by Hugh Kennedy
convivencia (‘living together’), 216–217
Córdoba, caliphate of
and Abbasids, 210–211
army, 225
and Byzantines, 220–222
claim of caliphate, 210–212, 214
coinage, 214
conversions in, 214
convivencia, 216–217
court, 209, 215–216, 218, 222
culture, 221–222
end, 228, 229
expeditions and campaigns, 212–213, 215, 226
foreign policy, 217–218, 222–223
and last Umayyad, 70
origin, 207
outsider account, 218–220
power, 213, 215, 224–225
succession problems, 223–228
titles, 207–208, 210, 213–214
women, 224
Córdoba (city), 209, 217, 220–221, 228, 237, 242
Crimea, 254
Crone, Patricia, 6, 28–29, 58
Crusaders, 151–152
Ctesiphon arch, 121
culture
Almohad caliphate, 242–245
books, 108–109
and bureaucracy, 105–108
inclusiveness, 120–122
memory of, 122–127
paper and writing, 106–108
philosophy, 114–115
reading and literacy, 106
religious sciences, 117–118
science, 112–117
translations, 112–114
and women, 111, 122–123
See also poetry and poets
currency, 49
See also coinage
Cyprus, 79
Dabiq (IS periodical), xiv, 271–272, 274
Damascus, 38, 54, 56, 120
Darb Zubayda, the, 80
dates, xxii
David, King, 1
dawla, the, 130
Dāwūd, 68–70
Daā’im al-Islam (The Pillars of Islam) (Numān), 190–191
Dome of the Rock, 50
Druze, the, 203
dualists, 101
earth, size of, 115–117
economy, 12, 105
Egypt, 8, 83
and Fatimids, 188–190, 192–198, 200–201, 204, 222–223
European imperialism, 267, 268–269
Family of the Prophet
and Abbasids, 64, 65, 68, 69, 74, 135
background, 3
and descendants, 176
legacy of Alī b. Abī Talīb, 26
and Shiites, 175–176, 180, 191
succession, 4, 5, 43
Farazdaq, 52, 53
Fārūq (Redeemer), 15–16
Fātima (Muhammad’s daughter), 2, 177, 187
Fatimid caliphate
armies, 199
and Buyids, 130–131
and Byzantines, 192, 198–199
coinage, 194, 214
decline and abolition, 152, 203–204
in Egypt, 188–190, 192–198, 200–201, 204, 222–223
establishment, 186–187
and hajj, 193, 198
ideology, 190–191
lineage and claims, 187–188
political problems, 191–192
power, 188–189, 190
public ritual, 194–197, 203
religious policy, 200, 201–202
ruling elite, 200–201
and Sunnis, 189–190
Syria and Palestine, 191–192
traditions, 191
fatwas, 85
fay system, 11–12
First World War, 264–265
fitna, 19
Fortūn b. Muhammad, 215
France, 205
Fustat, 189
Genghis Khan, 157
Ghadīr Khumm, 131
Ghazālī, 168–171, 230–231
Ghaznevids, the
alliance with Abbasids, 138–141
caliphal investiture, 141–149
conditions of agreement, 145–146
origins, 137–138
and Turks, 148–149
Ghazni, 138
ghulat, the, 44, 179
Gibbon, Edward, 14
God, xi, 1, 6, 175, 231
Great Britain, 262, 263
Great Palace of the Caliphate (Dār al-khilāfa), 129
Greek language and knowledge, 47, 112–113, 114, 116, 222
Hafsids, the, 247
hajj, the
and Abbasids, 193
and Fatimids, 193, 198
and Hārūn al-Rashid, 78–79
Hijaz railway, 256–257
and Kaba, 3
and Ottomans, 252–253
protection of pilgrims, 146
route to, 80, 146
and Umayyads, 34, 38
Hajjāj b. Yūsuf, 45, 47, 53, 54
Hakam, 58, 59
Hakam, Caliph, 221, 222–223
Hākim, Caliph, 200, 201–203, 248–249
