He Calls Me by Lightning
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Payne, Robert L., 32
Pearl Harbor attack, 273
Pearson, Grover, 48, 60, 61, 143
People v. Dorado (California), 191
Perry, Emmett, 212
Persons, Gordon, 154, 173, 255
Pettaway, Margaret, 315
Phenix City, Ala., 206–7, 255
Phifer, J. S., 300
Phillips v. State (Alabama), 195
Pickens, Harry E., 280, 283, 286, 331, 335
appointed district attorney for Bessemer Cutoff, 214–15
in failure to schedule fourth Washington trial, 337
and motion to quash indictment, 289–90
in 1968 habeas hearing, 277, 278–79
in 1970 trial, see State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1970 trial)
in plans for fourth Washington trial, 333
Washington appeals and, 213, 275
Pickens County, Ala., xiv, xv, 3, 4, 5
Pigrom, Herbert, 179
Pipolo, Rodolpho “Rudy,” 210–13
Pippens, Bessie, 348
Porter, Ed, 337, 348–49
Pratt, Daniel, 16
Price, Anna Lola, 282, 283, 329
Pruitt, Paul, 112–13
Psalm 23, 167
Public Works Administration, 329–30
racial discrimination:
Communist Party’s opposition to, 100, 128–29
in jury selection, 73, 74, 75, 79–80, 102–3, 116–17, 203, 238, 269, 288–89, 294–303, 330
in voter registration, 129–30
radicals, 27
Rapier, James, 294
Red Mountain, 4, 6, 11, 16, 26, 31, 44
Red Scare, 126
Reed, Thomas, 346
Rehling, Carl J.:
1957 testimony of, 86–87
1959 testimony of, 141
1970 testimony of, 310–11
Republic Steel, 123, 127
Revelation, Book of, 15
Reynolds, Dan, 337, 339
Reynolds v. Sims, 267, 346
Rice, Lula, 67
Rinehart, Edmon L., 104
Rives, Richard Taylor, 263, 297, 302, 346
background of, 241–42, 256
in Browder v. Gayle, 242–43
civil rights rulings of, 242
as Washington v. Lee judge, 241, 244, 248, 249–51
in White v. Crook decision, 294
Roberts, Carter, 340, 341
Robinson, Birdie, 29–30, 67, 139, 142, 145
Robinson, Charlie, 315
Robinson, Mary, 29–30, 67, 142, 145
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 124, 134
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 122, 123, 126, 244
Roper, Solomon, 166
Rudolph, Frank Lee, 202
Rustin, Bayard, 273
St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church, Bessemer, xiii
St. John’s Missionary Baptist Church, Lipscomb, 353–54
Salary v. Wilson, 302–3
saloons, temperance campaign against, 24–25
Salvation Club basketball team, 353
Sanders, Riley, 202
Saunders, Edward, 109
“savage ideal,” 304–5
Scalice, Frank, 211
schools, integration of, 247, 260, 265
school segregation, 173
Scots-Irish immigrants, 17–18, 19, 24
Scottsboro Boys case, 3, 86, 113–14, 295–96
Seals, Willie, Jr., 170, 172, 297
Searles, Ala., 33
Seay, Thomas, 113
segregation:
in Bessemer, 7
of prisons and jails, 219, 226, 233, 234, 237; see also Washington v. Lee
of schools, 173
see also integration
self-incrimination, 311
Selma, Ala.:
“Bloody Sunday” in, 222
voting rights campaign in, 223
Shade, Albert, 179
sharecroppers, sharecropping, 3, 4, 19
Shawnees, 273–74
Shields, Robert, 29, 44, 46, 68, 193
1959 testimony of, 142
Shirley, T. J., 164
Shores, Arthur, 9–10, 78
Short, William A. “Pete,” 339
shotgun houses, 7
shot houses, 19, 25, 33, 55
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 121, 252
Siegel, Abraham, 225
Silmon, Tommy Lee, 46, 47, 193, 319
1959 testimony of, 142–43
police shooting of, 59, 65
Simpson, James, 244–45
Simpson, Robert Tennent, 112, 172, 174, 238
Sixteenth Street, Birmingham, bombing of, 219, 225, 340
Sixth Amendment, 190, 192, 194, 198, 228, 232, 294, 313
Slayton, Willard, 208
Sloss-Sheffield Steel, 123
