allies beyond Europe sought by, 8, 10, 62, 81, 101–2, 152, 169, 184, 223, 244, 248, 251
anniversaries of reign of, 266–68
annual revenue of, 258
coronation of, 33
correspondence with Ottoman sultan, 1–3, 4, 6–7, 89–95, 101–2, 113–14, 118, 120, 136, 171, 186, 221–22, 265, 270–71
correspondence with Persian shahs, 46, 50, 68–69, 71, 114–16, 119, 170–72
correspondence with tsar, 45
death of, 288, 291
depicted in artworks, 207
excommunication of, 3, 8, 59–62, 65, 68, 76, 92
final years of reign, 255, 264
finances of, 154
and national debt, 45
policy toward Spain, 257–60
and Portugal Expedition, 153–54, 168
proclamation of 1601, 269–71, 273
reign of, 27, 152, 267, 270, 288
and religion, 33–34, 44, 59, 60–61
and slaves, 44, 54
and Spanish Armada, 142, 147–48
teeth of, 4, 56, 266
and trade, 57, 58, 71, 80, 132, 133
England:
attacks on Catholicism in, 61
and circumnavigation of the globe, 74, 114
and Elizabeth’s excommunication, 60–61
famine in, 270
and Islam, see Islam
May Day riots (1517), 293
Moorish delegation to, 193
as multicultural society, 300
national debt of, 45, 258
and oath of supremacy, 34, 60–61
Ottoman-related books and art in, 204–5
plague in, 187
Protestantism in, 34, 61, 62, 218, 274, 288
and saltpeter trade, 67, 71, 115, 131
and slave trade, 44, 58, 133–34, 135
textiles from, 35, 43, 45, 46, 56, 58, 66, 68, 74, 83, 88, 104, 201, 205–6
and timber trade, 115
trade with Ottoman Empire, 3, 4–5, 40, 41, 53, 73–75, 88–92, 96–97, 101, 103, 112–14, 117–19, 186, 203, 204–5
trade with Persia, 44, 114–16
trade with Russia, 31, 44, 53, 104
war with Spain, 193–95, 196, 262–64
as world power, 5, 152
Erasmus of Rotterdam, De bello turcico, 25–27, 184, 272
Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 196, 260
and anti-Spanish activities, 194, 231, 233, 244, 271
arrest and execution of, 248, 252–53
and Ireland, 248
and Sherley, 230, 231, 233, 235, 240, 244, 247, 248, 252–53
Europe:
Catholicism in, 9, 34
guilds in, 29
Jews persecuted in, 127
maps of, 31–32
Fatimah, 36, 37
Felton, John, 59, 60
Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor, 31
Ferdinand II of Aragon, 25
Finch (Dragoman), 221
Fishtali, Abd al-Aziz al-, 148–49, 150, 195
Fitch, Ralph, 119
Forster, Richard, 118
Foscarini, Giacomo, 234
Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 62
Foxe, John, Acts and Monuments (Foxe’s Book of Martyrs), 27, 159, 160, 213
France:
and anti-Ottoman alliance, 38, 119
and Capitulations, see Capitulations
English army in, 257
Franco-Ottoman alliance, 9, 93
Guise faction in, 61
Huguenots in, 61–62, 101, 181–83
Spanish invasion of, 181
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 34
Francis I, King of France, 9, 17
Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 291
Gama, Vasco da, 233
Gardiner, Stephen, 14, 15, 16
Garrard, Sir William, 58–59
George, Saint, 213–15
Gerard, Thomas, 260
Germigny, Jacques de, 95–96, 100–101
Ghalib, Sultan Abdullah al-, 58–59, 63
Giles, John, 129
Giraldi, Francisco, 71
Giraldi, Giovanni Battista (“Cinthio”), Hecatommithi, 276–77, 279
Globe Theatre, 188
Glover, Thomas, 223
Godunov, Boris, 245–47
Gog and Magog, 47
Gomes de Silva, Joao, 148
Gómez, Ruy, 14
Gore, William, 130
Gosson, Stephen, 105, 107
