The Sultan and the Queen

by Jerry Brotton

  3. Ibid.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Quoted in Henry Kamen, Philip II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 59.

  6. Elder, “Copy of a Letter,” pp. 139–40.

  7. Quoted in Alexander Samson, “Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July–August 1554,” Sixteenth Century Journal 36, no. 3 (2005), pp. 761–84; at p. 767.

  8. CSPV, vol. 5, 1534–1554, no. 898, p. 511. I am grateful to Alexander Samson for drawing this reference to my attention and allowing me to read his forthcoming work on the subject.

  9. Quoted in James D. Tracy, Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 155–56.

  10. On the campaign, see Hendrick J. Horn, Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen, Painter of Charles V and His Conquest of Tunis: Paintings, Etchings, Drawings, Cartoons and Tapestries, 2 vols. (The Hague: Davaco, 1989).

  11. CSPS, vol. 13, 1554–1558, no. 227, p. 236.

  12. LP, vol. 9, August–December 1535, no. 596, p. 200.

  13. Thomas Burman, Reading the Qur’ân in Latin Christendom, 1140–1560 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).

  14. For the classic account of these prejudices, see Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1960).

  15. Margaret Meserve, Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008); Nancy Bisaha, Creating East and West: Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).

  16. Dorothee Metlitziki, The Matter of Araby in Medieval England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).

  17. See Suzanne Conklin Akbari, “The Non-Christians of Piers Plowman,” in The Cambridge Companion to Piers Plowman, ed. Andrew Cole and Andrew Galloway (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 160–78; at p. 170.

  18. Quoted in Michael J. Heath, Crusading Commonplaces: La Noue, Lucinge and Rhetoric Against the Turks (Geneva: Droz, 1986), p. 15.

  19. Burman, Reading the Qur’ân, pp. 110–16.

  20. Quoted in Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism and the Ancien Regime (Oxford: Berg, 2008), pp. 33–34.

  21. Adam S. Francisco, Martin Luther: A Study in Sixteenth-Century Polemics and Apologetics (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 69–70.

  22. Martin Luther, “On the War Against the Turk,” in Luther’s Works, vol. 46, trans. Robert C. Schultz (Philadelphia: Concordia Press, 1962–1971), pp. 157–205.

  23. CSPV, vol. 3, 1520–1526, no. 616, p. 297.

  24. Sir Thomas More, “A Dialog Concerning Heresies,” in The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, ed. Thomas Lawler et al., vol. 6, Parts I and II, A Dialog Concerning Heresies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 1–435; at p. 236.

  25. “Instruction Given to the Emperor by the Most Reverend Cardinal Campeggio at the Diet of Augsburg, 1530,” in Leopold von Ranke, The History of the Popes During the Last Four Centuries, 3 vols. (London: Bell & Sons, 1913), vol. 3, p. 40.

  26. Gülru Necipoğlu, “Süleyman the Magnificent and the Representation of Power in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg-Papal Rivalry,” Art Bulletin 71, no. 3 (September 1989), pp. 401–27.

  27. Dorothy Vaughan, Europe and the Turk: A Pattern of Alliances (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1954).

  28. Desiderius Erasmus, “A Most Useful Discussion Concerning Proposals for War Against the Turks, Including an Exposition of Psalm 28,” trans. Michael J. Heath, in The Collected Works of Erasmus, ed. Dominic Baker-Smith, vol. 64, Expositions of the Psalms (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2005), pp. 201–66; at pp. 218, 231, 258–59.

  29. Ibid., p. 242.

  30. J. R. Tanner, ed., Tudor Constitutional Documents, 1485–1603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 124.

  31. John Foxe, The Unabridged Acts and Monuments Online (Sheffield: HRI Online Publications, 2011); available at www.johnfoxe.org, 1563 ed., book 5, p. 957.

  32. Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).

  33. Samson, “Changing Places.”

  34. Ian Lancashire, Dramatic Texts and Records of Britain: A Chronological Topography to 1558 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 213.

