He Calls Me by Lightning
Page 44
and release of Washington from Mt. Meigs, 332
Washington’s bail application filed by, 224–25
and Washington’s 1959 trial, 138
in White v. Crook, 294
in withdrawal from Washington case, 174
Billingsley, Orzell, Sr., 299–300
Billingsley v. Clayton, 299–302, 303
Bill of Rights, 2–3
see also specific Amendments
Birmingham, Ala., 4
civil rights movement in, 121
county jail in, 71–72, 274
heavy industry in, 16, 22
Operation Alert 1957 in, 45
saloons in, 24
segregation in, 218–19
Sixteenth Street bombing in, 219, 225, 340
Birmingham Age-Herald, 24
Birmingham City Jail, 238, 249, 259, 260, 261
Birmingham Council on Human Relations, 223, 271
Birmingham News, 53, 59, 60, 81, 99–100, 106, 134, 178, 209, 213, 234, 265, 304, 341, 342
Birmingham Police Department, 53
Birmingham Post-Herald, 45, 68–69
Birmingham World, 10–11, 291
Black, Hugo Lafayette, 261, 298
grand jury investigation of Bessemer police led by, 53–55
as Jefferson County circuit solicitor, 258
in Washington v. Lee appeal, 257–58, 264, 266–67
Black Belt, 5, 112, 173, 185
blacks, 2–3, 56, 77, 81–82
civil rights denied to, 2–3, 56, 77, 81–82
as excluded from juries, xvi, 73, 74, 75, 79–80, 102–3, 116–17, 203, 238, 269, 288–89, 294–303, 330
justice system and, see Jim Crow justice
as miners, equality of whites and, 4
as sharecroppers, 4
in U.S. military, 12–13
voting rights of, 126, 129–30, 131
see also integration; racism; segregation
blacks, violence against:
Adamsville killings in, 60, 65
murders and disappearances in, 46
seen as best means of preserving white way of life, 26–27, 38, 46
southern honor code and, 2–3, 9
in wake of Brown v. Board of Education, 38
Black Warrior River, 36
Blanton, Fred, Jr., 184, 276, 279
error coram nobis petition filed by, 186
habeas petitions filed by, 185–86, 188–96, 228, 231
legal career of, 175
Washington case left by, 218
Washington case taken by, 174
Blevins, Pearl Shelton, 5
Boggs, Columbus, 169–70
Boles v. Stevenson, 193–94
Bonnett, Joseph E., 150, 326–27
Boone, John O., 248–49
Boswell, Frank, 166–67
Boulden, Billy, 202
Bowen, William F., 172, 178, 202
Boyd, Dicie, 171
Boyd, Rowena, 171
Brandon, W. W. “Plain Bill,” 164–65
Breckenridge, J. M., 244
Bremerhaven, West Germany, 12
Brennan, William, 166, 261
Brewer, Albert, 177, 214
Britton, Dawson, 293
Britton, John F., 239
Brobston, W. E., 108, 110–11
Brooks, Girlie “Alabama Blossom,” 351
Brooks, Jennifer, 109
Brooks, Luther, 351
Brooks, Orlando Clayton, 350–51
Browder v. Gayle, 242–43
Brown, Jack, 231
Brown, John Robert, 300
Brown v. Board of Education, 11–12, 84, 173, 246, 257, 260, 263–64, 267
Bruce, J. G., 26
Brumley, Alfred E., xv
Bryant, Jasper “Jap,” 108–9, 110
Bryce, Peter, 21
Bullock County, Ala., 176
Burns, Elbert J., 168
Burroughs, Collie, xiv–xv
Burroughs, Dorothy, xv, 43
Burroughs, G. W. “Dub,” xv, 33, 43
Burroughs, Ida Mae Lindsay, xiv
Byhalia, Miss., 62–63, 143, 145
California Supreme Court, Dorado decision of, 191
Caliph Washington Benefit Buffet Supper, 286
Caliph Washington Defense Committee, 271, 286
Caliph Washington v. State of Alabama:
Cates’s opinion in, 329, 330–31
jury discrimination argument rejected in, 116–17
Lawson’s opinion in, 114–18
Camp Sheridan, 156
Capone, Al, 175
Capote, Truman, 202
Capps, Edward E., 112
Carmichael, Albert, 113
Carr, Jess, 33
Carter, Dan, 83
Carter, Earl, 342
Carter, Jimmy, 254
Carter, Robert, 220, 221, 276
Carter v. Texas, 295
Cash, Johnny, 201
Cash, W. J., 17, 20, 304–5