Granada, Moriscos in, 63
Greene, Robert, 158, 160, 272
Alphonsus, King of Aragon, 173
Tragicall Reign of Selimus, 172–73, 188
Gregory XIII, Pope, 76, 101
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 68, 71
Greville, Fulke, 174
Grey, Lady Jane, 15
Grocers’ Company, 193
Habsburg Empire, 17, 18, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 62, 63, 72, 93, 186–87, 204
“Hagarene,” use of term, 20
Hakluyt, Richard, Principal Navigations, 44, 56, 74, 83–84, 88, 206, 217–18, 226
Hamett, Mully, King of Barbary, 259
Hanmer, Meredith, 133–38, 141, 144, 180
Harborne, William, 74, 97–102, 175
achievements of, 117–19, 146–47, 151, 225
and Anglo-Ottoman alliance, 89–93, 95, 96, 97–98, 102, 107, 117–19, 183
and Bark Roe, 98–101, 103, 105
in Constantinople, 84–89, 90–93, 100, 102, 110
death of, 147
and English captives, 92, 100, 134, 138–42, 146
as first Turkish ambassador, 10, 113–14, 117–19, 121–24, 129, 131–32, 140–45
memoirs of, 141, 145
recall requested by, 145–47
as spy, 84, 118–19
Hardwick embroidery, 206–8
Hassan, Mulay, 17
Hassan, Seadeddin Muhammad Ben, 142
“Hassan Aga,” 10, 138–39
Haughton, William, 174
Hawkins, John, 146
Hawkins, William, 135–36, 137
Hazlitt, William, 212
Hector, 219, 221–22, 223
Henry, Cardinal, 80
Henry II, King of France, 34
Henry III, King of France, 95, 97, 101, 181
Henry IV, King of France (Henry of Navarre), 181–82, 230, 253
Henry VIII, King of England, 4, 25, 159, 160, 293
children of, 13, 19, 76
dissolution of monasteries, 192
separation from Roman Catholic Church, 13, 18
and trade, 28–29
wars with France, 45
Henslowe, Philip, 6, 106, 156, 178
Hentzner, Paul, 266
Herbst, Johann, 22, 24
Heredia, Juan de, 148
Herle, William, 65, 124
Hilliard, Nicholas, 185
Hobson, Harold, 188
Hogan, Edmund, 66, 67–72, 73, 83, 107, 110–11, 175, 225, 240
Holinshed, Raphael, 65, 76
Holmden, Edward, 193
Holy League, 64, 65, 70, 72, 289
Homem, Diogo, 31
Honeyman, Philip, 268
Hope Theatre, 106
Horne, Robert, 61
Hotspur (fict.), 210
Howard, Charles, 130, 146, 155, 194
Hubblethorne, Morgan, 206
Huguenots, 61–62, 101, 181–83
Hungary, Ottoman invasion of, 186, 203–4, 217
India, trade possibilities with, 119
“infidel,” origins of term, 21
Isabella I of Castile
, 25
“Ishmaelite,” use of term, 20
Islam:
Anglo-Islamic relations, 5, 8, 10–11, 31, 36, 54, 112–13, 122, 123–25, 145, 152–54, 162, 205, 262
anti-Islamic views in England, 134–35
and Catholicism, 180
Christianity vs., 8, 25–26, 271, 298
and clash of civilizations, 299
converts to (“turning Turk”), 8, 20, 138–39, 282
first conversion to English Protestantism, 133–38
five pillars of faith, 19
and forced conversions, 63, 137–38
history of, 271–72
myths and misconceptions about, 5, 9, 20, 21, 22, 299
origins of, 19
and Protestant faith, 8, 73, 90, 91, 94
renegadoes converted to, 127–28, 136, 137
Sunni vs. Shi’a branches of, 36–39, 42, 45, 49, 53, 240–42, 272
theology of, 19–20
trade with, 31, 112
“Twelvers,” 37–38
use of term, 5, 20
war between Muslims forbidden by, 38
Ismail I, Shah, 36, 38–39, 48, 237
Istanbul (Constantinople), 85
Italy, and Holy League, 64
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Ivan the Terrible), Tsar, 30–31, 40–42, 46–47, 49, 53, 54
Jacobeans, 298
