How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain
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Jackson, H. J.: Marginalia, 19, 74; Romantic Readers, 133, 259
Jakobson, Roman, 25
James, Henry: The Awkward Age, 50; “Brooksmith,” 177; “Greville Fane,” 50; In the Cage, 50, 88; “The Middle Years,” 45; “Miss Braddon,” 210; What Maisie Knew, 50
James, Louis, 145–46
James, M. R., “Casting the Runes,” 211–12
Jameson, Fredric, 21, 22
Jefferson, Thomas, 15
Jeffrey, Francis, 141
Jerrold, Douglas William: The Best of Mr. Punch, 54; Story of a Feather, 276n1
Jerrold, Douglas William, and Charles Keene, Mrs. Caudle’s Curtain Lectures, 54
Jerrold, Walter, 27
Jevons, William Stanley, 226, 228, 231
Jews, 161
Jewsbury, Geraldine, The Half-Sisters, 2, 70
Jewsbury, Maria Jane, 140
Johnson, Samuel, 167, 233
Johnstone, Charles, Chrysal, 108, 109
jokes, 38, 48, 77, 95, 132; book as butt of, 10; and learning to write, 94; misogynistic, 24; and servants and masters, 186; and shrewish wives, 54; and tract distributors, 204–13. See also scatological humor; wordplay/puns
Jones, William, 39, 132, 133, 164–65, 200, 205, 217, 243
Judy, Or the London Serio-Comic Journal, 74
junk mail, 12, 15, 139, 145–48, 212, 216, 245
Kafka, Franz, Penal Colony, 123
Kamensky, Jane, 225
Kaplan, Carla, “Girl Talk,” 291n2
Kearney, James: “The Book and the Fetish,” 39; The Incarnate Text, 39, 123, 132
Keller, Helen, 75
Kelly, Gary, 151
Kemble, Frances Ann, Records of Later Life, 216
Kindle, 5
Kingsley, Charles, 196
Kirschenbaum, Matthew G., 7
Kiss in the Tunnel, The, 48
Klancher, Jon, 237; The Making of English Reading Audiences, 1790–1832, 291n3
Knight, Charles: The Old Printer and the Modern Press, 145, 235–36, 246; Passages of a Working Life During Half a Century, 167; The struggles of a book against excessive taxation, 132
Koops, Matthias, Historical Account of the Substances, 229–30
Kopytoff, Igor, 223
Koran, 15
Kreilkamp, Ivan, “Speech on Paper,” 95, 98, 275n16
Kucich, John, “George Eliot and Objects,” 282n32, 282n33
labels, 225. See also under Dickens, Charles, David Copperfield
La Bruyère, Jean de, 28
Lackington, James, 30
Lady Chatterley’s Trial, 198
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 263n4
Lamb, Charles, 27, 28; “Detached Thoughts,” 121; “Readers Against the Grain,” 142
Lamb, Jonathan, 125
Lancastrian system, 102
Lancet, 145
Lang, Andrew, The Library, 237, 283n6
Lantern Lecture on Isaac Pitman, A, 97
Laqueur, Thomas Walter, 162
Latham, Sean, and Robert Scholes, “The Rise of Periodical Studies,” 257
Latour, Bruno: Aramis, 131; “Drawing Things Together,” 266n10
laundry list, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256
law, 11, 34, 100
Ledger-Lomas, Michael, 28, 41, 150, 162
Leisure Hour, 189
Leland, John, 233
lending and borrowing, 12, 107, 113. See also libraries
Lennox, Charlotte, The Female Quixote, 57
Lerer, Seth, “Falling Asleep over the History of the Book,” 275n15
Lesage, Alain-René, Gil Blas, 82
letters, 6, 146, 147–48, 242–43. See also postage
Levine, Caroline, The Serious Pleasures of Suspense, 282n37
Levine, George, 129
Lewes, George Henry, Ranthorpe, 2, 33, 84, 169, 239
Lewins, William, 146
liber, double etymology of, 5
liberal democracies, 3
liberalism, 16, 217
librarian, as warehouseman, 144, 236
libraries, 7, 143–44; aristocratic, 168; borrowers’ names in books of, 175; and concerns about contamination, 177; country-house, 11; design of, 144–45; dispersion of collections of, 6; and Eliot, 168; free, 226, 244; and Gaskell, 93; and intimate relationships, 198; and Irving, 230; lending, 285n25; as life-giving vs. life-shortening, 226; patronage of, 84; patrons of, 15; as prisons, 127; public, 11, 15, 31, 175, 176, 177, 178, 194–96, 198; sale of, 3; and social class, 175, 176; and triple-decker, 247; trompe l’oeil, 23. See also study
libraries, circulating, 176, 263n1; anathematized, 142; and animal populations, 143; and Austen, 251; and bibles, 115; and book life-span, 226; ephemerality of novels of, 38; and fumigation, 196; life through, 228; novels of, 13, 16–17, 212, 255; patrons of, 17; sale after disuse by, 247. See also circulation