Hallaq, Wael, 167
Harthama b. Ayan, 81–82
Hārūn al-Rashid, Caliph, 76, 77–79, 81, 101–102
Hasan (Alī’s son), 33, 41
Hāshimiya, the, 65
Hayy b. Yaqzān, 243
Heracleia, 79
heresy, 173–175
Herodotus, 113
Hidden Imam, the, 134, 180
Hijaz, 15, 22
Hijaz railway, 256–257
Hijra, the, 3
Hillenbrand, Carole, 171
Hillenbrand, Robert, 57
Hinds, Martin, 6, 58
Hiraqla, 79
Hishām, Caliph, 55–56, 66
Hishām, Caliph of Córdoba, 207, 223–225, 227
historical narrative, xx–xxii
History of the Caliphs (Ibn al-Sāī), 158
History of the Prophets and Kings (Tabarī), 118, 182
history-writing, 99–105, 118–120
Hizb al-Tahrīr, 269–270
holy relics, 258–261
homosexuality, 110
House of Wisdom (Bayt al-hikma), 113
Houthis, 184
Huete, siege of, 239–240
Hulegu Khan, 157–158, 159
Humayma, 64
Hunayn b. Ishaq, 114
Husayn b. Alī, 33, 40–41, 178
Ibādiya, the, 30
Iberian Peninsula. See Andalus
ibn, xxiii
Ibn Abī Āmir, 224, 225–226
Ibn al-Alqamī, 158
Ibn al-Furāt, 87, 89, 224
Ibn al-Mutazz, 224
Ibn al-Nadīm, 109
Ibn al-Sāī, 122, 158
Ibn Azzūn, 240
Ibn Fadlān, 91, 93–95
Ibn Hafsūn, 217
Ibn Jubayr, Travels, 154–157
Ibn Kathīr, 63
Ibn Khaldūn, 250
Ibn Khallikan, 116
Ibn Mardanīsh, 236
Ibn Mubārak, 79
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 116, 243–244
Ibn Sāhib al-Salāt, 238
Ibn Tūlūn, 86
Ibn Wāsil, 152
Idrīs b. Abd Allah, 183, 223
Idrisids, the, 183, 223
Iltutmish, 150–151
image manipulation, 91
imam, definition, 253
Imami Shiism, 178–180
imams and the imamate
authority, 180, 184, 187
Isma’ili, 184–186
occultation of, 180
and sharīa, 176
in Shiite tradition, 173
Twelver Shiism, 178–180
use of term, 7, 173
Zaydi, 180–184
India, 261–262
Iran, 8, 40–41, 157–158
Iraq
and Abbasid caliphate, 72
conquest, 8, 10–11
economy, 96
fay system, 11
recapture by Muwaffaq, 86–87
rivalry with Syria, 25, 26–27
Shiites, 185
Īsā al-Rāzī, 222
Īsā (son of Zayd
), 182
Islam
authority in, 175, 176
concern for poor and marginalized, 26
conversion to, 8–9, 97
disagreement between Muslims, 29–30
early conquests and campaigns, 9–12
expansion, 91–92
heresy in, 173–175
historical narrative as guidance, xx–xxii
non-Arabic, 233
and philosophy, 115
precedence in, 23–24
rejection of, 9–10
spirit of, 230
tolerance in, 136
Islamic State (IS/ISIS), xiii–xv, 63, 271–275
Islamic values, xvi
Isma’ilis, 169, 171, 177, 184–186
See also Fatimid caliphate
Jābiliyya, the, 30
Jafar al-Sādiq, 178, 179, 185
Jafar b. Abd Allah, 95
Jafar b. Muqtadī, 166
Jafar the Barmakid, 76–77, 78
Jalāl al-Dawla, 162
Jarīr, 52
Jawhar (Fatimid general), 188–189
Jayhānī, 93
Jerusalem, 15, 50, 151
Jews, 15, 200–201, 203, 217
jihād
Almohads, 234, 236
in Andalus, 212, 215, 226
against Byzantines, 34, 38, 198–199
foundations, 79
Ghaznevids, 140
by Muwaffaq, 87
John of Gorze, 218–220
Joinville, Jean de, 159
Juwaynī, Abd al-Malik al-, Ghiyāth al-umam (Succour of the Nations), 165–168
Kab b. Zuhayr, 258–259
Kaba, the, 3, 43, 193
Kemal, Mustafa, 265
Khālid al-Qasri, 53
Khālid b. al-Walīd, 9
Khālid b. Barmak, 121
Khalīfa, meaning, 1, 6
