamīd II, sultan-caliph, 254–258, 260–261, 264
Abd al-Majīd II, sultan-caliph, 265, 268
Abd al-Malīk, Caliph
Arabic language, 106
architecture, 49–50
Dome of the Rock, 50–51
governance, 46
laws and courts, 52–53
monetary reforms, 48–49
place of living, 56
power of, 46–47, 53
succession, 42, 45, 46, 53
Abd al-Mu’min, Caliph, 233–238
Abd al-Qādir al-Jazā’iri, 263
Abd al-Rahmān al-Ghāfiqi, 205
Abd al-Rahman al-Nāsir, 222
Abd al-Rahmān b. Muāwiya, 207, 209
Abd al-Rahmān II, 209
Abd al-Rahmān III, caliph, 194, 209–211, 212, 213–216
Abd al-Rahmān (Sanchuelo), 227
Abd Allah b. al-Abbās, 64
Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr, 42–43, 44–45
Abd Allah b. Yāsin, 229
Abū Abd Allah al-Shii, 186, 187
Abū Bakr, Caliph
campaigns for unity, 9–10
death, 10
as early caliph, 7–8, 9, 10
and Islamic State, 274
opinions on, xxi
rejection of Islam, 9–10
succession of Prophet Muhammad, 4, 5, 9, 16
Abū Bakr al-Baghdādi, 271–273
Abū Bakr b. Tufayl, 243
Abū Hamza, 60–61
Abū Hāshim, 65
Abū Jafar al-Tabarī, 34, 118–119, 121, 253
Abū Kalījar, 162
Abū Muslim, 66–67, 73–74
Abū Nuwās, 110
Abū Salama, 67, 178
Abū Tammām, 111
Abū Yaqūb Yūsuf I, Caliph, 238–240, 242–243
Abū’l-Abbās (Saffāh, Caliph), 67–68, 70, 99
Abū’l-Atāhiya, 110–111
Abū’l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, Book of Songs (Kitāb al-aghānī), 111–112
Adam, 1
Adud al-Dawla, 130–131, 132
Afonso Henriques, King of Portugal, 234
Aga Khan, the, 177
Ahmad b. Hanbal, 84–85, 117–118
Ahmet Rafik Bey, 260–261
Ahwas, 52
Aisha (Muhammad’s wife), 21, 22, 136
Akhtal, 53
Al-Qaeda, 216, 271
alcoholic drinks, prohibition, 202
Alfonso VI, King of León-Castile, 150, 229, 230
Alfonso VII, King of León-Castile, 241
Alī al-Ridā, 179
Alī b. Abī Talīb, Caliph
centre of government, 23
as early caliph, 7–8
and Imami Shiism, 177
and Kharijites, 30
and Kufa, 22, 23–24, 25, 26, 27
legacy in Iraq, 26–27
military challenges against, 21–22
and Muāwiya b. Abī Sufyān, 23, 26–27
murder of and following events, 30, 33
opinions on, xxi
rivalry Iraq-Syria, 25–26
succession of Prophet Muhammad, 4, 5, 176, 177
and Uthmān, 17, 20–22, 25
vision and policies, 26
Alī b. Mikāl, 144, 145
Alī b. Nāfi (Ziryāb), 209
Alī b. Yūsuf, 230, 231
Alids, 74, 75, 182, 223
Almohad caliphate
vs. Almoravids, 231–232
and Andalus, 234–237, 241–242
and Berbers, 233
books, 238–239
campaigns and expansion, 233–235, 239–242
culture of, 242–245
emergence, 230–231
end, 233, 242, 247
fortifications, 235–236
ideology, 232–233
leadership and organization, 232, 236–237
succession in, 233–234, 238, 241, 242
Almoravids, 229–232, 234
Amīn, Caliph, 71, 81–82
Amīr al-Mu’minīn (Commander of the Faithful), 7, 230, 233
Amr b. Layth the Saffarid, 147
Andalus
Abbasids, 207, 208
Almohads, 234–237, 241–242
Almoravids, 229–230
conversions, 214
convivencia, 216–217
jihād, 212
state power, 208–209
Taifa kings, 229
Umayyads, 34, 205–210
ansār, 3–4, 5, 20
anthropomorphism, 175, 231
Antioch, 192
Anūshtakīn Dizbari, 199–200
Arab caliphate, 262–264
Arabian Nights, The, 76–77
Arabic language and texts, 47–48, 49, 106
Arīb b. Sad al-Qurtubi (the Córdoban), 210–211
Aristotle, 112, 115
Arnold, Sir Thomas, xv
Ashath b. Qays al-Kindī, 23, 25
Averroism, 244
Ayn Jalut, Battle of, 248
Azāriqa, the, 30
Azhar mosque, 190
Azhar sheiks, 267–268
Badger, George, 262
Baghdad
Abbasid caliphate, 72–73
and Buyids, 129–132
createdness of Qur’ān, 84–85
culture and authors, 108