“Life and Adventures of a Number of Godey’s Lady’s Book, The,” 117–18, 120–21, 131–32
Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave, 123
Lincoln, Abraham, 15
linen, 9, 230, 234–35, 250, 254, 255
Lintot, Bernard, 9
listening, silent, 12
literacy, 11, 41, 289n26; and African Americans, 198–99; in Britain, 57; cheapening of, 15; and class, 9, 175; and Dickens, 1, 21, 86; different models of, 17; feminization of, 56–57; as fetishized, 40; and interiority and political self-determination, 148; and Mayhew, 135, 221, 222, 287n5; and men vs. women, 56–57; and missionaries, 39–40; and rank or gender, 2; and rereading vs. reading, 252; of servants, 178; and slave narratives, 184; and social class, 203, 283n1; and working-class, 13, 220
literary criticism, 20, 22–23, 28, 32, 34, 35, 95, 107, 130, 260
literary historicism, 36
literary history, 11, 32, 34
literary theory, 21, 23
“Literary Voluptuaries,” 3
literature, defined, 29
“Literature of the Rail, The,” 132
“Little Jack of All Trades,” 182
Locke, John, 102, 126
London Courier, 247
Long, Elizabeth, Book Clubs, 260
Losano, Antonia, 273n8
lower classes, 26–27, 39. See also social class
Lucy the Light-Bearer, 205
Lupton, Christina, “The Knowing Book,” 109
Lynch, Deidre, 30; “Canon’s Clockwork,” 268n26, 273n7; The Economy of Character, 108
Macaulay, Thomas Babington: “Minute on Indian Education,” 159; “Mr. Robert Montgomery,” 232; “On the Royal Society of Literature,” 149
Macaulay, Zachary, 151, 159
Macmillan’s, 53
magazines, 142, 247, 263n4
maidservant, 236–37
mail, 35, 145–48, 206, 216, 217. See also distribution; junk mail; postal system
Manguel, Alberto, The Library at Night, 90
Mann, G. S., 132
Mann, Thomas, Buddenbrooks, 282n35
Manning, Anne, Claude the Colporteur, 121, 156, 243
manufactured goods, 246, 250, 251, 256
manuscript culture, 33
manuscript(s), 22; and Adams, 184; in Austen, 250, 253, 254, 255; and Carlyle, 236, 257; and Dickens, 103; and Dinesen, 237; and Edgeworth, 196; and Eliot, 172; as food wrapping, 109, 252; found, 213, 245, 251, 252, 253–54, 255; genetic criticism of, 20; and junk mail, 212, 216; in Mayhew, 222, 227; and postage, 286n30; as potholder, 109; and print, 216; in Puccini, 237; and Reformation, 233; and servants, 236; street as, 94; as surviving through women, 240; and tracts, 251
Mao Zedong, Little Red Book, 149
Marcus, Sharon: Between Women, 21; “The Profession of the Author,” 274n10
Marcus, Steven, 96
marginalia, 12, 37, 78, 79, 170, 256, 260; anxiety about, 188; and library books, 198; and sexuality, 197
margins, 20, 23, 259; pencil marks in, 19; traces of earlier readers on, 175, 177
market, 84–85, 91, 169; and Mayhew, 222, 223, 239, 245; and religious tract vs. adver
tising, 217; and secular content, 159; and secular press, 156; segmentation of, 166; and tract societies, 164
marriage, 59, 124; and Bosanquet, 201; in Dickens, 100; loveless, 59; mentions of reading before vs. after, 89; reading and breakdown of, 58–59, 61; and Trollope, 47, 59–60. See also husbands; wives
Marryat, Frederick, Mr Midshipman Easy, 99
Martial, 233
Martin, Roger, 203
Martineau, Harriet, 146–47, 280n8; Autobiography, 147, 148, 184; Illustrations of Political Economy, 147, 199; Manchester Strike, 199; Selected Letters, 147
martyrdom, 123
Marx, Groucho, 132
mass audience, 83
masters: and bodies, 184, 185–86; and bookbinding, 178; books as shielding, 57–58; and book sharing, 202; and censorship, 203; and family, 193; and godly books, 175; in home, 175; and jokes, 186; legacies upon death of, 183; neglect of books by, 240; procurement of novels by, 15; and religious tracts, 165; and servants, 9, 12, 13, 15, 57–58, 165, 175, 177–93, 198, 199–200, 202, 240; and servants’ use of reading matter, 197, 199–200, 237; and sexuality, 198; and shared access to bookshelves, 177; and shared newspapers, 178, 183, 197; and social class, 178; and use of books, 178, 199–200
material conditions, 130
material culture, 32
material form, 4, 6, 7; indifference to, 5, 17
materialism, 70, 131, 169; and class, 11; and idealism, 90