  35. Hakluyt, vol. 2, pp. 227–28.

  36. Ibid., p. 267.

  37. Ibid., p. 253.

  38. Ibid., pp. 318–29.

  39. Robert Batchelor, London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), p. 40.

  40. Peter Barber, The Queen Mary Atlas (London: Folio Society, 2005), pp. 3–81.

  Chapter 2: The Sultan, the Tsar and the Shah

  1. David Loades, Elizabeth I: A Life (London: Hambledon Press, 2003), p. 138.

  2. E. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote, eds., Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, 2 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1886), vol. 2, p. 341.

  3. Anthony Jenkinson, “The Manner of the Entering of Süleyman the Great Turk with his Army into Aleppo,” in ibid., vol. 1, pp. 1–5.

  4. Quoted in Palmira Brummett, “The Myth of Shah Ismail Safavi: Political Rhetoric and ‘Divine’ Kingship,” in Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam, ed. John Tolan (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 331–59; at p. 343.

  5. Quoted in Max Scherberger, “The Confrontation Between Sunni and Shi’i Empires: Ottoman-Safavid Relations Between the Fifteenth and the Seventeenth Century,” in The Sunna and Shi’a in History, ed. Ofra Bengio and Meir Litvak (New York: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 51–68; at p. 55.

  6. Quoted in Palmira Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), p. 36.

  7. Quoted in ibid., p. 29.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Morgan and Coote, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia, vol. 1, pp. 5–6.

  10. Hakluyt, vol. 1, p. 390.

  11. Morgan and Coote, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia, vol. 1, p. 30.

  12. Ibid., pp. 58, 97.

  13. Ibid., pp. 84–85.

  14. Ibid., pp. 87–88.

  15. Ibid., p. 93.

  16. Ibid., p. 97.

  17. Ibid., pp. 108–9.

  18. Ibid., p. 58.

  19. Daryl Palmer, Writing Russia in the Age of Shakespeare (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), p. 54.

  20. Morgan and Coote, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia, vol. 1, pp. 112–13.

  21. Ibid., pp. 113–14.

  22. Ibid., p. 125.

  23. Ibid., p. 126.

  24. Ibid., pp. 143, 133.

  25. Ibid., p. 140.

  26. Kathryn Babayan, Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 295–348.

  27. Jean-Do Brignoli, “Princely Safavid Gardens: Stage for Rituals and of Imperial Display and Political Legitimacy,” in Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity, ed. Michael Conan (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007), pp. 113–39.

  28. Morgan and Coote, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia, vol. 1, pp. 153–54.

  29. Ibid., pp. 145–47.

  30. Colin P. Mitchell, “Am I My Brother’s Keeper? Negotiating Corporate Sovereignty and Divine Absolutism in Sixteenth-Century Turco-Iranian Politics,” in New Perspectives on Safavid Iran, ed. Colin P. Mitchell (London: Routledge, 2011), pp. 33–58.

  31. Morgan and Coote, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia, vol. 1, pp. 144, 148.

  32. Ibid., pp. 149–50.

  33. Ibid., pp. 155–56.

  34. Kenneth Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settl
ement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 76–86; Jane Grogan, The Persian Empire in English Renaissance Writing, 1549–1622 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014), pp. 20–21.

  35. Andrea Bernadette, “Elizabeth I and Persian Exchanges,” in The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I, ed. Charles Beem (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 169–99; at pp. 184–85. Ippolyta appears to have had an important influence upon female portraiture of the time, including Marcus Gheeraerts’s mysterious painting known as The Persian Lady, c. 1590.

  36. Quoted in Morgan and Coote, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia, vol. 1, p. cxlix.

  Chapter 3: The Battle for Barbary

  1. Hakluyt, vol. 4, p. 32.

  2. Ibid., p. 34.

  3. T. S. Willan, Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959), pp. 98–99.

  4. Ibid., pp. 113, 314.

  5. CSPF, vol. 5, 1562, no. 103, p. 54.

  6. “Garrard, Sir William (c. 1510–1571),” ODNB.

  7. Quoted in Gustav Ungerer, “Portia and the Prince of Morocco,” Shakespeare Studies 31 (2003), pp. 89–126; at p. 100.

  8. Quoted in Willan, Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade, p. 127.

  9. “Felton, John (d. 1570), Roman Catholic Martyr,” ODNB.