Khalīl al-Zāhiri, 249
Kharijites, the, 27–30, 44
Khayzurān, 77
Khurasan, 64, 65–66, 72, 142
khutba (the Friday sermon), 133
Khwarazm, 93
kiswa, 73
knowledge economy, 105–109
Kucuk Kaynarca, Treaty of, 254
Kufa
and Abbasid caliphate, 67
as capital, 23
description and people, 23–25
Islamic precedence in, 23–24
murder of Husayn, 41–42
rule of Alī b. Abī Talīb, 22, 26, 27
and Shiites, 181–182
succession to Yazid, 43, 44
kuffār, 29
Kutāma, the, 184, 187, 199
laqab caliphal titles, 71
Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of, 241–242
laws and law-making, 51–53, 84, 191, 202, 231
literacy, 106
Lutfi Pasha, 253
Madinat al-Salam, the City of Peace. See Baghdad
Madinat al-Zahra, 222
Maghreb, the, 206, 211, 223
Mahbūba, 122–126
Mahdī, 44, 187
Mahdī, Caliph, 73, 74–76, 80, 100–101, 105
Mahdiya, 188
Mahmūd, Sultan, 138, 141
Majlis al-hikma (Assemblies of Wisdom), 190
Mālik al-Ashtar, 24, 25
Malik Shah, Sultan, 149, 166
Mamluks, 138, 247–250
Ma’mūn, Caliph, 81–84, 103–104, 105, 113, 115–117
Mansūr, Caliph, 71, 72–74, 99–100, 104–105, 113, 121
Mansūr (of Almohads), 241
Mansūr of Córdoba, Caliph, 225–226
mantle of the Prophet (burda), 258–259, 260–261
Maronite Chronicle, the, 36–38
Marrakesh, 234, 242
Marsham, Andrew, 28
Martel, Charles, 205
Marwān b. al-Hakam, 42
Marwān II, Caliph, 67
Masrūr, 78
Masūd, Sultan, 140, 141, 142–146, 148
Masūdi, 99, 105
mathematics, 106
mawāli (sing. mawlā), 24–25, 44, 54
Māwardī, Ali b. Muhammad, The Ordinances of Government, 162–165
Meadows of Gold (Murūj al-dhahab), 99
Mecca, 2–3, 87–88
Medina, 3–4, 8, 9, 15, 22–23, 51
Mehmed III, Sultan, 259
Mehmet II, Sultan, 251
Mehmet V, sultan-caliph, 264
Mehmet VI, sultan-caliph, 264–265
Menocal, Rosa Maria, 216
Merv, 66, 67
Midhat Pasha, 255
mihna, 84
milestones, 49
military slavery, 199
Mongol conquest of 1258, 63, 157–160, 247
Morocco, 183, 223, 230, 231, 233–234, 235–236
Mosque of the Prophet, 51
Mosque of Umar, 15
Muāwiya b. Abī Sufyān, Caliph
accession, 33, 36–38
and Alī b. Abī Talīb, 21, 23, 25, 26–27, 33
description, 21, 38
succession, 39
and Sunnis/Shiites, 136
Mughīra, 224
muhājirūn, the, 3–4
Muhammad, the Prophet
achievements after his death, 30–31
allegiance to and alms tax, 9
appointment of caliphs, 2
death, 4–5
family background, 2–3
Hijra, 3
in Jerusalem, 15
mantle and relics, 258–261
and Medina, 3–4
and Shiites, 191
succession, 2, 5–6, 9
See also Family of the Prophet
Muhammad Abduh, 263–264
Muhammad al-Bāqir, 178, 181
Muhammad b. Abd Allah, the Pure Soul, 23, 74, 118–119, 182
Muhammad b. Abi Āmir, 224, 225–226
Muhammad b. al-Hanafiya, 43–44, 65
Muhammad b. Alī, 64, 65
Muhammad b. Alī al-Abdi, 99–101
Muhammad b. Hishām, 227
Muhammad b. Isma’il, 186, 187
Muhammad b. Sulaymān, 80
Muhammad b. Tumārt, the Mahdi, 230–234, 238
Muhammad (half-brother of Masūd), 141
Muhammad Sulaymānī, 142, 143, 145, 146–147
Mukhtār b. Abī Ubayd, 43–44, 45–46
Muktafī, 87
Muqtadī, Caliph, 87–88, 166
Muqtadir, Caliph, 87, 88–90, 95, 155–156, 210, 224
Muqtafi, Caliph, 150