Smith, Erskine, 270, 271, 279
background of, 219–20
in Fifth Circuit habeas hearing, 227–29
Washington appeals and, 221, 225–26, 232–33, 276, 278
in withdrawal from Washington case, 286
Smith, Jonah Ray “Fat Boy”:
and Goodwyn murder plot, 210–11
as Hammonds’s enforcer, 206, 207–8, 210
Smith, Maury, 177
Smith, Perry, 202
Smith, Will, 26
Smithson, William C., 79
Snider, J. C., 10–11
South:
fear of Communism in, 100–101
fear of miscegenation in, 334–35
frustration and insecurity of working class whites in, 38
justice system in, see Jim Crow justice
resistance to integration in, 82–83
“savage ideal” in, 304–5
violence against blacks in, see blacks, violence against
South Carolina, 12
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 221, 223
southern honor code, race and, 2–3
Soviet Union, Sputnik launched by, 99–100
Spalding mine, 127
Sparkman, John, 84, 242
Sparks, Chauncey, 76
speedy trial, right to, 274–75, 277–78, 280–81, 283
Spenkelink, John, 202
Sputnik, 99–100
Stain, Thomas, 172
Stakely, Davis Fonville, 112, 113
Washington’s appeal and, 115–16
Stamps, Charlie, 61, 64, 65, 203
stare decisis, 227
State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1957 trial):
Adams’s testimony in, 87–88
Avery’s testimony in, 93
as court-appointed attorney in, 144
Davidson’s testimony in, 88
Dean’s testimony in, 97
death sentence in, 101
Edwards in, 84
Edwards’s closing arguments in, 97–98
Edwards’s cross examinations in, 86, 89
Edwards’s indifferent defense in, 92–93
Edwards’s objections in, 94, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104
forensic evidence in, 84–87
Grimes’s testimony in, 92, 95, 118
guilty verdict as foreordained in, 93
guilty verdict in, 101, 111, 235
Honeycutt’s testimony in, 88
Jones’s testimony in, 88–89, 144, 173, 192, 195, 227–28, 229, 231–32
jury deliberations in, 99, 101
jury selection in, 84
Kwong’s testimony in, 85–86
Mathews as judge in, 76, 78, 79–80, 84, 89, 92, 94–99, 101–2
Mathews’s charge to jury in, 98–99, 144
pre-trial hearing in, 79
Rehling’s testimony in, 86–87
self-defense plea in, 79
Sullinger in, 84–89, 92, 94–96, 98, 103, 104–5
Sullinger’s closing argument in, 98
Sullinger’s cross-examination of Washington in, 94–96, 103, 104–5
Washington’s testimony in, 93–96
Washington’s wri
tten statement used in, 94–97, 103, 104–5, 117–18
State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1959 trial), 137–47
closing arguments in, 146
Cross’s testimony of, 143
Edwards as Washington’s court-appointed lawyer in, 138
Edwards’s closing argument in, 146–47
Edwards’s cross-examinations in, 140, 141, 142–43, 144
Edwards’s objections in, 140, 192
foreign evidence in, 140–41
Goodwyn as judge in, 137–39, 140, 143, 144, 146
Grimes’s testimony in, 312–13
guilty verdict in, 146–47
Jones as absent from, 139, 144, 173–74
Jones’s 1957 testimony used in, 144, 173–74, 192, 195, 198, 227–28, 229, 231–32
jury selection in, 139
pre-trial hearing in, 137–38
Rehling’s testimony in, 141
self-defense plea in, 139, 146
Shields’s testimony in, 142
Silmon’s testimony of, 142–43
Sullinger in, 138–41, 143, 144–46, 173
Sullinger’s closing argument in, 146
Thompson’s testimony in, 140–41
Warren’s testimony in, 143–44
Washington’s testimony in, 145–46
Washington’s written statement introduced in, 140–41
State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1970 trial):
atmosphere of intimidation as issue in, 316–18
Avery’s testimony in, 309