  10. “The Bull of Excommunication, 1570,” in Tudor Constitutional Documents, 1485–1603, ed. J. R. Tanner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), pp. 143–46.

  11. “Felton, John,” ODNB.

  12. Robert Horne, Bishop of Winchester, An Answeare Made by Rob. Bishoppe of Wynchester, to a Booke entituled, The Declaration of svche Scruples, and staies of Conscience, touchinge the Othe of the Supremacy, as M. Iohn Fekenham, by wrytinge did deliuer vnto the L. Bishop of Winchester, with his Resolutions made thereunto . . . (London, 1566), p. 102v.

  13. Nate Probasco, “Queen Elizabeth’s Reaction to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre,” in The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I, ed. Charles Beem (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 77–100.

  14. Quoted in Sophia Menache, Clement V (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 106.

  15. Jerry Brotton and Lisa Jardine, Global Interests: Renaissance Art Between East and West (London: Reaktion, 2000); Christine Isom-Verhaaren, Allies with the Infidel: The Ottoman and French Alliance in the Sixteenth Century (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011).

  16. Andrew C. Hess, “The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in Sixteenth-Century Spain,” American Historical Journal 74, no. 1 (1968), pp. 1–25.

  17. Andrew C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 85–90.

  18. For the best recent account of the battle placed in the context of Christian-Islamic exchanges, see Noel Malcolm, Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-Century Mediterranean World (London: Allen Lane, 2015), pp. 151–74.

  19. Quoted in Benjamin Paul, “‘And the moon has started to bleed’: Apocalyptism and Religious Reform in Venetian Art at the Time of the Battle of Lepanto,” in The Turk and Islam in the Western Eye, 1450–1750, ed. James G. Harper (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), pp. 67–94; at p. 69.

  20. Raphael Holinshed, The Third Volume of Chronicles (London, 1587), pp. 1226–27.

  21. Kervyn de Lettenhove, Relations politiques des Pays Bas et de l’Angleterre sous le règne de Philippe II, 11 vols. (Louvain, 1882–1900), vol. 6, p. 225.

  22. Letters of William Herle Project, Center for Editing Lives and Letters, www.livesandletters.ac.uk; transcript ID: HRL/002/HTML/022.

  23. Kenneth Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 111.

  24. Castries, vol. 1, p. 201.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid., p. 202.

  27. Ibid., pp. 204–5.

  28. Ibid., pp. 212–13.

  29. Ibid., pp. 226–27.

  30. CSPF, vol. 12, 1577–1578, August 9, 1577, no. 94, p. 68.

  31. Quoted in Andrew C. Hess, “The Battle of Lepanto and Its Place in Mediterranean History,” Past and Present 57 (1972), pp. 53–73; at p. 54.

  32. Quoted in Susan A. Skilliter, William Harborne and the Trade with Turkey, 1578–1582: A Documentary Study of the First Anglo-Ottoman Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 37.

  33. Hakluyt, vol. 3, p. 51.

  34. Skilliter, William Harborne, pp. 1–2.

  35. “Stucley, Thomas (c. 1520–1578),” ODNB.

  36. Charles Edelman, ed., Three Stukeley Plays (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), p. 7.

  37. Quoted in Susan Iwanisziw, “England, Morocco, and Global Geopolitical Upheaval,” in Envisioning an English Empire, ed. Robert Applebaum and John Sweet (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), pp. 152–71; at p. 163.

  38. John Polemon, The Second Part of the Booke of Battailes, Fought in Our Age Taken out of the Best Authors and Writers in Sundrie Languages (London, 1587), p. 79.

  39. E. W. Bovill, The Battle of Alcazar: An Account of the Defeat of Don Sebastian of Portugal at El-Ksar El-Kebir (London: Batchworth, 1952), p. 97.

  40. Edelman, Stukeley Plays, p. 15.

  41. Polemon, Booke of Battailes, p. 86.

  42. Bovill, Battle of Alcazar, p. 145.

  Chapter 4: An Apt Man in Constantinople

  1. Quoted in Susan A. Skilliter, William Harborne and the Trade with Turkey, 1578–1582: A Documentary Study of the First Anglo-Ottoman Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 28–30.