Murad I, Sultan, 251
Murji’in, the, 274–275
Mūsā al-Kāzim, 179
Muslim Brotherhhod, 268–269
Mustaīn, Caliph, 249
Mustakfī, Caliph, 129
Mustansir, Caliph, 222
Mustarshid, Caliph, 150
Mustasim, Caliph, 158–159
Mustazhir, Caliph, 150, 153, 169
Musab, 43, 44, 45
Mutadid, Caliph, 119, 229
Mutamid, Caliph, 147, 229
Mutasim, Caliph, 84, 104, 106, 119
Mutawakkil, Caliph, 85–86, 104, 105, 115, 122–125, 194
Muttaqī, Caliph, 129
Mutawakkil III, Caliph, 251–252
Muwaffaq, 86–87
muwalladūn, 214
Muzaffar, 227
Muizz, Caliph, 198, 200
Nabhani, Taqi al-Dīn, 269
Nahrawan, 96
najda, 170–171
Najdiya, the, 30
Nāsir, Caliph, 151, 157, 216–217
Nāsir al-Dīn al-Tūsi, 159
Nāsir li’dīn Allah, 214
Nāsir (of Almohads), 241
Nāsiri Khusraw, 194–196
Nasr b. Ahmad, Emir, 93
Nasr b. Sayyār, 67–68
nass, xix, 65
Nicholas, 222
Nile river, 192
9/11 attacks, 216
Nishapur, 93
Nizām al-Mulk, 149, 165–166, 168–169
non-Muslims
/> Abbasid caliphate, 88–92
convivencia, 216–217
Córdoba caliphate, 213
Fatimid caliphate, 200–201, 202
as invaders, 151–152
status as subjects, 12–13, 54–55
Otto I, German emperor, 217
Ottoman caliphate
and Abd al-Hamīd II, 254–261, 264
and Arab caliphate, 262–264
end, 264–265, 267
and hajj, 252–253
holy relics, 258
origins, 251
representation of all Muslims, 255–256, 257–258, 261–262, 264
title of caliph in, 250–253, 254, 255
Palestine, 191–192
Pankhurst, Reza, 269–270
paper, 106–108
philosophy, 114–115
poetry and poets
Abbasid caliphate, 109–112, 153–154
of Greeks, 112–113
and laws, 52
and love interests, 154
singing girls, 111, 154
succession of Prophet Muhammad, 6
by women, 122–125
poll tax (jizya), 13
Polo, Marco, 159
Pope, the, 152, 174
Portugal, 205, 234
See also Andalus
primogeniture, 40
the Prophet. See Muhammad, the Prophet
provincial governors, 165
public offices, distribution of, 100
Qabīha the poetess, 123
Qādī Numān, 190
Qādir, Caliph
and Buyids, 132–133, 139
and doctrine, 135–137
and Ghaznevids, 138, 141
oaths of allegiance, 132–133
recognition and power, 133–135
spiritual leadership, 149
succession of, 139, 143–144
Qādiri Epistle, the (Risālat al-Qādiriya), 135–137
qādīs, 52, 134
Qādisiyya, Battle of, 10
Qāhir, Caliph, 99
Qā’im, Caliph, 137, 139–140, 143, 149, 168
qalansuwa, 70–71, 79
Qara Khanids, 141–142
Qarāmita, the, 87, 146, 186
Qayrawan, 186, 188, 206
qibla, 15
Qur’ān, the
in arbitration, 27
Berber version, 233
caliph as judge, 52
Commentary on, 118
createdness of, 83–85, 95, 135–136
first caliph, 1
and heresy, 174–175
revelation and passing of, 19
Sunni and Shia, 175, 191
Qur’ān of Uthmān, 19–20, 237, 259
Quraysh, the
as caliphs, 163, 167, 252–253
and Córdoba caliphate, 212
and Islamic State, 273
and Prophet Muhammad, 3–4
role, 3, 4
and succession, 5, 9, 16, 20, 28
wealth in, 18
Qusayr (little castle) Amra, 57–58
Rabbat, 236, 237, 242
rag-paper, 107
Ramiro II, 215
Rāshidūn, 7–8
Rayy, 92
al-Raziq, Alī Abd, Islam and the Fundamentals of Ruling, 268
reading, 106
Recemundo (Rabī b. Zayd), 216–217, 218, 221
Redhouse, James, 262