Cashion, Charlie, 239
Cassell v. Texas, 103
Cates, Aubrey M., Jr., 203, 329–30
Catholics, prejudice against, 27
Cecil, Clarence, 202
Central High School, Little Rock, Ark., 84
Chessman v. Teets, 186–87
Childers, James Saxon, 72
Choate, Emett, 302
civil liberties, 79
Bessemer Police Department ignoring of, 54–55
Jim Crow justice’s ignoring of, 2–3
segregationists’ claims to, 83
civil liberties advocates, 27
civil rights, 2–3, 56, 77, 78, 81–82, 242, 243, 245
Civil Rights Act (1875), 294
Civil Rights Act (1957), 294
Civil Rights Act (1960), 227
Civil Rights Act (1964), 178, 226
Civil Rights Commission, U.S., 176, 254–55
civil rights era (1957–72), xiii, xvi, 56, 223, 296
civil rights movement, 11, 112, 119, 226, 354
in Bessemer, 252
Howard in, 121–22, 125–26, 128–29
Clark, David, 194–96, 227–28, 331
Clark, Dick, 36
Clark, Dorothy, 34, 35–36
Clark, Florence Hobson Talley, 35, 106, 293
in civil suit over husband’s accidental death policy, 107–8, 110–12, 277, 292–93
Clark, Gladys Josephine Green, 35
Clark, James B. “Cowboy,” 36
accidental death policy of, 107–8, 110–12, 277, 292–93
background of, xv, 33–34
circus career of, 34
in confrontation with Washington, 40–41
in moonshine runner stakeout, 33, 36–37
police force joined by, 35
singing career of, 34–35
Washington pursued by, 37–40
Clark, James B. “Cowboy”, shooting death of, xv, 1–2, 204, 235, 286, 292, 335
autopsy in, 84, 85, 140, 309–10
Clark’s pistol used in, 1, 41, 46, 47, 64, 69, 87, 308, 309
DOA declaration in, 43
grand jury selection for, 74
newspaper coverage of, 45, 69
Washington as prime suspect in, xiii, 2, 45–46
Washington’s flight from, 43–44, 45
Washington’s indictment for, 75, 76
Washington’s signed statement in, 66–68
witnesses to, 2
Wood and Pace as first on scene of, 39
see also Washington, Caliph
Clark, Linann Elledge Orr, 35
Clark, Lula Luella Townson, 36
Clayton, George W., 73
Clemon, U. W., 288, 323, 337, 346
capital punishment opposed by, 288
in 1970 Washington trial, see State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1970 trial)
Cobern, James, 178, 179–80
Cold War, 126
Coleman, James Plemon, 300
Coleman, James Samuel, Jr., 112, 172
&nb
sp; Washington appeal dissent of, 174, 193, 195, 198
Coleman, Johnnie “Big Time,” 178, 202, 240, 271
overturned murder conviction of, 269
in prison desegregation suit, 237–38, 269
retrial and not-guilty verdict of, 269–70
Committee for Caliph Washington, 282
Communism, Communists, 128
civil rights activists seen as, 254
fear of, 100, 126
Howard’s embrace of, 121, 122, 124, 126–27, 346–47
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 122
Communist Party, 26, 126–27
anti-discrimination platform of, 100, 128–29
Concerned White Citizens of Alabama (CWCA), 222–24, 271, 282
Washington appeals and, 224
confrontation of witnesses, as constitutional right, 192, 196–98, 228, 229, 231–32
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 124, 127
Connell, Pete, 62, 63–64, 143, 145
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 220
Constitution, U.S.:
literalist vs. activist interpretations of, 196
see also Bill of Rights; specific Amendments
Cooley, Helen, 183–84
counsel, right to, 186, 187, 188, 190–92, 194, 196–98, 227–28, 229
county jury commissions, 72–73
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, U.S., 218, 219, 224, 226, 277
Billingsley decision of, 300–302, 303
Goldsby v. Harpole decision of, 297, 299
habeas appeal in, 226–32, 233
Salary decision of, 302–3