materiality, 79; of book, 32; in G. Eliot, 80; intellectual abstraction by its material corollary, 26; and moral shallowness, 3; and scholarship, 20
material media, 71
material objects, vocabulary for, 22
material perspective, in Dickens, 21
material value, 8–9
material world, 76, 99
Mathers, Helen, Comin’ Thro’ the Rye, 271n9
Maxwell, Clerk, 21
Maxwell, Herbert, 141
Mayhew, Henry, 14, 15, 30, 135, 148, 151; Essential Mayhew, 239; and fiction, 287n6; Voices of the Poor, 158
—London Labour and the London Poor, 250, 251, 254, 255–56, 257, 261; and after-uses of paper, 220–28, 231, 234, 235; and cloth, 248–49; and free print, 245; and legible texts, 240, 241–43; and resale value, 161; and social order, 238–41; and tract distributors, 155; and tracts and advertisements, 217
Mayhew, Horace, Letters Left at the Pastrycook’s, 251
McDonald, Peter, “Ideas of the Book and Histories of Literature,” 23
McGann, Jerome, 134
McGill, Meredith, “American Pickwick,” 272n2
McGurl, Mark, 265n4
McKelvy, William R., The English Cult of Literature, 41, 282n28
McKenzie, D. F., Printers of the Mind, 22
McKitterick, David: The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 56, 219; “Organizing Knowledge in Print,” 145
McLuhan, Marshall, 254
medieval scriptorium, 31
Melville, Herman, “The Tartarus of Maids,” 103, 146
memoirs, 6, 9, 17, 41, 83, 89–90, 107, 203
men, 52; access to books, 91; and book as buffer from women, 81; and copying, 100; and food vs. books, 31; and gendered division of labor, 100; and newspapers and novels, 177; and reading aloud, 214, 215; and shorthand, 97, 98, 99; and texts, 10. See also gender; husbands; sexuality
metaphors: in Dickens, 92, 96, 101, 102, 103, 106, 129, 130; and literary criticism, 34; and metonymy, 25, 127, 130; and newspaper as rag, 127; reading as, 93; reliteralization of dead, 25
metonymic reading, 21
metonymy, 25, 127; in Dickens, 103, 106, 129, 130; and literary criticism, 34; and Mayhew, 221
Metro International, 149
Microsoft Bob, 24
middle class, 17, 38, 140, 207, 218, 240; and abjection of books, 220; and bildungsroman, 16, 17; children of, 14, 17; critiques of, 176; and Dickens, 105; and education, 14; and fiction, 13; and free print, 164; and Gaskell, 93; girls of, 69; and library, 194; and master-servant relations, 198; and materialism, 11; and Mayhew, 221, 238; and moral failings, 201–3; and morality and circumstances of reading, 192–93; and novels as distracting, 193; and prize books, 163; and religious publications, 116; secular novels of, 153, 155; self-criticism of, 204; soiling of books by, 200; and tracts, 178–80, 210; and triple-deckers, 206. See also social class
“Midland District Conference of the National Federation of Shorthand Writers’ Associations,” 97
Mill, John Stuart, Principles of Political Economy, 72
Miller, Andrew, Novels behind Glass, 274n14
Millington, Thomas Street, Straight to the Mark, 63, 133
Mills, John, The English Fireside, 233
Milton, John, Areopagitica, 123
mind, 45, 71, 99, 218; book as prompt for, 73, 91; in Charlotte Brontë, 80; child’s withdrawal into, 75; and Conrad of Hirsau, 264n7; in Dickens, 92, 102, 103, 104, 106, 127, 129; and Eliot, 79; and gentleman, 237; growth of child’s, 130; and Hardy, 46–47; and manual operations, 113; and reading, 7, 8; tracking of, 19; user’s absence of, 46
mind and body, 22, 257; and book and text, 78, 129; in Dickens, 78, 106; in Eliot, 79; and experience, 75; puns about, 26, 27, 78
Ministering Children, 123
misogyny, 24, 183
Missing Link, The, 30
missionaries, 7, 14, 30, 39, 133, 156–61, 249. See also Protestantism
missionary autobiography, 123
missionary baskets, 213
missionary press, 14
Missionary Register, 157, 159
Mitch, David, The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England, 264n8
mock-epic, 53, 208
Molesworth, Mrs., 168; “On the Use and Abuse of Fiction,” 173
Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 249
monasteries, dissolution of, 233
Moncrieff, W. T., The March of Intellect; a Comic Poem, 26
money, 2, 8, 171–72. See also banknotes; coins
Montaigne, Michel de, 141
Montgomery, Robert, Satan, 232