  2. On Harborne’s life see “Harborne, William (c. 1542–1617),” ODNB.

  3. Zeynep Çelik, The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 22–29.

  4. Emine Fetvaci, Picturing History at the Ottoman Court (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013), pp. 43–46.

  5. Skilliter, William Harborne, p. 45.

  6. Hakluyt, vol. 3, p. 51.

  7. Skilliter, William Harborne, pp. 62–64.

  8. Ibid., p. 63.

  9. Ibid., p. 49.

  10. Hakluyt, vol. 3, p. 52.

  11. Ibid., pp. 52–53.

  12. Skilliter, William Harborne, p. 54.

  13. Ibid., p. 59.

  14. CSPF, vol. 14, 1579–1580, no. 71, p. 77.

  15. Rayne Allinson, A Monarchy of Letters: Royal Correspondence and English Diplomacy in the Reign of Elizabeth I (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2012), pp. 131–50.

  16. Skilliter, William Harborne, p. 51.

  17. CSPS, vol. 2, 1568–1579, no. 609, pp. 705–6.

  18. Ibid., p. 706.

  19. Ibid., p. 710.

  20. Hakluyt, vol. 3, p. 54.

  21. Cornell H. Fleischer, Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Ali (1541–1600) (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), pp. 72–73.

  22. Skilliter, William Harborne, pp. 79–80.

  23. Hakluyt, vol. 3, p. 58.

  24. Ibid., p. 61.

  25. Skilliter, William Harborne, p. 120.

  26. Ibid., p. 151.

  27. Quoted in Andrew P. Vella, An Elizabethan-Ottoman Conspiracy (Valletta: Royal University of Malta Press, 1972), pp. 41–42.

  28. Skilliter, William Harborne, p. 159.

  29. Vella, Elizabethan-Ottoman Conspiracy, p. 46.

  30. Ibid., pp. 46–47.

  31. Skilliter, William Harborne, pp. 155–57.

  32. De Lamar Jensen, “The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth-Century French Diplomacy,” Sixteenth Century Journal 16, no. 4 (1985), pp. 451–70.

  33. Vella, Elizabethan-Ottoman Conspiracy, pp. 64–65.

&nb
sp; 34. Skilliter, William Harborne, p. 166.

  Chapter 5: Unholy Alliances

  1. Quoted in T. S. Willan, Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959), p. 155.

  2. John Wheeler, A Treatise of Commerce (London, 1601), p. 13.

  3. Hakluyt, vol. 3, p. 65.

  4. Stephen Gosson, The School of Abuse (London, 1579), sig. D3r.

  5. Stephen Gosson, Playes Confuted in Five Actions (London, 1582), sig. G8r.

  6. Peter Thomson, Shakespeare’s Professional Career (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 69.

  7. Andreas Höfele, Stage, Stake and Scaffold: Humans and Animals in Shakespeare’s Theater (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

  8. Robert Wilson, The Three Ladies of London, 1.11–17. This and all subsequent references to the play are taken from Lloyd Edward Kermode, ed., Three Renaissance Usury Plays (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009), pp. 79–163.

  9. Ibid., 2.222.

  10. Ibid., 2.228, 241.

  11. Ibid., 3.32.

  12. Ibid., 3.42–46.

  13. Ibid., 3.53–57.

  14. Jonathan Gil Harris, Sick Economies: Drama, Mercantilism and Disease in Shakespeare’s England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003).

  15. Lloyd Edward Kermode, “Money, Gender and Conscience in Robert Wilson’s The Three Ladies of London,” Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 52, no. 2 (2012), pp. 265–91.

  16. Wilson, Three Ladies, 9.3–9.

  17. Ibid., 9.26–27.

  18. Ibid., 9.34.

  19. Ibid., 14.13.

  20. Ibid., 14.15–16.

  21. Ibid., 14.20.

  22. Ibid., 14.49.

  23. Ibid., 14.58–59.

  24. Alan Stewart, “‘Come from Turkey’: Mediterranean Trade in Late Elizabethan London,” in Remapping the Mediterranean World in Early Modern English Writings, ed. Goran Stanivukovic (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), pp. 157–78.

  25. Wilson, Three Ladies, 17.103.

  26. Norman Jones, God and the Moneylenders: Usury and the Law in Early Modern England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Craig Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1998).