description from outside, 154, 156–157
founding by Mansūr, 72
Mongol invasion, 158–160
religious sciences, 117–118
rivalry Sunnis-Shiites, 131–132, 134–135
and Seljuqs, 149–150
siege by Ma’mūn’s forces, 82
tolerance in, 120–121
Bahā al-Dawla, 132, 133, 137
Balādhuri, 34
Balkh, 142
al-Banna, Hasan, 268–269
Banū Hāshim, 3
Banū Mūsā, the, 116
Banū Saida, the Saqīfa of the, 4–5
Barbarossa, Frederick, 151
Barmakid family, 77–78
Barmakid viziers, 76
Basil II, Byzantine Emperor, 198–199
Basra, 21–22
Battle of the Camel, 22
baya oath of loyalty
Abbasid caliphate, 67–68
and Abū Bakr, 4
inauguration of caliphs, 35–36
and Mamluks, 248, 249
of Masūd, 140
of Yazid I, 39
Baybars, Sultan, 248
Bayhaqi, 140, 142, 148
Berke, Khan of the Golden Horde, 249
Birdwood, George, 262
Black Stone, 3, 186, 193
Bloom, Jonathan, 107
Blunt, Wilfred Scawen, 263–264
Book of Mustazhir (Kitab al-Mustazhiri) (Ghazālī), 169–171
books, 108–109, 222, 226, 231, 238–239
Bughā, 126
Bulgars, diplomatic mission to, 91–95
burda (mantle of the Prophet), 258–259, 260–261
bureaucracy and bureaucrats, 105–106
Buyids, the, 129–133, 137, 139, 162
Byzantines
and Abbasids, 88–89
campaigns by Hārūn al-Rashid, 78
and Córdoba caliphate, 220–222
and culture, 112
and Fatimids, 192
jihād against, 34, 38, 198–199
Cairo, and Fatimids, 189, 194–196, 201
Cairo geniza, 201
caliph, the
abolition in Turkey, 265, 267
appointments, 1–2
authority, 152–153
changing nature of, 250
choice of, xviii–xix, 28–29, 163–164, 166–167, 170
concept and meaning, 1, 6–7, 31, 253
conquests of Middle East, 8–9
createdness of Qur’ān, 84–85, 95, 135–136
in European sources, 151
historical narrative as guidance, xxi–xxii
image of, 91
inauguration and baya, 35–36
laws and law-making, 51–52
as leader, xi
longevity, 81, 139
murders of, 82, 85–86
naming on coins, 133–134
need for, 253
office of, 2
place of living, 56–57, 73
power, xix–xx, 53, 55, 59, 85, 134, 161–162, 165–168, 170–172
powerlessness and alienation, 85–86, 96, 162
qualifications for and other titles, 253
qualities, 162–163, 167, 170–171
Quraysh as, 163, 167, 252–253
regalia, 82
removal, 164
and sharīa, 134, 161, 168, 169
succession, xviii–xix, 16–17, 22, 74, 75, 164, 166, 224
succession of Prophet Muhammad, 5–6, 9, 164
and sultans, 253
title use by Ottomans, 250–253, 254, 255
titles used for, 7, 230
tradition, xvi–xvii
caliphate
black as colour, 63, 70–71, 273–274
capitals, 22–23, 73
cities and administrative systems, 105–106
classic period, 63
concept and meaning, xiii, xvii–xviii, 275
dress and wear, 70–71
economy, 73, 96
in eighteenth century, 254
end, 247–248
governance, 46, 161
hereditary succession, xviii–xix, 39–40, 42, 224
history as inspiration, xiv–xv, xvii
inclusiveness in, 120–122
location choice, 45
political independence, 160
power, 161
qualifications for, 253–254
revival, xiv, 267–271
secular views, 268
seven-year civil war, 42–45
social divisions, 45–46
titles, 71
Campbell, Sir George, 261–262
Cave, festival of the, 131
China, paper, 106–107
Christians
and Almohad caliphate, 234, 236, 237, 239–240, 241–242
and Córdoba caliphate, 212, 215, 216–217, 218, 226
Crusades, 151–152
and Fatimid caliphate, 200–201, 202
heresy in, 173–174
leadership of, 152
restoration of churches, 54–55
science and translations, 114
and Syria, 10
tolerance of, 120
Cicilia, 55
coinage, 48–49, 133–134, 194, 214
Consorts of the Caliphs (Ibn al-Sāī), 122
Constantinople, 220–221