Ball as judge in, 293, 307, 308, 310, 312, 313–14, 317, 318, 320, 322, 324, 330
Ball’s charge to jury in, 322–23
Billingsley in, 286–87, 290, 293, 307, 308, 316, 317, 318
Billingsley’s cross-examinations in, 312–13
Billingsley’s objections in, 314
black jury exclusion as issue in, 288–90, 330
Burley Merritt’s testimony in, 316
character witnesses in, 315–16
Clemon in, 288, 290, 293, 315, 316–18
Clemon’s cross-examinations in, 308–9, 311
Clemon’s motion to strike Grimes’s testimony in, 313–14
Clemon’s objections in, 310, 322–23
closing arguments in, 322
Cross’s testimony in, 316–17
Davidson’s testimony in, 314
Dean’s testimony in, 311–12
death threats to black jury members after, 324
defense case in, 315–22
Drake in, 287–88, 290, 293, 317, 318
Edwards’s testimony in, 316
forensic evidence in, 309–11
Grimes’s testimony in, 312–13
Honeycutt’s testimony in, 314–15
Hood in, 288, 293, 308, 318, 322
Hood’s cross-examinations in, 310
Howard’s testimony in, 314
involuntary confession as issue in, 311–12, 319–20
Jones’s testimony in, 307–8
jury in, 315
jury selection in, 290, 293–94, 303
Karr’s testimony in, 309
Kwong’s testimony in, 310
lack of counsel as issue in, 311, 319
motion to quash 1957 indictment in, 288–90, 330
opening remarks in, 307
Pickens in, 293, 307, 314, 318
Pickens’s cross-examination of Washington in, 320–22
Pickens’s objections in, 311, 313, 316, 317
prosecution case in, 307–15
reaction to verdict in, 323–24
Rehling’s testimony in, 310–11
second-degree murder verdict in, 323
Thompson’s testimony in, 309–10
Warren’s testimony in, 308–9
Washington’s testimony in, 318–22
states’ rights, 176
“Steal Away” (spiritual), 345
steel industry, anti-labor violence in, 26–27
Stevenson, Tommy, 347
Stewart, Potter, 203, 261, 266–67
Stoker, Bram, 350–51
Stout, Bleven, 81–82
Strauder v. West Virginia, 295, 298–99
Strickland, Edwin, 100
Strong, William, 295
Sullinger, Howard H., 75, 140, 320
background of, 76
closing arguments of, 98
death of, 204
in 1957 Washington trial, see State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1957 trial)
in 1959 Washington trial, 138–41, 143, 144–46, 173
systematic exclusion of blacks from juries denied by, 79–80
Sumter County, Ala., 77
Supreme Court, U.S., 123, 238, 296
black jury exclusion rulings of, 295–99
Boles decision of, 193–94
Brown v. Board of Education decisions of, 11–12, 38, 173, 246, 257, 260, 263–64, 267
capital punishment cases of, 203
Carter v. Texas decision of, 295
Cassell decision of, 103
Chessman decision of, 186–87
Engel v. Vitale decision of, 267
Escobedo v. Illinois decision of, 190–91, 194, 197, 228, 229–30, 231, 313
Francis v. Resweber decision of, 189
Furman decision of, 203
Gideon decision of, 197, 267
Jackson decision of, 193–94, 195, 231
Johnson decision of, 230
Lee v. Washington case in, see Lee v. Washington
Loving decision of, 334
Miranda decision of, 194–95, 230, 267, 311, 313
Norris decision of, 295–96, 298–99
Reynolds decision (“one man, one vote”) of, 267, 346
Strauder v. West Virginia decision of, 295, 298–99
Swain decision of, 298, 301
Walker v. Birmingham decision of, 264
Swain, Robert, 175, 178, 202, 298
Swain v. Alabama, 298, 301
Taft-Hartley Labor Management Relations Act (1947), 127
Talladega County, Ala., 298–99
Tallahatchie River, 6, 9
Tally v. Stephens, 245–46
Tarlton, Jimmie, 238
Taylor, Leroy, 178, 202
Teer, Vera Fikes, 32
temperance movement, 24–25
Tennessee Coal and Iron (TCI), 122, 123, 124, 153, 299
anti-labor violence by, 26–27
illegal firing of miners by, 125