James I, King of England (James VI, King of Scotland), 254, 255, 288–89, 290–92, 297
“Lepanto,” 289
Janissaries, 35, 87, 97, 117
Jenkinson, Anthony, 34–36, 39–46, 140, 237, 240, 243
achievements of, 10, 39–41, 53, 54
and Muscovy Company, 34, 40, 44, 46
and Ottoman trade, 40, 42–43, 110–11
and Persian trade, 45, 68
second voyage of, 46–53
and Spanish Company, 84
and Süleyman, 35–36, 40, 49, 52
travel to Russia, 41–42, 43–44, 46, 53, 54, 248
Jerusalem (holy city), 38, 98
Jesus (ship), 122, 138
Joan of Arc, 179
John III, King of Portugal, 75
John Manuel, Prince, 75
John of Austria, Don, 64
Johnson, Richard, Seven Champions of Christendom, 214–15
joint-stock companies, 3, 29–31, 34, 104–5, 154, 290, 291
Jonson, Ben, 158
Joseph, Rabbi, “Marrakesh Dialogs,” 128
Key, Thomas, 205
Khalifat Rasul Allah (caliph), 36–37
Knolles, Richard, The General Historie of the Turkes, 6
Kyd, Thomas, 272
The Spanish Tragedy, 163
Lancosme, Jacques de Savary, 132, 182
Lane, Henry, 44
Langland, William, Piers Plowman, 22
Laschari, Constantino, 38–39
Laud, Archbishop William, 298
Leicester, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of:
and Barbary Company, 121, 123, 125, 131
death of, 149–50, 181, 205
and Moroccan trade, 67, 114–17, 120–21, 125, 129, 131
and Sherley, 230
and Symcot, 115–17, 120
and theater, 106, 107, 114
Leicester’s Men, 106, 107
Lello, Henry “Fog,” 217, 219–21, 223, 235
Leo Africanus, see Wazzan, al-Hasan ibn Muhammah ibn Ahmad al-
Levant Company, 223, 265, 266, 269, 290
Lewkenor, Sir Lewis, 261
Lion, Robert, 128
Lisbon Inquisition, 128
Lopez, Roderigo, 196–97
Lord Strange’s Men, 163
Louis IX, King of France, 17
Low Countries:
Calvinists in, 15, 29, 60, 61, 63, 123, 154
captives released, 258–59, 261, 265
Dutch Revolt, medal, 155
and Portugal Expedition, 154, 167
trade with, 28, 29, 34, 35, 74, 233
Treaty of Nonsuch with, 123
Lumley, John, Lord, 205
Luther, Martin, 17, 22, 23, 24–25, 26
Lutheran “heresy,” 27
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 241
Mahdi, 37, 38, 171
Mahmud, 223
Mahometans, 49
opponents of, 134
use of term, 5, 276
see also Islam; Muhammad
Mainwaring, George, 234, 235–36, 238–39, 244, 245
Malchi, Esperanza, 185–86, 222, 223
Malik, Abd al-, 63, 67–71, 73, 75, 77–78, 80, 83, 103
Malta, 272
Baker’s trial in, 101–2
and Holy League, 64
Maltese Knights of St. John, 98, 101
Mamluks:
Ottoman victory over, 35
Shi’a opposition to, 37
Mansur, Ahmad al-, Sultan, 63, 79, 80, 126–31, 199, 282
and anti-Spanish alliance, 6, 114, 129, 131, 147, 148–50, 152–54, 168–72, 193, 195, 259, 270–71
communication with Elizabeth, 114, 120, 147, 193, 258, 265, 270–71
death of, 289
and Don António, 125, 129, 147, 149, 150, 153–54, 169
and English trade, 103, 115, 120, 126
and Marrakesh, 126–27, 148
negotiations with, 257–60
Ottoman opponents of, 7
and Roberts, 125, 126, 128–30, 147, 149–50
Manuel I, King of Portugal, 80
Marbeck, Roger, 194
Marín, Diego, 148
Marlowe, Christopher, 111, 216, 298
death of, 176–77, 200
influence of, 179, 272, 281, 284, 288
The Jew of Malta, 174–76, 178, 188, 190, 196, 200
Tamburlaine, 6, 155–59, 160–63, 165, 172–74, 178, 210, 212, 281, 284, 288
Marrakesh:
English ambassador (Roberts) in, 126–30, 145, 147–50
English merchants attacked in, 148