Monthly Messenger, The, 132
Monthly Review, 231–32, 242
morality: and children, 13; and circumstances of reading, 192–93; and class critiques, 201; and free books, 6; and it-narrative and bildungsroman, 131; and language of insides and outsides, 3; and look of books, 2, 16, 73; and oath of revenge on bible, 168, 171; and power of books, 7; and religious tracts, 153; and selfhood, 10, 82; and text vs. book, 91; and threat of disease, 196; and use of books a proxy for moral worth, 78; and women, 56
More, Hannah, 151; Cheap Repository Tracts, 152, 154, 209; The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, 30; Sunday School, 153; “The Sunday School,” 154; Tales, 190; “Tom White, the Postilion,” 152; Works, 209–10
Moretti, Franco, 21; Graphs, Maps, Trees, 21; The Way of the World, 127
Morning Chronicle, 220, 251
mothers: in Dickens, 86; engrossed in smartphones, 53; as ignoring children, 51–52, 67, 75; as ignoring duties, 68; reading as corrupting, 69. See also women
movable type, 225
Mozley, Anne, 90, 163, 252; “On Fiction as an Educator,” 88–89
“Mr Bragwell and his Two Daughters,” 209–10
Mudie, Charles Edward, “Mr. Mudie’s Library,” 143–44, 247
Munro, Jeffrey, Half Hours with Popular Authors, 97
“My mistress’s bonnet,” 188
narrator, 77; and bildungsroman, 124, 129; interiority of, 78; and it-narrative, 109, 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129; omniscient, 17; and religious tracts, 122; and represented book, 76; and Story of a Pocket Bible, 112–13, 165; and unrealized acts of inscription, 92
Nead, Lynda, 248
Needham, Joseph, 220
Nelson, Craig, 245
Nevius, J. L., 161
New Bibliography, 33
New Criticism, 16, 31–32, 33
New Historicism, 16
Newlyn, Lucy, 140
newspapers, 12, 35, 50–51, 70, 113, 219, 263
n4; and Anderson, 261; in Dickens, 127; ephemerality of, 38; as fish wrapping, 6; and flypaper, 238; and gender, 48; and hand-me-down clothes, 184; hiding behind, 6, 62, 63; and home vs. public sphere, 51; and husbands, 55–56, 62, 73, 203; husbands as hiding behind, 13, 51, 62; life cycle of, 261; man’s, 52; for the masses, 55; and masters and servants, 178, 183, 197; and Mayhew, 221, 224; mechanical production of, 218; and men and women, 177; multiple users of, 176–77, 247, 261; and niche marketing, 165; and novels, 47, 48–49; and postage, 145, 146; price of, 247; production of, 142; as rag, 5; and sales vs. advertising revenues, 149; and strangers, 15, 51; and taxes, 38, 141; in Trollope, 48–49, 83; and wives, 62. See also paper
Newton, John, 127
New Woman fiction, 53, 75
New York’s Gift, The, 162
niche marketing, 139, 164–68
Nightingale, Florence: Cassandra, 214, 215; Florence Nightingale on Mysticism and Eastern Religions, 282n29
Nissenbaum, Stephen, 162
Nixon, Edward John, 155
nonreading/unread works, 2, 3, 8, 9, 69, 77–82, 121, 124, 133, 160, 170; in aristocratic libraries, 40; and Austen, 73; in Brontë, 78, 80–82; and Dickens, 73, 74, 78, 95; evidence of, 19; and Flaubert, 74; in G. Eliot, 70, 78–80; and mothers, 69; and Oliphant, 55; and pretending to read, 47–49, 55–56; purchase of, 85; and reading as front, 71; representations of, 67; senses of, 8; and servants, 113; and Thackeray, 66; and Trollope, 48, 51, 62, 67, 70, 73, 78, 176; as wedge, 51
novel of manners, 260
novel(s), 198, 219; ambivalence about reading in, 67; as antisocial, 176; and claim to be freely chosen, 176; and class, 105–6; as commodity, 14; as distracting, 193; distribution of tracts in, 206–7; fashion for, 246–47; and gender, 48; and jokes about distribution of tracts, 176; manufacture of, 219; and masters and servants, 197; and Mayhew, 221, 243, 251, 287n6; and men and women, 177; and middle-class, 15; and newspapers, 47, 48–49; and nonmarket forms of distribution, 213; pulping of, 219; realistic, 26; and selfhood, 216; and sensation, 77; short-and long-term popularity of, 247; tracts as filler in, 206; tracts as mirrored in, 207; triple-deckers, 13, 15, 25, 206, 247, 254; and Trollope, 59
numismatics, 109. See also coins
Nunokawa, Jeff, “Eros and Isolation,” 62
Obama, Barack, 15
object narratives. See it-narratives
O’Brien, Flann, 19–20