“Cowboy’s Lament, The (Streets of Laredo)” (song), 34–35, 43
Creek War, 17
Cross, Earnest, 47–48, 60, 193
arrest of, 61
1959 testimony of, 143
Washington’s flight aided by, 48
Cross, Hattie, 47, 59
1970 testimony of, 316–17
cruel and unusual punishment, 186, 187, 196, 203, 230, 246, 248, 250, 277, 281
Curtin, Mary Ellen, 153
Daily Worker, 126
Daniel, Pete, 2, 20, 38
Davidson, Mary, 40, 141, 335
drinking by, 315–16
1957 testimony of, 88
1970 testimony of, 314
Davis, Saul, 123
Dean, Mary, 10–11
Dean, Walter C., 58, 66, 140, 145, 193, 335
1957 testimony of, 97
1970 testimony of, 311–12
Dean, Willie Mae, 10–11
death penalty, xvi, 101, 288
Wallace’s moral opposition to, 176–78
death row inmates, 151, 202, 203
exercise routine of, 160
fighting among, 170–71
in frequent transfer to Atmore and back, 161
lack of work and, 160
last meals of, 168, 169, 179–80
visitors to, 159–60
Washington as, see Washington, Caliph, on death row
DeBardeleben, Henry Fairchild, 16–18
DeBardeleben Coal and Iron Company, 36
Democratic Party, 83, 126, 348
desegregation, see integration
DeVaughn, Horace, 163, 165
District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, U.S., Northern Division of, 184
Dixiecrats, 245
Dixon, Frank, 114, 177
Dockery, Edwin Ray, 169
Dominick, Frank, 244
Doss, Arvel, 61, 64, 65
Douglas, Jesse, 291, 292
Douglas, R. C., 32
Douglas, William O., 261
Drake, Russell Jackson “Jack,” 287, 309
in 1970 Washington trial, see State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1970)
Washington’s meetings with, 287
due process, 187, 188–89, 190, 231, 240, 246
as constitutional right, 2–3, 102, 195
due process clause, 193, 195, 197, 224, 277, 336
Duff, Willie, 179
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 5
Dunbar High School, Bessemer, 5, 9
Duncan, James Milford, 202
Eaton, Elizabeth, 60
Eaton, Gerald, 202
Ebony, 13
ECHO (Educational and Cultural Help Organization), 333
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 222
Edwards, Harold Leon, 202
Edwards, Kermit Charles “K. C.,” 84, 92, 190, 218, 276
background of, 78–79
disbarment of, 316
in first Washington trial, see State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1957 trial)
mail fraud conviction of, 316
at 1957 pre-trial hearing, 79
1970 testimony of, 316
in second Washington trial, see State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1959 trial)
in Washington’s appeal, 102, 104
in withdrawal from Washington case, 174
Edwards mine, 127
Edwards v. Sard, 245, 246
Eighth Amendment, 188, 194, 203, 224, 240, 246, 248, 277
Eisenhower, Dwight, 84
electrocutions, electric chair:
in Alabama, 101, 161, 162, 163–70, 171, 172, 177, 179, 180, 202
violence and inhumanity of, 165–66
Wallace’s postponements of, 177–78, 179, 188–90
Ellwanger, Joseph, 222, 223, 225
Emmet, Richard Perrino, 331–32
Engels, Friedrich, 122
Engel v. Vitale, 267
Ensley, Ala., 67
equal protection, constitutional right to, 2–3, 102, 117, 224, 240, 246, 295–96, 346
equal rights, 77
error coram nobis, 185
Escobedo, Danny, 190–91, 197
Escobedo v. Illinois, 190–91, 194, 197, 228, 229–30, 231, 313
Eskew, Glenn, 176
Eubanks, Andrew M. “Andy,” 80–81, 131
Evans, John Lewis, 202
Fallin, Wilson, xiii
Farley, Murphy, 58
Farrell, Eugene, 291, 292
Farris, Hazel:
cremation of, 352
mummified corpse of, xi, xiv, xvi, 349–52
supposed murder of husband and police by, xii, 350
Farris, Maggie, 349
Faulkner, William, 63
Fears, Betty, arrest of, 81
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI):