union recognized by, 125
Tenth Judicial Circuit of Alabama, 76
Thedford, Tommy, 341
Thomas, Daniel, 346
Thomas, William, 81–82
Thompson, Glen, 326
Thompson, Herman, 61, 64, 65, 310
Thompson, James W., 66, 85, 193
1959 testimony of, 140–41
1970 testimony of, 309–10
as witness in Clark insurance trial, 111
Thompson, John, 166
Thompson Town (Bessemer neighborhood), 6–7
Thornberry, William Homer, 300
Thurgood Memorial CME Church, Birmingham, 286
Thurmond, Strom, 242
Till, Emmett, murder of, 9
Time, 245
To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee), 257
Tolbert, Thomas, 348
Tombigbee River, 48
Traveling Executioner, The (film), 202
Travellick, 44, 68, 88
Trawick, W. L., 170, 326
Treasury Department, U.S., 208
Trucks, Clewis, 209
Truman, Harry, 242, 243
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 17
Tuttle, Elbert P., 225, 241, 300
Twenty-first Judicial Circuit, 257
Twenty-Ninth Tank Battalion, U.S., 12, 13
unionism, 27, 121, 122–29
United Security Life Insurance Company, 107–8, 111
United States:
executions in, 202–3; see also electrocutions, electric chair
United States
v. Britain, 334
United Steel Workers of America, 131
in gun battle with IUMMSW, 127–28
Upton, Jerry, 69
U.S. District Court, Montgomery, Ala., 239–40
U.S. Highway 11, 30–31
U.S. Public Health Service, 99
U.S. Steel, 4, 11, 299
Tennessee Coal and Iron division of, see Tennessee Coal and Iron (TCI)
Vermillion, William E. C., 349–50
Veterans Committee for Better Bessemer, 109
vigilantism, 2, 9, 11, 26–27, 38, 46, 123, 125
see also Ku Klux Klan
Vines, James, 141
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America), 333
voter registration drives, 126, 129–30, 131, 227
voting rights, 26
of blacks, 126, 129–30, 131
Voting Rights Act (1965), 345, 348
Wadsworth, Edward W., 219, 224–25
Wagner, Robert, 123
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act), 123–24
Walbert, Eileen, 180, 223–24, 233, 271
Walker, Clarence E. “Dixie,” 66
Walker, Ernest Cornell, 168–69
Walker, Lucius Calvin, 183, 315
Walker, Mamie Belle, 179
Walker, Pearl, 159
Walker v. Birmingham, 264
Wallace, George, 212, 224, 243, 253, 255, 296, 337
Cobern execution allowed by, 179–80
in confrontation with Civil Rights Commission, 176
electrocutions postponed by, 177–78, 179, 188–90
as morally opposed to death penalty, 176–78
in 1962 gubernatorial campaign, 176
political career of, 83–84
resistance to federal integration attempts urged by, 83
as staunch segregationist, 83, 176, 265, 266
Washington denied clemency by, 181
Wallace, Lurleen, 232, 266
Wallace, Thomas Benjamin, 21, 26
Waller, Ernest, 166
Warren, Earl, 230, 260–61, 311, 346
Warren, J. W., 62, 63, 64, 193
1959 testimony of, 143–44
1970 testimony of, 308–9
Washington supposedly threatened by, 145
Warren, Robert Penn, 3
Washington, Aslee, 3, 138, 150, 184, 187, 221, 233, 271, 275–76, 283, 286, 323–24, 332
and Washington’s 1965 return to jail, 217
Washington, Caliph, 50, 90, 102, 136, 284, 306, 344
alleged oral confession of, 312
Army service of, xviii, 12–13
and attempted Bessemer jail break, 236–37
attorneys’ failure to communicate with, 270, 274
author’s introduction to story of, xiii
author’s personal connections to, xv–xvi
background of, xv
in Jefferson county jail (Bessemer), 68, 102, 112, 224, 226, 232, 233, 235–36, 264–65
Bessemer home of, 5
in Jefferson county jail (Birmingham), 71–72, 274
birth of, 3
bond granted to, 290–91
capture of, 63–65
Christine Luna courted by, 333–34