redesign of, 237
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, 33, 61
Mary Tudor, 44, 59
as “Bloody Mary,” 27
coronation of, 33
death of, 32, 33, 42
marriage to Philip, 13–16, 18, 28, 57
plenum dominium of, 28
and trade, 31, 41
Massinger, Philip, The Renegado, 297
Mastidge, Edmond, 128
Maximilian, Archduke, 203
Mecca (holy city), 38, 86
Medina (holy city), 38, 86
Mehmed II, Sultan, 9, 84–85
Mehmed III, Sultan, 202–3, 217, 219–22, 223, 243, 244, 255, 257, 289
Mehmed Pasha, Sokollu, 72, 87, 88, 95–96
Mello, Nicolò de, 245–47
Mendès, Alvaro, 202
Mendoza, Bernardino de, 92–93, 112–13, 115
Mercers’ Company, 40, 66, 74
Merchant Adventurers Company, 29, 30–31, 104, 114
Middle Kingdom, 43
Mikulin, Grigorii, 267
Millers, Harvie, 118
Monson, William, 194
Moors:
of Barbary, 55, 56
depicted in theater, 189–92, 195–201, 216, 276–77, 287–88, 297
of Morocco, 7
trade with, 218
use of term, 5, 20, 164, 170, 276
More, Thomas:
Dialog Concerning Heresies, 25
drama about, 293–95
Utopia, 25
Moriscos, 63, 264, 270, 273, 282
Morocco:
Anglo-Moroccan alliance, 6–7, 8–9, 68–71, 82, 129, 1
31, 149–50, 152, 168, 170, 193, 195, 261–64, 265–66, 268–71
Barbary kingdom of, 56
civil war in, 289
Dar al-Makhzen palace in, 126
first English ambassador (Roberts) to, 125–30, 149–50
invasion of Songhai by, 171–72
Jewish intermediaries in, 58, 127, 200
Ottoman Empire vs., 7, 63
regulated commerce with, 120–21, 122–23, 201
sugar farms in, 58, 69, 116, 120, 126, 131, 265, 266
trade with, 4, 57–59, 62, 66–72, 103–5, 112, 113, 114–16, 120, 121, 125, 131–32, 152, 201, 216, 260, 266
and trans-Saharan trade route, 171
Morosini, Gianfrancesco, 118, 124–25, 141
Mu’awiyah, governor of Damascus, 37
Muhammad, Prophet:
death of, 19, 36
depictions of, 6, 160, 173, 180, 207, 272
direct line of descent, 36–37, 171
myths of, 21–22, 180
opponents of, 20, 134–35
prophecies of, 19, 37
and Qur’an, 19, 20, 24
Murad III, Sultan, 72–73, 85–87
and anti-Spanish alliance, 124–25, 129, 132, 142, 143–45, 182
and Barton, 185
commercial profits of, 132
correspondence with Elizabeth, 1–3, 4, 7, 89–95, 101–2, 113–14, 118, 136, 171, 186
death of, 202–3
and French Capitulations, 101
gift exchange with, 185–86
and Harborne, 84, 117–19, 123–24, 141, 142–45
and Philip II, 96
war with Persia, 73–74
Murza, Shah Ali, 52
Musa, Hajj (Messa, Side al-Hage), 259, 264–65
Muscovy Company, 131
charter members of, 57, 58, 114
and Jenkinson, 34, 40, 44, 46
as joint-stock company, 3, 31, 34, 104
and Persian trade, 44, 45, 68, 73
and Russian trade, 31, 45, 46, 104
and Sherley, 248, 249, 251
as unprofitable, 53–54, 73, 104
“Muslim”:
use of term, 5, 20, 164, 276
see also Islam
Mustafa, Prince, 39, 51
Nashe, Thomas, 158
The Terrors of the Night, 180
Nasr, Mulay al-, 168
Nelson, John, 138
Newberry, John, 119
New World, 291, 297
Norris, Sir John, 153–54, 166–67, 168, 181, 230
northwest passage, 29
Nurbanu Sultan, 4, 72, 95
Okri, Ben, 276
Order of the Garter, 13, 16
Orthodox Church, 19
Osborne, Sir Edward, 74, 84, 97, 104, 113, 119
Ottoman Empire:
alliance of England and, 8, 9, 53, 65–66, 93, 183, 185–86
alliance of France and, 9, 93
and Battle of Lepanto, 64–65, 146
and Battle of Rabat-i-Pariyan, 238
The Sultan and the Queen Page 40