Howard beating investigated by, 134
Howard investigated by, 123, 124, 126–27, 128–29
on KKK in Bessemer police force, 56–57
Pipolo investigated by, 211–12, 213
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 224
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), 272, 273
Fifteenth Amendment, 132
Fifth Amendment, 228, 311, 313
Fifth Judicial Circuit, 241, 257–58
Fischer, David Hackett, 17
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 156
Fitzgerald, Zelda Sayre, 156
Fletcher, Walter, 244
Flowers, Richmond, 232–33, 244, 255
extortion and tax fraud conviction of, 253–54
Folsom, James “Big Jim,” 114, 177, 282
Folsom, Ruby, 114
“Forgotten Man Imprisoned 13 Years for a Death Declared Accidental by the Alabama Supreme Court,” 291
Fortas, Abe, 261
Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, 13
Fort Jackson, S.C., 12
Fort Jackson, Treaty of (1814), 17
Foster, Bennie, 166
Fourteenth Amendment, 79, 82, 102, 117, 132, 188–89, 190, 194, 195, 197, 198, 224, 232, 240, 246, 259, 267, 277, 295
Francis, Willie, 189
Francis v. Resweber, 189
Frankfurter, Felix, 103
Free, James, 265
Freedom Riders, 62, 254
“Free State of Winston,” 184
Freyer, Tony, 112–13
Fullman, Tom, 340, 341
Furm
an v. Georgia, 203
Gallion, George MacDonald “Mac,” 214, 253, 255
as staunch segregationist, 254, 265
in Washington v. Lee appeal, 256–57
Gallo, Joseph N., xvi, 211
Galt, Altie Cumings, 272
Galt, Elmer, 272
Galt, Louise, 274
Galt, Ralph, 274
background of, 271–74
in China, 272, 273
draft-resistance sentence of, 273
evangelism of, 272
as pacifist and advocate of nonviolence, 272, 273
Shawnees and, 273–74
Washington’s defense and, 280, 281–82, 283, 285–86, 291, 292
Washington’s friendship with, 274, 282–83, 326
Gambino, Carlo, 211
Gambino crime family, xvi, 211
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 272
Garrett, Aubrey “Snuffy,” 338, 340, 341, 342–43
Gaston, Alfonso, 324
Gelders, Joseph, 124–25
Gewin, Walter P., 225, 227, 229–32, 302
Billingsley opinion of, 300–302
Gideon v. Wainwright, 197, 267
Godbold, John Cooper, 302–3
Goldberg, Arthur, Swain dissent of, 298–99
Goldsby, Robert Lee, 297
Goldsby v. Harpole, 297, 299
Goodman, James, 153
Good Neighbor Club, 126
Goodwyn, Gardner, Sr., 109, 137
Goodwyn, Gardner Foster, Jr., 73, 82, 193, 231
corruption grand juries empaneled by, 209, 213
as judge in second Washington trial, 137–39, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 192
murder plot against, 210–13
Goodwyn, John Lancaster, 112, 115, 172, 174
Goodwyn, Lora, 137
Gosa, Wilmon, 172
Graham, Zack, 48–49, 60, 61, 143
Graves, Bibb, 86, 165, 296
Gray, Fred, 346
Great Depression, 6–7, 26, 86, 122
Green, Arthur, 76
Greenberg, Jack, 288
Greene County, Ala., 238, 239, 271
Grimes, Lawton, Jr., xv, 8, 20, 207
Grimes, Lawton, Sr. “Stud,” xv, 90, 118, 131, 193, 317, 319, 321
in arrest of Washington, 64–65
background of, 61
Hood and Billingsley tailed by, 80–81, 313
in hunt for Washington, 65
as KKK member, 61
1957 testimony of, 92, 95
1970 testimony of, 312–13
as prosecutors’ favorite witness, 91
Washington’s supposed confession to, 92, 118
Grooms, Harlan Hobart, 11, 300
Gurley, Gary, 235–37
Gwin, Robert W., 276
habeas corpus, definition of, 185
Hagen, James, 332
Hall, Julian, 220, 221, 225
Hall, Will, 78
Hamilton, Charles, 170, 281
Hamm, Jack, 131–32
Hammonds, James D., 132–33, 200, 204–5, 233, 278
arrest of, 213
background of, 205
corruption grand juries and, 209
as deputy district attorney, 205–6